Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

References

Key articles

European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.Full text  Abstract

ASGE Standards of Practice Committee; Buxbaum JL, Abbas Fehmi SM, Sultan S, et al. ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the evaluation and management of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019 Jun;89(6):1075-105;e15.Full text  Abstract

Tazuma S, Unno M, Igarashi Y, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2016. J Gastroenterol. 2017 Mar;52(3):276-300.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.Full text  Abstract

2. Stinton LM, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. Gut Liver. 2012 Apr;6(2):172-87.Full text  Abstract

3. Völzke H, Baumeister SE, Alte D, et al. Independent risk factors for gallstone formation in a region with high cholelithiasis prevalence. Digestion. 2005;71(2):97-105. Abstract

4. Nakeeb A, Comuzzie AG, Martin L, et al. Gallstones: genetics versus environment. Ann Surg. 2002 Jun;235(6):842-9. Abstract

5. Katsika D, Grjibovski A, Einarsson C, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on symptomatic gallstone disease: a Swedish study of 43,141 twin pairs. Hepatology. 2005 May;41(5):1138-43. Abstract

6. Ferkingstad E, Oddsson A, Gretarsdottir S, et al. Genome-wide association meta-analysis yields 20 loci associated with gallstone disease. Nat Commun. 2018 Nov 30;9(1):5101.Full text  Abstract

7. Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Prac Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):981-96. Abstract

8. Sanders G, Kingsnorth AN. Gallstones. BMJ. 2007 Aug 11;335(7614):295-9.Full text  Abstract

9. Abraham S, Rivero HG, Erlikh IV, et al. Surgical and nonsurgical management of gallstones. Am Fam Physician. 2014 May 15;89(10):795-802. Abstract

10. Everhart JE, Yeh F, Lee ET, et al. Prevalence of gallbladder disease in American Indian populations: findings from the Strong Heart Study. Hepatology. 2002 Jun;35(6):1507-12. Abstract

11. Sun H, Tang H, Jiang S, et al. Gender and metabolic differences of gallstone diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr 21;15(15):1886-91.Full text  Abstract

12. Ansari-Moghaddam A, Khorram A, Miri-Bonjar M, et al. The prevalence and risk factors of gallstone among adults in south-east of Iran: a population-based study. Glob J Health Sci. 2015 Jul 30;8(4):60-7.Full text  Abstract

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21. Stampfer MJ, Maclure KM, Colditz GA, et al. Risk of symptomatic gallstones in women with severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Mar;55(3):652-8. Abstract

22. Stolk MF, van Erpecum KJ, Koppeschaar HP, et al. Postprandial gall bladder motility and hormone release during intermittent and continuous subcutaneous octreotide treatment in acromegaly. Gut. 1993 Jun;34(6):808-13.Full text  Abstract

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24. Erlinger S. Gallstones in obesity and weight loss. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000 Dec;12(12):1347-52. Abstract

25. Andrade RJ, Tulkens PM. Hepatic safety of antibiotics used in primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Jul;66(7):1431-46.Full text  Abstract

26. Ali A, Perveen S, Khan I, et al. Symptomatic gallstones in young patients under the age of 30 years. Cureus. 2021 Nov;13(11):e19894.Full text  Abstract

27. Völzke H, Baumeister SE, Alte D, et al. Independent risk factors for gallstone formation in a region with high cholelithiasis prevalence. Digestion. 2005;71(2):97-105. Abstract

28. Nakeeb A, Comuzzie AG, Martin L, et al. Gallstones: genetics versus environment. Ann Surg. 2002 Jun;235(6):842-9. Abstract

29. Katsika D, Grjibovski A, Einarsson C, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on symptomatic gallstone disease: a Swedish study of 43,141 twin pairs. Hepatology. 2005 May;41(5):1138-43. Abstract

30. Williams CI, Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: current therapeutic practice. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;11(2):71-7. Abstract

31. Venneman NG, Buskens E, Besselink MG, et al. Small gallstones are associated with increased risk of acute pancreatitis: potential benefits of prophylactic cholecystectomy? Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov;100(11):2540-50. Abstract

32. Venneman NG, Renooij W, Rehfeld JF, et al. Small gallstones, preserved gallbladder motility, and fast crystallization are associated with pancreatitis. Hepatology. 2005 Apr;41(4):738-46.Full text  Abstract

