Evaluation of dyspnea

References

Key articles

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: chronic dyspnea - noncardiovascular origin. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD: 2024 report. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J. 2019 Sep;543-603.Full text  Abstract

Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-1032.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Parshall MB, Schwartzstein RM, Adams L, et al. American Thoracic Society Committee on Dyspnea. An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Feb 15;185(4):435-52.Full text  Abstract

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2021 emergency department summary tables. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text

3. Melnick G, O'Leary JF, Zaniello BA, et al. COVID-19 driven decline in emergency visits: has it continued, is it permanent, and what does it mean for emergency physicians? Am J Emerg Med. 2022 Nov;61:64-7.Full text  Abstract

4. Pines JM, Zocchi MS, Black BS, et al. Characterizing pediatric emergency department visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Mar;41:201-4.Full text  Abstract

5. Berliner D, Schneider N, Welte T, et al. The differential diagnosis of dyspnea. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016 Dec 9;113(49):834-45.Full text  Abstract

6. Hale ZE, Singhal A, Hsia RY. Causes of Shortness of Breath in the Acute Patient: A National Study. Acad Emerg Med. 2018 Nov;25(11):1227-34.Full text  Abstract

7. DePaso WJ, Winterbauer RH, Lusk JA, et al. Chronic dyspnea unexplained by history, physical examination, chest roentgenogram, and spirometry: analysis of a seven-year experience. Chest. 1991 Nov;100(5):1293-9. Abstract

8. Mulrow CD, Lucey CR, Farnett LE. Discriminating causes of dyspnea through clinical examination. J Gen Intern Med. 1993 Jul;8(7):383-92. Abstract

9. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: dyspnea-suspected cardiac origin (ischaemia already excluded). 2021 [internet publication].Full text

10. Ferry OR, Huang YC, Masel PJ, et al. Diagnostic approach to chronic dyspnoea in adults. J Thorac Dis. 2019 Oct;11(suppl 17):S2117-28.Full text  Abstract

11. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: chronic dyspnea - noncardiovascular origin. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

12. Resuscitation Council (UK). Resuscitation guidelines: the ABCDE approach. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

13. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.Full text  Abstract

14. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al; British Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline Group; BTS Emergency Oxygen Guideline Development Group. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017;72(suppl 1):ii1-90.Full text  Abstract

15. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.Full text  Abstract

16. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract

17. Brieger D, Eagle KA, Goodman SG, et al. Acute coronary syndromes without chest pain, an underdiagnosed and undertreated high-risk group: insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Chest. 2004 Aug;126(2):461-9. Abstract

18. Canto JG, Goldberg RJ, Hand MM, et al. Symptom presentation of women with acute coronary syndromes: myth vs reality. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Dec 10;167(22):2405-13.Full text  Abstract

19. Jacoby RM, Nesto RW. Acute myocardial infarction in the diabetic patient: pathophysiology, clinical course and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Sep;20(3):736-44. Abstract

20. Puymirat E, Aissaoui N, Bonello L, et al. Clinical outcomes according to symptom presentation in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Results from the FAST-MI 2010 registry. Clin Cardiol. 2017 Dec;40(12):1256-63.Full text  Abstract

21. O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29;127(4):e362-425.Full text  Abstract

22. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Dec 23;130(25):e344-426.Full text  Abstract

23. British Thoracic Society. BTS/SIGN British guideline on the management of asthma. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

24. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

25. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD: 2024 report. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

26. Campbell RL, Li JT, Nicklas RA, et al; members of the Joint Task Force; Practice Parameter Workgroup. Emergency department diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis: a practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014 Dec;113(6):599-608.Full text  Abstract

27. Resuscitation Council UK. Special circumstances Guidelines. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

28. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:152-219.Full text  Abstract

29. Van de Voorde P, Turner NM, Djakow J, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Paediatric Life Support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:327-87.Full text  Abstract

30. Athey VL, Walters SJ, Rogers TK. Symptoms at lung cancer diagnosis are associated with major differences in prognosis. Thorax. 2018 Dec;73(12):1177-81.Full text  Abstract

31. Radchenko C, Alraiyes AH, Shojaee S. A systematic approach to the management of massive hemoptysis. J Thorac Dis. 2017 Sep;9(suppl 10):S1069-86.Full text  Abstract

32. Simoff MJ, Lally B, Slade MG, et al. Symptom management in patients with lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013;143(suppl 5):e455S-97S.Full text  Abstract

33. Straka C, Ying J, Kong FM, et al. Review of evolving etiologies, implications and treatment strategies for the superior vena cava syndrome. Springerplus. 2016;5:229.Full text  Abstract

