References
Key articles
Gorwitz RJ. A review of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Jan;27(1):1-7. Abstract
Nathwani D, Morgan M, Masterton RG, et al. Guidelines for UK practice for the diagnosis and management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections presenting in the community. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 May;61(5):976-94.Full text Abstract
Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text Abstract
Brown NM, Goodman AL, Horner C, et al. Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): updated guidelines from the UK. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2021 Mar;3(1):dlaa114.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Babel BS, Decker CF. Microbiology and laboratory diagnosis of MRSA. Dis Mon. 2008 Dec;54(12):769-73. Abstract
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory detection of oxacillin/methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
3. Gorwitz RJ. A review of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Jan;27(1):1-7. Abstract
4. Crum NF, Lee RU, Thornton SA, et al. Fifteen-year study of the changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Med. 2006 Nov;119(11):943-51. Abstract
5. Styers D, Sheehan DJ, Hogan P, et al. Laboratory-based surveillance of current antimicrobial resistance patterns and trends among Staphylococcus aureus: 2005 status in the United States. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Feb 9;5:2.Full text Abstract
6. Zinn CS, Westh H, Rosdahl VT; Sarisa Study Group. An international multicenter study of antimicrobial resistance and typing of hospital Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 21 laboratories in 19 countries or states. Microb Drug Resist. 2004 Summer;10(2):160-8. Abstract
7. Que YA, Moreillon P. Staphylococcus aureus (including Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, ed. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: 2393-431.
8. Kourtis AP, Hatfield K, Baggs J, et al. Vital signs: epidemiology and recent trends in methicillin-resistant and in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections - United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Mar 8;68(9):214-9.Full text Abstract
9. Edgeworth JD, Batra R, Wulff J, et al. Reductions in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, clostridium difficile infection and intensive care unit-acquired bloodstream infection across the United Kingdom following implementation of a national infection control campaign. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 10;70(12):2530-40.Full text Abstract
10. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2023–2021 data. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text
11. Gagliotti C, Högberg LD, Billström H, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: diverging trends of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible isolates, EU/EEA, 2005 to 2018. Euro Surveill. 2021 Nov;26(46).Full text Abstract
12. Lakhundi S, Zhang K. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus: molecular characterization, evolution, and epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018 Oct;31(4).Full text Abstract
13. Jackson KA, Bohm MK, Brooks JT, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among persons who inject drugs - six sites, 2005-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Jun 8;67(22):625-8.Full text Abstract
14. Gorwitz RJ, Kruszon-Moran D, McAllister SK, et al. Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2001-2004. J Infect Dis. 2008 May 1;197(9):1226-34.Full text Abstract
15. Elston DM. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jan;56(1):1-16. Abstract
16. Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K, et al. Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA. 2003 Dec 10;290(22):2976-84.Full text Abstract
17. Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the role of Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Lab Invest. 2007 Jan;87(1):3-9.Full text Abstract
18. Shorr AF. Epidemiology and economic impact of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmacoeconomics. 2007;25(9):751-68. Abstract
19. Salgado CD, Faar BM, Calfee DP. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Jan 15;36(2):131-9.Full text Abstract
20. Fridkin SK, Hageman JC, Morrison M, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N Engl J Med. 2005 Apr 7;352(14):1436-44.Full text Abstract
21. Safdar N, Bradley EA. The risk of infection after nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Med. 2008 Apr;121(4):310-5. Abstract
22. Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 5:ciae104.Full text Abstract
23. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801-10.Full text Abstract
24. Tristan A, Ferry T, Durand G, et al. Virulence determinants in community and hospital meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect. 2007 Jun;65(suppl 2):105-9. Abstract
25. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Nov;47(11):1181-247.Full text Abstract
26. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text
27. Harabarth S, Fankhauser C, Schrenzel J, et al. Universal screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at hospital admission and nosocomial infection in surgical patients.JAMA. 2008 Mar 12;299(10):1149-57.Full text Abstract
28. Gould IM. Costs of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its control. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006 Nov;28(5):379-84. Abstract
29. Tacconelli E, De Angelis G, de Waure C, et al. Rapid screening tests for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at hospital admission: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Sep;9(9):546-54. Abstract
30. Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 1;52(3):285-92.Full text Abstract
31. Daum RS, Miller LG, Immergluck L, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of antibiotics for smaller skin abscesses. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 29;376(26):2545-55.Full text Abstract
32. Talan DA, Mower WR, Krishnadasan A, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus placebo for uncomplicated skin abscess. N Engl J Med. 2016 Mar 3;374(9):823-32.Full text Abstract
33. Nathwani D, Morgan M, Masterton RG, et al. Guidelines for UK practice for the diagnosis and management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections presenting in the community. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 May;61(5):976-94.Full text Abstract
34. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text Abstract
35. Daum RS. Clinical practice. Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 26;357(4):380-90. Abstract
36. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA advises restricting fluoroquinolone antibiotic use for certain uncomplicated infections; warns about disabling side effects that can occur together. May 2016 [internet publication].Full text
37. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text
38. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. Jul 2018 [internet publication].Full text
39. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text
40. Brown NM, Goodman AL, Horner C, et al. Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): updated guidelines from the UK. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2021 Mar;3(1):dlaa114.Full text Abstract
41. Rodvold KA, McConeghy KW. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus therapy: past, present, and future. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jan;58 (suppl 1):S20-7.Full text Abstract
42. Holland TL, Arnold C, Fowler VG Jr. Clinical management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a review. JAMA. 2014 Oct 1;312(13):1330-41.Full text Abstract
43. Paul M, Bishara J, Yahav D, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus vancomycin for severe infections caused by meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2015 May 14;350:h2219.Full text Abstract
44. Wunderink RG, Niederman MS, Kollef MH, et al. Linezolid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Mar 1;54(5):621-9.Full text Abstract
45. Writing Committee Members., Otto CM, Nishimura RA, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Feb 2;77(4):e25-e197.Full text Abstract
46. Ammerlaan HS, Kluytmans JA, Wertheim HF, et al. Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Apr 1;48(7):922-30.Full text Abstract
47. McConeghy KW, Mikolich DJ, LaPlante KL, et al. Agents for the decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmacotherapy. 2009 Mar;29(3):263-80. Abstract
48. van Rijen M, Bonten M, Wenzel R, et al. Mupirocin ointment for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections in nasal carriers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8;(4):CD006216.Full text Abstract
49. Huang SS, Septimus E, Kleinman K, et al. Targeted versus universal decolonization to prevent ICU infection. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jun 13;368(24):2255-65.Full text Abstract
50. Vermandere M, Aertgeerts B, Agoritsas T, et al. Antibiotics after incision and drainage for uncomplicated skin abscesses: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Feb 6;360:k243.Full text Abstract
51. Drew RH. Emerging options for treatment of invasive, multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Feb;27(2):227-49. Abstract
52. Anguita-Alonso P, Hanssen AD, Patel R. Prosthetic joint infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2005 Oct;3(5):797-804. Abstract
53. Esposito S, Leone S. Prosthetic joint infections: microbiology, diagnosis, management and prevention. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008 Oct;32(4):287-93. Abstract
54. Scott RW, Tew GN. Mimics of host defense proteins; strategies for translation to therapeutic applications. Curr Top Med Chem. 2017;17(5):576-89. Abstract
55. Kisgen J, Whitney D. Ceftobiprole, a broad-spectrum cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). P T. 2008 Nov;33(11):631-41.Full text Abstract
56. Micek ST. Alternatives to vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Sep 15;45(suppl 3):S184-90.Full text Abstract
57. Falagas ME, Roussos N, Gkegkes ID, et al. Fosfomycin for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive cocci with advanced antimicrobial drug resistance: a review of microbiological, animal and clinical studies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Jul;18(7):921-44. Abstract
58. Popovich KJ, Aureden K, Ham DC, et al. SHEA/IDSA/APIC Practice recommendation: strategies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission and infection in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2023 Jun 29;44(7):1-29.Full text Abstract
59. Calderwood MS, Anderson DJ, Bratzler DW, et al. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2023 May;44(5):695-720.Full text Abstract
60. Banach DB, Bearman G, Barnden M, et al. Duration of contact precautions for acute-care settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018 Feb;39(2):127-44. Abstract
61. Moore DL; Canadian Paediatric Society. Infection prevention and control in paediatric office settings. Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Dec;23(8):547-8.Full text Abstract
62. Irvine J; Canadian Paediatric Society. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in indigenous communities in Canada. Paediatr Child Health. 2012 Aug;17(7):395-8.Full text Abstract
63. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, et al. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings, 2006. Am J Infect Control. 2007 Dec;35(10 suppl 2):S165-93. Abstract
64. Boyce JM, Pittet D, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, et al. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002 Oct 25;51(RR-16):1-45, quiz CE1-4.Full text Abstract
65. Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018 Dec 14;13:58.Full text Abstract
66. Coia JE, Wilson JA, Bak A, et al. Joint Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) and Infection Prevention Society (IPS) guidelines for the prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare facilities. J Hosp Infect. 2021 Dec;118S:S1-39.Full text
67. Wallace MR, Mascola JR, Oldfield EC 3rd. Red man syndrome: incidence, etiology, and prophylaxis. J Infect Dis. 1991 Dec;164(6):1180-5. Abstract
68. Mork RL, Hogan PG, Muenks CE, et al. Longitudinal, strain-specific Staphylococcus aureus introduction and transmission events in households of children with community-associated meticillin-resistant S aureus skin and soft tissue infection: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Feb;20(2):188-98. Abstract
69. Sroka S, Gastmeier P, Meyer E. Impact of alcohol hand-rub use on meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an analysis of the literature. J Hosp Infect. 2010 Mar;74(3):204-11. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer