Achalasia

Eckardt VF. Clinical presentations and complications of achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):281-92. Abstract

Zaninotto G, Bennett C, Boeckxstaens G, et al. The 2018 ISDE achalasia guidelines. Dis Esophagus. 2018 Sep 1;31(9).Full text  Abstract

Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Yadlapati RH, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 Sep;115(9):1393-411.Full text  Abstract

1. Sadowski DC, Ackah F, Jiang B, et al. Achalasia: incidence, prevalence and survival. A population-based study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010 Sep;22(9):e256-61. Abstract

2. van Hoeij FB, Ponds FA, Smout AJ, et al. Incidence and costs of achalasia in The Netherlands. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018 Feb;30(2). Abstract

3. Duffield JA, Hamer PW, Heddle R, et al. Incidence of achalasia in South Australia based on esophageal manometry findings. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Mar;15(3):360-5. Abstract

4. Samo S, Carlson DA, Gregory DL, et al. Incidence and prevalence of achalasia in central Chicago, 2004-2014, since the widespread use of high-resolution manometry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Mar;15(3):366-73. Abstract

5. Kim E, Lee H, Jung HK, et al. Achalasia in Korea: an epidemiologic study using a national healthcare database. J Korean Med Sci. 2014 Apr;29(4):576-80.Full text  Abstract

6. Stein CM, Gelfand M, Taylor HG. Achalasia in Zimbabwean blacks. S Afr Med J. 1985 Feb 16;67(7):261-2. Abstract

7. Ho KY, Tay HH, Kang JY. A prospective study of the clinical features, manometric findings, incidence and prevalence of achalasia in Singapore. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999 Aug;14(8):791-5. Abstract

8. Birgisson S, Richter JE. Achalasia in Iceland, 1952-2002: an epidemiologic study. Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Aug;52(8):1855-60. Abstract

9. Harvey PR, Thomas T, Chandan JS, et al. Incidence, morbidity and mortality of patients with achalasia in England: findings from a study of nationwide hospital and primary care data. Gut. 2019 May;68(5):790-5. Abstract

10. Marlais M, Fishman JR, Fell JM, et al. UK incidence of achalasia: an 11-year national epidemiological study. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Feb;96(2):192-4. Abstract

11. Haisley KR, Preston JF, Dolan JP, et al. Twenty-year trends in the utilization of Heller myotomy for achalasia in the United States. Am J Surg. 2017 Aug;214(2):299-302. Abstract

12. Mayberry JF, Mayell MJ. Epidemiological study of achalasia in children. Gut. 1988 Jan;29(1):90-3.Full text  Abstract

13. Sonnenberg A, Massey BT, McCarty DJ, et al. Epidemiology of hospitalization for achalasia in the United States. Dig Dis Sci. 1993 Feb;38(2):233-44. Abstract

14. Boeckxstaens GE, Zaninotto G, Richter JE. Achalasia. Lancet. 2014 Jan 4;383(9911):83-93.Full text  Abstract

15. Booy JD, Takata J, Tomlinson G, et al. The prevalence of autoimmune disease in patients with esophageal achalasia. Dis Esophagus. 2012 Apr;25(3):209-13. Abstract

16. Kaar TK, Waldron R, Ashraf MS, et al. Familial infantile esophageal achalasia. Arch Dis Child. 1991 Nov;66(11):1353-4. Abstract

17. Patt H, Koehler K, Lodha S, et al. Phenotype-genotype spectrum of AAA syndrome from Western India and systematic review of literature. Endocr Connect. 2017 Nov;6(8):901-13.Full text  Abstract

18. Roucher-Boulez F, Brac de la Perriere A, Jacquez A, et al. Triple-A syndrome: a wide spectrum of adrenal dysfunction. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar;178(3):199-207.Full text  Abstract

19. Wouters MM, Lambrechts D, Becker J, et al. Genetic variation in the lymphotoxin-α (LTA)/tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) locus as a risk factor for idiopathic achalasia. Gut. 2014 Sep;63(9):1401-9. Abstract

20. Ates F, Vaezi MF. The pathogenesis and management of achalasia: current status and future directions. Gut Liver. 2015 Jul;9(4):449-63.Full text  Abstract