34. Forstner C, Patchev V, Rohde G, et al. Rate and predictors of bacteremia in afebrile community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2020 Mar;157(3):529-39. Abstract

35. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):243-50.Full text  Abstract

36. Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003 May;58(5):377-82.Full text  Abstract

37. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67.Full text  Abstract

38. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text

39. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. ​Suspected acute respiratory infection in over 16s: assessment at first presentation and initial management. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

40. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.Full text  Abstract

41. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801-10.Full text  Abstract

42. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text

43. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.Full text  Abstract

44. Royal College of Physicians. National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2. December 2017 [internet publication].Full text

45. American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) Expert Panel on Sepsis. DART: an evidence-driven tool to guide the early recognition and treatment of sepsis and septic shock. [internet publication].Full text

46. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis v2.0. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

47. Schlapbach LJ, Watson RS, Sorce LR, et al. International consensus criteria for pediatric sepsis and septic shock. JAMA. 2024 Feb 27;331(8):665-74.Full text  Abstract

48. Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Surviving Sepsis Hour-1 bundle. 2019 [ internet publication].Full text

49. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J. 2019 Sep;543-603.Full text  Abstract

50. Habek D, Habek JC. Nonhemorrhagic primary obstetric shock. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2008;23(2):140-5. Abstract

51. Wessman DE, Kim TT, Parrish JS. Acute respiratory distress following liposuction. Mil Med. 2007 Jun;172(6):666-8. Abstract

52. Cunliffe CH, Denton JS. A fatal complication of a vena caval filter associated with pulmonary thromboembolism. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2008 Jun;29(2):173-6. Abstract

53. Kim YJ, Lee JW, Park KW, et al. Pulmonary cement embolism after percutaneous vertebroplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: incidence, characteristics, and risk factors. Radiology. 2009 Apr;251(1):250-9. Abstract

54. Stevens SM, Woller SC, Kreuziger LB, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. August 2021 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

55. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

56. Wilson PM, Rymeski B, Xu X, et al. An evidence-based review of primary spontaneous pneumothorax in the adolescent population. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2021 Jun 18;2(3):e12449.Full text  Abstract

57. Almeida RR, Zanetti G, Souza AS Jr, et al. Cocaine-induced pulmonary changes: HRCT findings. [in por]. J Bras Pneumol. 2015 Jul-Aug;41(4):323-30.Full text  Abstract

58. Tschopp JM, Bintcliffe O, Astoul P, et al. ERS task force statement: diagnosis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J. 2015 Aug;46(2):321-35.Full text  Abstract

59. National Patient Safety Agency. Alert: Blood control safety cannula and needle thoracostomy for tension pneumothorax. April 2020 [internet publication].Full text

60. Leigh-Smith S, Harris T. Tension pneumothorax - time for a re-think? Emerg Med J. 2005 Jan;22(1):8-16.Full text  Abstract

61. Jones R, Hollingsworth J. Tension pneumothoraces not responding to needle thoracocentesis. Emerg Med J. 2002 Mar;19(2):176-7.Full text  Abstract

62. Karabinos I, Papadopoulos A, Toutouzas P. Severe mitral regurgitation due to perforation of the mitral anterior leaflet. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008 Jan;9(1):103-4. Abstract

63. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Heart valve disease presenting in adults: investigation and management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

64. Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease: developed by the Task Force for the management of valvular heart disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). [in spa]. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2022 Jun;75(6):524.Full text

65. Wimalasena Y, Kocierz L, Strong D, et al. Lung ultrasound: a useful tool in the assessment of the dyspnoeic patient in the emergency department. Fact or fiction? Emerg Med J. 2018 Apr;35(4):258-66. Abstract

66. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute heart failure: diagnosis and management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

67. Holloway BJ, Rosewarne D, Jones RG. Imaging of thoracic aortic disease. Br J Radiol. 2011 Dec;84 Spec No 3:S338-54.Full text  Abstract

68. European Society of Cardiology. 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases. 2015 [Internet publication].Full text

69. Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, Hamilton Black J 3rd, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the diagnosis and management of aortic disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2022 Dec 13;146(24):e334-482.Full text  Abstract

70. Eisenberg MJ, de Romeral LM, Heidenreich PA, et al. The diagnosis of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade by 12-lead ECG. A technology assessment. Chest. 1996 Aug;110(2):318-24.Full text  Abstract

71. Ullman EA, Donley LP, Brady WJ. Pulmonary trauma emergency department evaluation and management. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2003 May;21(2):291-313. Abstract