33. Sugiyama M, Atomi Y. Risk factors for acute biliary pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004 Aug;60(2):210-2. Abstract

34. Tazuma S, Unno M, Igarashi Y, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2016. J Gastroenterol. 2017 Mar;52(3):276-300.Full text  Abstract

35. Nuño-Guzmán CM, Marín-Contreras ME, Figueroa-Sánchez M, et al. Gallstone ileus, clinical presentation, diagnostic and treatment approach. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2016 Jan 27;8(1):65-76.Full text  Abstract

36. Novacek G. Gender and gallstone disease. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2006 Oct;156(19-20):527-33. Abstract

37. Novacek G. Gender and gallstone disease. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2006 Oct;156(19-20):527-33. Abstract

38. Carey MC, Paigen B. Epidemiology of the American Indians' burden and its likely genetic origins. Hepatology. 2002 Oct;36(4 Pt 1):781-91. Abstract

39. Nervi F, Miquel JF, Marshall G. The Amerindian epidemics of cholesterol gallstones: the North and South connection. Hepatology. 2003 Apr;37(4):947-8. Abstract

40. Krawczyk M, Wang DQ, Portincasa P, et al. Dissecting the genetic heterogeneity of gallbladder stone formation. Semin Liver Dis. 2011 May;31(2):157-72. Abstract

41. Joshi AD, Andersson C, Buch S, et al. Four susceptibility loci for gallstone disease identified in a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Gastroenterology. 2016 Aug;151(2):351-63.Full text  Abstract

42. Ko CW, Beresford SA, Schulte SJ, et al. Incidence, natural history, and risk factors for biliary sludge and stones during pregnancy. Hepatology. 2005 Feb;41(2):359-65. Abstract

43. Stampfer MJ, Maclure KM, Colditz GA, et al. Risk of symptomatic gallstones in women with severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Mar;55(3):652-8. Abstract

44. Amaral JF, Thompson WR. Gallbladder disease in the morbidly obese. Am J Surg. 1985 Apr;149(4):551-7. Abstract

45. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Central adiposity, regional fat distribution, and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gut. 2006 May;55(5):708-14. Abstract

46. Su PY, Hsu YC, Cheng YF, et al. Strong association between metabolically-abnormal obesity and gallstone disease in adults under 50 years. BMC Gastroenterol. 2019 Jul 4;19(1):117.Full text  Abstract

47. Aune D, Vatten LJ. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of gallbladder disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2016 Mar;30(2):368-73. Abstract

48. Ata N, Kucukazman M, Yavuz B, et al. The metabolic syndrome is associated with complicated gallstone disease. Can J Gastroenterol. 2011 May;25(5):274-6.Full text  Abstract

49. Jaruvongvanich V, Sanguankeo A, Upala S. Significant association between gallstone disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2016 Aug;61(8):2389-96. Abstract

50. Arrese M, Cortés V, Barrera F, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cholesterol gallstones, and cholecystectomy: new insights on a complex relationship. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2018 Mar;34(2):90-6. Abstract

51. Di Ciaula A, Wang DQ, Portincasa P. An update on the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2018 Mar;34(2):71-80.Full text  Abstract

52. Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, et al. Gallstone formation after rapid weight loss: a prospective study in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for treatment of morbid obesity. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991 Aug;86(8):1000-5. Abstract

53. Muller EL, Grace PA, Pitt HA. The effect of parenteral nutrition on biliary calcium and bilirubin. J Surg Res. 1986 Jan;40(1):55-62. Abstract

54. Redfern JS, Fortuner WJ 2nd. Octreotide-associated biliary tract dysfunction and gallstone formation: pathophysiology and management. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995 Jul;90(7):1042-52. Abstract

55. Faillie JL, Yu OH, Yin H, et al. Association of bile duct and gallbladder diseases with the use of incretin-based drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Oct 1;176(10):1474-81. Abstract

56. Nreu B, Dicembrini I, Tinti F, et al. Cholelithiasis in patients treated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020 Mar;161:108087. Abstract

57. Becker CD, Fischer RA. Acute cholecystitis caused by ceftriaxone stones in an adult. Case Rep Med. 2009 Apr 26;2009:132452.Full text  Abstract

58. Parente F, Pastore L, Bargiggia S, et al. Incidence and risk factors for gallstones in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a large case-control study. Hepatology. 2007 May;45(5):1267-74. Abstract