21. Park W, Vaezi MF. Etiology and pathogenesis of achalasia: the current understanding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun;100(6):1404-14. Abstract

22. Blam ME, Delfyett W, Levine MS, et al. Achalasia: a disease of varied and subtle symptoms that do not correlate with radiographic findings. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Aug;97(8):1916-23. Abstract

23. Eckardt VF. Clinical presentations and complications of achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):281-92. Abstract

24. Eckardt VF, Stauf B, Bernhard G. Chest pain in achalasia: patient characteristics and clinical course. Gastroenterology. 1999 Jun;116(6):1300-4. Abstract

25. Kopelman Y, Triadafilopoulos G. Endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of motility disorders. Dig Dis Sci. 2011 Mar;56(3):635-54. Abstract

26. Expert Panel on Gastrointestinal Imaging; Levy AD, Carucci LR, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®. Dysphagia. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019 May;16(5s):S104-15.Full text  Abstract

27. Spechler SJ, Castell DO. Classification of esophageal motility abnormalities. Gut. 2001 Jul;49(1):145-51. Abstract

28. Zaninotto G, Bennett C, Boeckxstaens G, et al. The 2018 ISDE achalasia guidelines. Dis Esophagus. 2018 Sep 1;31(9).Full text  Abstract

29. Fox M. Multiple rapid swallowing in idiopathic achalasia: from conventional to high resolution manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007 Sep;19(9):780-1. Abstract

30. Kahrilas PJ, Bredenoord AJ, Fox M, et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the management of oesophageal motility disorders in the era of high-resolution manometry: a focus on achalasia syndromes. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Nov;14(11):677-88.Full text  Abstract

31. Mariani G, Boni G, Barreca M, et al. Radionuclide gastroesophageal motor studies. J Nucl Med. 2004 Jun;45(6):1004-28. Abstract

32. Kostic SV, Rice TW, Baker ME, et al. Timed barium esophagogram: a simple physiologic assessment for achalasia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000 Nov;120(5):935-43.Full text  Abstract

33. Andersson M, Kostic S, Ruth M, et al. Characteristics of timed barium esophagogram in newly diagnosed idiopathic achalasia: clinical and manometric correlates. Acta Radiol. 2007 Feb;48(1):2-9. Abstract

34. McMahon BP, Frøkjaer JB, Liao D, et al. A new technique for evaluating sphincter function in visceral organs: application of the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) for the evaluation of the oesophago-gastric junction. Physiol Meas. 2005 Oct;26(5):823-36. Abstract

35. Carlson DA, Gyawali CP, Kahrilas PJ, et al. Esophageal motility classification can be established at the time of endoscopy: a study evaluating real-time functional luminal imaging probe panometry. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019 Dec;90(6):915-23.e1.Full text  Abstract

36. Pandolfino JE, Kwiatek MA, Nealis T, et al. Achalasia: a new clinically relevant classification by high-resolution manometry. Gastroenterology. 2008 Nov;135(5):1526-33.Full text  Abstract

37. Fox M, Hebbard G, Janiak P, et al. High-resolution manometry predicts the success of oesophageal bolus transport and identifies clinically important abnormalities not detected by conventional manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004 Oct;16(5):533-42. Abstract

38. Gockel I, Eckardt VF, Schmitt T, et al. Pseudoachalasia: a case series and analysis of the literature. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr;40(4):378-85. Abstract

39. Storm AC, Fishman DS, Buxbaum JL, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on informed consent for GI endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Feb;95(2):207-15.Full text  Abstract

40. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Coelho-Prabhu N, Forbes N, et al. Adverse events associated with EGD and EGD-related techniques. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Sep;96(3):389-401.e1.Full text  Abstract

41. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: dysphagia. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

42. Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Yadlapati RH, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 Sep;115(9):1393-411.Full text  Abstract

43. Vela MF, Richter JE, Wachsberger D, et al. Complexities of managing achalasia at a tertiary referral center: use of pneumatic dilatation, Heller myotomy, and botulinum toxin injection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Jun;99(6):1029-36. Abstract