72. Roy CL, Minor MA, Brookhart MA, et al. Does this patient with a pericardial effusion have cardiac tamponade? JAMA. 2007 Apr 25;297(16):1810-8. Abstract

73. Wilson LD, Detterbeck FC, Yahalom J. Clinical practice: superior vena cava syndrome with malignant causes. N Engl J Med. 2007 May 3;356(18):1862-9. Abstract

74. Allen JN, Magro CM, King MA. The eosinophilic pneumonias. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Apr;23(2):127-34. Abstract

75. Straus SE, McAlister FA, Sackett DL, et al; CARE-COAD1 Group. The accuracy of patient history, wheezing, and laryngeal measurements in diagnosing obstructive airway disease: JAMA. 2000 Apr 12;283(14):1853-7.Full text  Abstract

76. Sivak ED, Shefner JM, Sexton J. Neuromuscular disease and hypoventilation. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 1999 Nov;5(6):355-62. Abstract

77. Ferris G, Servera-Pieras E, Vergara P, et al. Kyphoscoliosis ventilatory insufficiency: noninvasive management outcomes. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2000 Jan-Feb;79(1):24-9. Abstract

78. Frazier AA, Franks TJ, Cooke EO, et al. From the archives of the AFIP: pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Radiographics. 2008 May-Jun;28(3):883-99.Full text  Abstract

79. Cimino JJ, Kogan AD. Constrictive pericarditis after cardiac surgery: report of three cases and review of the literature. Am Heart J. 1989 Dec;118(6):1292-301. Abstract

80. Johnson MJ, Oxberry SG, Cleland JG, et al. Measurement of breathlessness in clinical trials in patients with chronic heart failure: the need for a standardized approach: a systematic review. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010 Feb;12(2):137-47. Abstract

81. Myers J, Bader D, Madhavan R, et al. Validation of a specific activity questionnaire to estimate exercise tolerance in patients referred for exercise testing. Am Heart J. 2001 Dec;142(6):1041-6. Abstract

82. Goldman L, Hashimoto B, Cook EF, et al. Comparative reproducibility and validity of systems for assessing cardiovascular functional class: advantages of a new specific activity scale. Circulation. 1981 Dec;64(6):1227-34.Full text  Abstract

83. Mahler DA, Wells CK. Evaluation of clinical methods for rating dyspnea. Chest. 1988 Mar;93(3):580-6. Abstract

84. Caceres M, Ali SZ, Braud R, et al. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a comparative study and review of the literature. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008 Sep;86(3):962-6. Abstract

85. Rena O, Filosso PL, Papalia E, et al. Solitary fibrous tumour of the pleura: surgical treatment. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001 Feb;19(2):185-9. Abstract

86. Verity R, Prasad E, Grimsrud K, et al. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in northern Alberta, Canada: clinical and laboratory findings for 19 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Oct;31(4):942-6.Full text  Abstract

87. Hui DS, Chan MC, Wu AK, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): epidemiology and clinical features. Postgrad Med J. 2004 Jul;80(945):373-81.Full text  Abstract

88. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña D, Gómez-Mayordomo V, et al. Prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2021 Oct;92:55-70.Full text  Abstract

89. Cabrera Martimbianco AL, Pacheco RL, Bagattini ÂM, et al. Frequency, signs and symptoms, and criteria adopted for long COVID-19: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Oct;75(10):e14357.Full text  Abstract

90. Garfield DH, Cadranel JL, Wislez M, et al. The bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and peripheral adenocarcinoma spectrum of diseases. J Thorac Oncol. 2006 May;1(4):344-59. Abstract

91. Mork T, Mutlu GM, Kuzniar TJ. Dysphonia and chest pain as presenting symptoms of pneumomediastinum. Tuberk Toraks. 2010;58(2):184-7. Abstract

92. Chen JW, Vela MF, Peterson KA, et al. AGA clinical practice update on the diagnosis and management of extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Jun;21(6):1414-21.Full text  Abstract

93. Hamilton W, Sharp D. Diagnosis of lung cancer in primary care: a structured review. Fam Pract. 2004 Dec;21(6):605-11.Full text  Abstract

94. Holguin F, Ramadan B, Gal AA, et al. Prognostic factors for hospital mortality and ICU admission in patients with ANCA-related pulmonary vasculitis. Am J Med Sci. 2008 Oct;336(4):321-6. Abstract

95. Oymak FS, Demirbas HM, Mavili E, et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: clinical and roentgenological features in 26 cases. Respiration. 2005 May-Jun;72(3):254-62. Abstract