59. Parente F, Pastore L, Bargiggia S, et al. Incidence and risk factors for gallstones in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a large case-control study. Hepatology. 2007 May;45(5):1267-74. Abstract

60. Vítek L, Carey MC. Enterohepatic cycling of bilirubin as a cause of 'black' pigment gallstones in adult life. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 Sep;33(9):799-810. Abstract

61. Hutchinson R, Tyrrell PN, Kumar D, et al. Pathogenesis of gall stones in Crohn's disease: an alternative explanation. Gut. 1994 Jan;35(1):94-7.Full text  Abstract

62. Allali S, de Montalembert M, Brousse V, et al. Hepatobiliary complications in children with sickle cell disease: a retrospective review of medical records from 616 patients. J Clin Med. 2019 Sep 18;8(9):1481.Full text  Abstract

63. Conte D, Fraquelli M, Fornari F, et al. Close relation between cirrhosis and gallstones: cross-sectional and longitudinal survey. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Jan 11;159(1):49-52.Full text  Abstract

64. Acalovschi M. Gallstones in patients with liver cirrhosis: incidence, etiology, clinical and therapeutical aspects. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun 21;20(23):7277-85.Full text  Abstract

65. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Central adiposity, regional fat distribution, and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gut. 2006 May;55(5):708-14. Abstract

66. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load and the incidence of symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Gut. 2005 Jun;54(6):823-8. Abstract

67. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrate intake in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gastroenterology. 2005 Jul;129(1):105-12. Abstract

68. Zhang JW, Xiong JP, Xu WY, et al. Fruits and vegetables consumption and the risk of gallstone disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jul;98(28):e16404.Full text  Abstract

69. Cen L, Pan J, Zhou B, et al. Helicobacter Pylori infection of the gallbladder and the risk of chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2018 Feb;23(1):e12457. Abstract

70. Ari A, Tatar C, Yarikkaya E. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori-positivity in the gallbladder and stomach and effect on gallbladder pathologies. J Int Med Res. 2019 Oct;47(10):4904-10.Full text  Abstract

71. Aune D, Leitzmann M, Vatten LJ. Physical activity and the risk of gallbladder disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Phys Act Health. 2016 Jul;13(7):788-95. Abstract

72. Zhang YP, Zhao YL, Sun YL, et al. Physical activity and the risk of gallstone disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017 Oct;51(9):857-68. Abstract

73. Leitzmann MF, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, et al. The relation of physical activity to risk for symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Mar 15;128(6):417-25. Abstract

74. Banim PJ, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, et al. Physical activity reduces the risk of symptomatic gallstones: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Aug;22(8):983-8. Abstract

75. Stokes CS, Gluud LL, Casper M, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid and diets higher in fat prevent gallbladder stones during weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Jul;12(7):1090-100;e2Full text  Abstract

76. Haal S, Guman MSS, Boerlage TCC, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid for the prevention of symptomatic gallstone disease after bariatric surgery (UPGRADE): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled superiority trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Dec;6(12):993-1001. Abstract

77. Venneman NG, Besselink MG, Keulemans YC, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid exerts no beneficial effect in patients with symptomatic gallstones awaiting cholecystectomy. Hepatology. 2006 Jun;43(6):1276-83. Abstract

78. Ross M, Brown M, McLaughlin K, et al. Emergency physician-performed ultrasound to diagnose cholelithiasis: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2011 Mar;18(3):227-35. Abstract

79. Pisano M, Allievi N, Gurusamy K, et al. 2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Nov 5;15(1):61.Full text  Abstract

80. Berhane T, Vetrhus M, Hausken T, et al. Pain attacks in non-complicated and complicated gallstone disease have a characteristic pattern and are accompanied by dyspepsia in most patients: the results of a prospective study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan;41(1):93-101. Abstract

81. Singer AJ, McCracken G, Henry MC, et al.Correlation among clinical, laboratory, and hepatobiliary scanning findings in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Sep;28(3):267-72. Abstract

82. Narula VK, Fung EC, Overby DW, et al. Clinical spotlight review for the management of choledocholithiasis. Surg Endosc. 2020 Apr;34(4):1482-91. Abstract

83. Patwardhan RV, Smith OJ, Farmelant MH. Serum transaminase levels and cholescintigraphic abnormalities in acute biliary tract obstruction. Arch Intern Med. 1987 Jul;147(7):1249-53. Abstract

84. Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Jul 30;108(9):1400-15.Full text  Abstract

85. Rompianesi G, Hann A, Komolafe O, et al. Serum amylase and lipase and urinary trypsinogen and amylase for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 21;4(4):CD012010.Full text  Abstract

86. Ross M, Brown M, McLaughlin K, et al. Emergency physician-performed ultrasound to diagnose cholelithiasis: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2011 Mar;18(3):227-35. Abstract

87. Pereira J, Bass GA, Mariani D, et al. Surgeon-performed point-of-care ultrasound for acute cholecystitis: indications and limitations: a European Society for Trauma and Emergency Surgery (ESTES) consensus statement. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2020 Feb;46(1):173-83. Abstract

88. Pinto A, Reginelli A, Cagini L, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute calculous cholecystitis: review of the literature. Crit Ultrasound J. 2013 Jul 15;5(suppl 1):S11.Full text  Abstract

89. De Angelis C, Marietti M, Bruno M, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound in common bile duct dilatation with normal liver enzymes. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015 Jul 10;7(8):799-805.Full text  Abstract

90. Romagnuolo J, Bardou M, Rahme E, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Oct 7;139(7):547-57. Abstract

91. Kondo S, Isayama H, Akahane M, et al. Detection of common bile duct stones: comparison between endoscopic ultrasonography, magnetic resonance cholangiography, and helical-computed-tomographic cholangiography. Eur J Radiol. 2005 May;54(2):271-5. Abstract

92. Meeralam Y, Al-Shammari K, Yaghoobi M. Diagnostic accuracy of EUS compared with MRCP in detecting choledocholithiasis: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy in head-to-head studies. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017 Jun 20;86(6):986-93. Abstract

93. Thorbøll J, Vilmann P, Jacobsen B, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography in detection of cholelithiasis in patients with biliary pain and negative transabdominal ultrasonography. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004 Mar;39(3):267-9. Abstract

94. Karakan T, Cindoruk M, Alagozlu H, et al. EUS versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for patients with intermediate probability of bile duct stones: a prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009 Feb;69(2):244-52. Abstract

95. Janssen J, Halboos A, Greiner L. EUS accurately predicts the need for therapeutic ERCP in patients with a low probability of biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Sep;68(3):470-6. Abstract

96. Lee YT, Chan FK, Leung WK, et al. Comparison of EUS and ERCP in the investigation with suspected biliary obstruction caused by choledocholithiasis: a randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Apr;67(4):660-8. Abstract

97. Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Comparison of early endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective randomized study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Dec;3(12):1238-44. Abstract

98. Polkowski M, Regula J, Tilszer A, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for patients with intermediate probability of bile duct stones: a randomized trial comparing two management strategies. Endoscopy. 2007 Apr;39(4):296-303. Abstract

99. Zhang J, Li NP, Huang BC, et al. The value of performing early non-enhanced CT in developing strategies for treating acute gallstone pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016 Mar;20(3):604-10. Abstract

100. Polkowski M, Regula J, Tilszer A, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for patients with intermediate probability of bile duct stones: a randomized trial comparing two management strategies. Endoscopy. 2007 Apr;39(4):296-303. Abstract

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102. Romagnuolo J, Bardou M, Rahme E, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Oct 7;139(7):547-57. Abstract

103. Cotton PB, Durkalski V, Romagnuolo J, et al. Effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy for suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction on pain-related disability following cholecystectomy: the EPISOD randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 May;311(20):2101-9.Full text  Abstract

104. Williams E, Beckingham I, El Sayed G, et al. Updated guideline on the management of common bile duct stones (CBDS). Gut. 2017 May;66(5):765-82.Full text  Abstract

105. McSherry CK, Ferstenberg H, Calhoun WF, et al. The natural history of diagnosed gallstone disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Ann Surg. 1985 Jul;202(1):59-63. Abstract

106. Leyva-Alvizo A, Arredondo-Saldaña G, Leal-Isla-Flores V, et al. Systematic review of management of gallbladder disease in patients undergoing minimally invasive bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2020 Jan;16(1):158-64. Abstract

107. Keus F, de Jong JA, Gooszen HG, et al. Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD006231.Full text  Abstract

