Summary
Differentials
Common
- Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment
- Mild neurocognitive disorder (MND)
- Antiretroviral adverse effects
- Toxoplasmosis encephalitis/abscess
- Cryptococcal meningitis/abscess
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis meningitis/abscess
- Depression
- Substance use
- Alcohol-use disorder
- Hepatitis C co-infection
- Hepatitis B co-infection
- Hypogonadism
Uncommon
- HIV-associated dementia (HAD)
- Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
- Neurosyphilis
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- Herpes virus encephalitis
- Varicella zoster encephalitis
- Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Stroke
- Hypothyroidism
- Adrenal insufficiency
Contributors
Authors
Marie-Josée Brouillette, MD, FRCPC
Associate Professor of Psychiatry/Consultant Psychiatrist
Chronic Viral Illness Service of the McGill University Health Centre
McGill University
Montreal
Canada
Disclosures
MJB declares that she has no competing interests.
Mark Hull, MD, MHSc, FRCPC
Clinical Assistant Professor
University of British Columbia
Division of AIDS
Faculty of Medicine
Vancouver
Canada
Disclosures
MH has received honoraria for speaking engagements and advisory boards from Gilead and Merck. These have been paid to his institution.
Marianne Harris, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor
University of British Columbia
Department of Family Practice
Faculty of Medicine
Vancouver
Canada
Disclosures
MH has served as a consultant and/or advisory board member for Gilead Sciences Canada Inc., Merck Canada Inc., and ViiV Healthcare. Honoraria are administered by the institution.
Acknowledgements
Dr Marie-Josée Brouillette, Dr Mark Hull, and Dr Marianne Harris would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Martin Repetto, the previous contributor to this topic.
Disclosures
MR declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Joseph R. Zunt, MD, MPH
Associate Professor of Neurology
Harborview Medical Center
Seattle
WA
Disclosures
JRZ has received funding from NIH for research.
John Frater, MB BS, PhD
Consultant in Infectious Diseases
Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine
University of Oxford
Oxford
UK
Disclosures
JF has received the MRC Clinician Scientist award.
References
Key articles
National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the HIV Medicine Association, and the Infectious Disease Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
The Mind Exchange Working Group. Assessment, diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): a consensus report of the Mind Exchange Program. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Apr;56(7):1004-17. Abstract
European AIDS Clinical Society. Guidelines: version 11.1 October 2022 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Guidelines
- Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV
- EACS guidelines: version 11.1
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