44. Spechler SJ. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on treatment of patients with dysphagia caused by benign disorders of the distal esophagus. Gastroenterology. 1999 Jul;117(1):229-33.Full text  Abstract

45. Borhan-Manesh F, Kaviani MJ, Taghavi AR. The efficacy of balloon dilation in achalasia is the result of stretching of the lower esophageal sphincter, not muscular disruption. Dis Esophagus. 2016 Apr;29(3):262-6. Abstract

46. van Hoeij FB, Prins LI, Smout AJPM, et al. Efficacy and safety of pneumatic dilation in achalasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019 Jul;31(7):e13548.Full text  Abstract

47. Borotto E, Gaudric M, Danel B, et al. Risk factors of oesophageal perforation during pneumatic dilatation for achalasia. Gut. 1996 Jul;39(1):9-12.Full text  Abstract

48. Katzka DA, Castell DO. Review article: an analysis of the efficacy, perforation rates and methods used in pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Oct;34(8):832-9. Abstract

49. Vanuytsel T, Lerut T, Coosemans W, et al. Conservative management of esophageal perforations during pneumatic dilation for idiopathic esophageal achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Feb;10(2):142-9. Abstract

50. Eckardt VF, Gockel I, Bernhard G. Pneumatic dilation for achalasia: late results of a prospective follow up investigation. Gut. 2004 May;53(5):629-33.Full text  Abstract

51. Cheng P, Shi H, Zhang Y, et al. Clinical effect of endoscopic pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Jul;94(28):e1193.Full text  Abstract

52. Legros L, Ropert A, Brochard C, et al. Long-term results of pneumatic dilatation for relapsing symptoms of achalasia after Heller myotomy. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014 Sep;26(9):1248-55.Full text  Abstract

53. Ponds FA, Fockens P, Lei A, et al. Effect of peroral endoscopic myotomy vs pneumatic dilation on symptom severity and treatment outcomes among treatment-naive patients with achalasia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Jul 9;322(2):134-44.Full text  Abstract

54. Weber CE, Davis CS, Kramer HJ, et al. Medium and long-term outcomes after pneumatic dilation or laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia: a meta-analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2012 Aug;22(4):289-96. Abstract

55. Bonifácio P, de Moura DTH, Bernardo WM, et al. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller's myotomy in the treatment of achalasia: systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Dis Esophagus. 2019 Feb 1;32(2).Full text  Abstract

56. Schoenberg MB, Marx S, Kersten JF, et al. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy versus endoscopic balloon dilatation for the treatment of achalasia: a network meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2013 Dec;258(6):943-52. Abstract

57. Rohof WO, Salvador R, Annese V, et al. Outcomes of treatment for achalasia depend on manometric subtype. Gastroenterology. 2013 Apr;144(4):718-25.Full text  Abstract

58. Andolfi C, Fisichella PM. Meta-analysis of clinical outcome after treatment for achalasia based on manometric subtypes. Br J Surg. 2019 Mar;106(4):332-41. Abstract

59. Csendes A, Braghetto I, Burdiles P, et al. Very late results of esophagomyotomy for patients with achalasia: clinical, endoscopic, histologic, manometric, and acid reflux studies in 67 patients for a mean follow-up of 190 months. Ann Surg. 2006 Feb;243(2):196-203. Abstract

60. Midya S, Ghosh D, Mahmalat MW. Fundoplication in laparoscopic Heller's cardiomyotomy for achalasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Dec 8;(12):CD013386.Full text  Abstract

61. Lake JM, Wong RK. Review article: the management of achalasia - a comparison of different treatment modalities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep 15;24(6):909-18. Abstract

62. Ali A, Pellegrini CA. Laparoscopic myotomy: technique and efficacy in treating achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):347-58, Abstract

63. Kohn GP, Dirks RC, Ansari MT, et al. SAGES guidelines for the use of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for the treatment of achalasia. Surg Endosc. 2021 May;35(5):1931-48. Abstract

64. NOSCAR POEM White Paper Committee., Stavropoulos SN, Desilets DJ, et al. Per-oral endoscopic myotomy white paper summary. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014 Jul;80(1):1-15.Full text  Abstract