108. Overby DW, Apelgren KN, Richardson W, et al; Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons. SAGES guidelines for the clinical application of laparoscopic biliary tract surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010 Oct;24(10):2368-86.Full text  Abstract

109. Argiriov Y, Dani M, Tsironis C, et al. Cholecystectomy for complicated gallbladder and common biliary duct stones: current surgical management. Front Surg. 2020 Jul 21;7:42.Full text  Abstract

110. Latenstein CSS, Hannink G, van der Bilt JDW, et al. A clinical decision tool for selection of patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis for cholecystectomy based on reduction of pain and a pain-free state following surgery. JAMA Surg. 2021 Oct 1;156(10):e213706.Full text  Abstract

111. Philip Rothman J, Burcharth J, Pommergaard HC, et al. Preoperative risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery - a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Dig Surg. 2016;33(5):414-23.Full text  Abstract

112. Johnson AG, Hosking SW. Appraisal of the management of bile duct stones. Br J Surg. 1987 Jul;74(7):555-60. Abstract

113. Caddy GR, Tham TC. Gallstone disease: symptoms, diagnosis, and endoscopic management of common bile duct stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):1085-101. Abstract

114. Caddy GR, Tham TC. Gallstone disease: symptoms, diagnosis, and endoscopic management of common bile duct stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):1085-101. Abstract

115. McHenry L, Lehman G. Difficult bile duct stones. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr;9(2):123-32. Abstract

116. Chung JW, Chung JB. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for removal of choledocholithiasis: indications, advantages, complications, and long-term follow-up results. Gut Liver. 2011 Mar;5(1):1-14.Full text  Abstract

117. da Costa DW, Schepers NJ, Römkens TE, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and cholecystectomy in acute biliary pancreatitis. Surgeon. 2016 Apr;14(2):99-108. Abstract

118. Friis C, Rothman JP, Burcharth J, et al. Optimal timing for laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a systematic review. Scand J Surg. 2018 Jun;107(2):99-106.Full text  Abstract

119. Vettoretto N, Arezzo A, Famiglietti F, et al. Laparoscopic-endoscopic rendezvous versus preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy in people undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for stones in the gallbladder and bile duct. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 11;4(4):CD010507.Full text  Abstract

120. Schacher FC, Giongo SM, Teixeira FJP, et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography versus surgery for choledocholithiasis: a meta-analysis. Ann Hepatol. 2019 Jul-Aug;18(4):595-600.Full text  Abstract

121. Riciardi R, Islam S, Canete JJ, et al. Effectiveness and long-term results of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. Surg Endosc. 2003 Jan;17(1):19-22. Abstract

122. Dasari BV, Tan CJ, Gurusamy KS, et al. Surgical versus endoscopic treatment of bile duct stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 12;2013(12):CD003327.Full text  Abstract

123. Iranmanesh P, Frossard JL, Mugnier-Konrad B, et al. Initial cholecystectomy vs sequential common duct endoscopic assessment and subsequent cholecystectomy for suspected gallstone migration: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Jul;312(2):137-44.Full text  Abstract

124. Li M, Tao Y, Shen S, et al. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in patients with previous abdominal biliary tract operations. Surg Endosc. 2020 Apr;34(4):1551-60.Full text  Abstract

125. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al; European Association for Endoscopic Surgery. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES). Surg Endosc. 2012 Nov;26(11):3003-39. Abstract

126. Costamagna G, Tringali A, Shah SK. Long-term follow-up of patients after endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis and risk factors for recurrence. Endoscopy. 2002 Apr;34(4):273-9. Abstract

127. Sugiyama M, Atomi Y. Risk factors predictive of late complications after endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones: long-term (more than 10 years) follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Nov;97(11):2763-7. Abstract

128. Sugiyama M, Suzuki Y, Abe N, et al. Endoscopic retreatment of recurrent choledocholithiasis after sphincterotomy. Gut. 2004 Dec;53(12):1856-9.Full text  Abstract

129. Dumonceau JM, Kapral C, Aabakken L, et al. ERCP-related adverse events: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy. 2020 Feb;52(2):127-49.Full text  Abstract

130. Cheng CL, Sherman S, Watkins JL, et al. Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan;101(1):139-47. Abstract

131. Elmunzer BJ, Scheiman JM, Lehman GA, et al. A randomized trial of rectal indomethacin to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2012 Apr 12;366(15):1414-22.Full text  Abstract

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