65. Kahrilas PJ, Katzka D, Richter JE. Clinical practice update: the use of per-oral endoscopic myotomy in achalasia: expert review and best practice advice from the AGA Institute. Gastroenterology. 2017 Nov;153(5):1205-11. Abstract

66. Schlottmann F, Luckett DJ, Fine J, et al. Laparoscopic heller myotomy versus peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2018 Mar;267(3):451-60. Abstract

67. Dirks RC, Kohn GP, Slater B, et al. Is peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) more effective than pneumatic dilation and Heller myotomy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2021 May;35(5):1949-62. Abstract

68. Triadafilopoulos G, Aaronson M, Sackel S, et al. Medical treatment of esophageal achalasia: double-blind crossover study with oral nifedipine, verapamil, and placebo. Dig Dis Sci. 1991 Mar;36(3):260-7. Abstract

69. Gelfond M, Rozen P, Gilat T. Isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine treatment of achalasia: a clinical, manometric and radionuclide evaluation. Gastroenterology. 1982 Nov;83(5):963-9. Abstract

70. Rozen P, Gelfond M, Salzman S, et al. Radionuclide confirmation of the therapeutic value of isosorbide dinitrate in relieving the dysphagia in achalasia. Journal Clin Gastroenterol. 1982 Feb;4(1):17-22. Abstract

71. Annese V, Bassotti G, Coccia G, et al; GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. A multicentre randomised study of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in patients with esophageal achalasia. Gut. 2000 May;46(5):597-600.Full text  Abstract

72. Vaezi MF, Richter JE, Wilcox CM, et al. Botulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of achalasia: a randomised trial. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):231-9.Full text  Abstract

73. Leyden JE, Moss AC, MacMathuna P. Endoscopic pneumatic dilation versus botulinum toxin injection in the management of primary achalasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD005046.Full text  Abstract

74. Hoogerwerf WA, Pasricha PJ. Pharmacologic therapy in treating achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):311-24. Abstract

75. Gomes CA Jr, Andriolo RB, Bennett C, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD008096.Full text  Abstract

76. Duranceau A, Liberman M, Martin J, et al. End-stage achalasia. Dis Esophagus. 2012 May;25(4):319-30. Abstract

77. Wehrmann T, Kokabpick H, Jacobi V, et al. Long-term results of endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin in elderly achalasic patients with tortuous megaesophagus or epiphrenic diverticulum. Endoscopy. 1999 Jun;31(5):352-8. Abstract

78. Annese V, Bassotti G, Coccia G, et al; the GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. Comparison of two different formulations of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of esophageal achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Oct;13(10):1347-50. Abstract

79. Mikaeli J, Bishehsari F, Montazeri G, et al. Injection of botulinum toxin before pneumatic dilatation in achalasia treatment: a randomized-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep 15;24(6):983-9. Abstract

80. Stefanidis D, Richardson W, Farrell TM, et al. SAGES guidelines for the surgical treatment of esophageal achalasia. Surg Endosc. 2012 Feb;26(2):296-311. Abstract

81. Frankhuisen R, van Herwaarden MA, Heijkoop R, et al. Persisting symptoms and decreased health-related quality-of-life in a cross-sectional study of treated achalasia patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Sep 15;26(6):899-904. Abstract

82. Brucher BL, Stein HJ, Bartels H, et al. Achalasia and esophageal cancer: incidence, prevalence, and prognosis. World J Surg. 2001 Jun;25(6):745-9. Abstract

83. Tustumi F, Bernardo WM, da Rocha JRM, et al. Esophageal achalasia: a risk factor for carcinoma. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus. 2017 Oct 1;30(10):1-8. Abstract

84. Dunaway PM, Wong RK. Risk and surveillance intervals for squamous cell carcinoma in achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):425-34. Abstract

85. Zendehdel K, Nyrén O, Edberg A, et al. Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in achalasia patients, a retrospective cohort study in Sweden. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan;106(1):57-61. Abstract

86. Ravi K, Geno DM, Katzka DA. Esophageal cancer screening in achalasia: is there a consensus? Dis Esophagus. 2015 Apr;28(3):299-304. Abstract