96. Mancano A, Marchiori E, Zanetti G, et al. Pulmonary complications of crack cocaine use: high-resolution computed tomography of the chest. J Bras Pneumol. 2008 May;34(5):323-7.Full text  Abstract

97. Weber AM, Areerat P, Fischer JE, et al. Factors associated with diagnostic evaluation for tuberculosis among adults hospitalized for clinical pneumonia in Thailand. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008 Jul;29(7):648-57. Abstract

98. Sachdeva A, Matuschak GM. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage following alemtuzumab. Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6):1476-78. Abstract

99. Silva L, Damrose E, Bairao F, et al. Infectious granulomatous laryngitis: a retrospective study of 24 cases. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Jun;265(6):675-80. Abstract

100. Bunch TJ, Thalji MK, Pellikka PA, et al. Respiratory failure in tetanus: case report and review of a 25-year experience. Chest. 2002 Oct;122(4):1488-92. Abstract

101. Wick F, Ballmer PE, Haller A. Acute epiglottis in adults. Swiss Med Wkly. 2002 Oct 12;132(37-38):541-7. Abstract

102. Varma JK, Katsitadze G, Moiscrafishvili M, et al. Signs and symptoms predictive of death in patients with foodborne botulism - Republic of Georgia, 1980-2002. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 1;39(3):357-62.Full text  Abstract

103. Guleria R, Goswami R, Shah P, et al. Dyspnoea, lung function & respiratory muscle pressures in patients with Graves' disease. Indian J Med Res. 1996 Nov;104:299-303. Abstract

104. Boltan DD, Lachar W, Khetan A, et al. Fatal and widespread skeletal myopathy confirmed morphologically years after initiation of simvastatin therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2007 Apr 15;99(8):1171-6. Abstract

105. Benditt JO. Respiratory complications of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Jun;23(3):239-47. Abstract

106. Wijdicks EF, Henderson RD, McClelland RL. Emergency intubation for respiratory failure in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2003 Jul;60(7):947-8.Full text  Abstract

107. Mutlu GM, Kuzniar T, Factor P. A 41-year-old man with altered mental status and acute flaccid paralysis. Chest. 2005 Jan;127(1):391-4. Abstract

108. Vieira SR, Brauner JS. Leptospirosis as a cause of acute respiratory failure: clinical features and outcome in 35 critical care patients. Braz J Infect Dis. 2002 Jun;6(3):135-9.Full text  Abstract

109. Blanco C, Marazuela M, Flores J, et al. Severe respiratory failure secondary to Cushing's myopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 Sep;24(8):618-21. Abstract

110. Hopkins LC. Clinical features of myasthenia gravis. Neurol Clin. 1994 May;12(2):243-61. Abstract

111. Abelsohn A, Sanborn MD, Jessiman BJ, et al. Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 6. Carbon monoxide poisoning. CMAJ. 2002 Jun 25;166(13):1685-90.Full text  Abstract

112. Johnson CS. The acute chest syndrome. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2005 Oct;19(5):857-79. Abstract

113. Periyakoil VS, Skultety K, Sheikh J. Panic, anxiety, and chronic dyspnea. J Palliat Med. 2005 Apr;8(2):453-9. Abstract

114. Sealove BA, Tiyyagura S, Fuster V. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. J Gen Intern Med. 2008 Nov;23(11):1904-8. Abstract

115. Kalininskiy A, Bach CT, Nacca NE, et al. E-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI): case series and diagnostic approach. Lancet Respir Med. 2019 Dec;7(12):1017-26. Abstract

116. Cao DJ, Aldy K, Hsu S, et al. Review of Health Consequences of Electronic Cigarettes and the Outbreak of Electronic Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury. J Med Toxicol. 2020 Jul;16(3):295-310.Full text  Abstract

117. Evans ME, Twentyman E, Click ES, et al. Update: interim guidance for health care professionals evaluating and caring for patients with suspected e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury and for reducing the risk for rehospitalization and death following hospital discharge - United States, December 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Jan 3;68(5152):1189-94.Full text

118. Greub G, Liaudet L, Wiesel P, et al. Respiratory complications of gastroesophageal reflux associated with paraesophageal hiatal hernia. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003 Aug;37(2):129-31. Abstract

119. Torchio R, Gulotta C, Greco-Lucchina P, et al. Orthopnea and tidal expiratory flow limitation in chronic heart failure. Chest. 2006 Aug;130(2):472-9. Abstract

120. Celli BR, Rassulo J, Corral R. Ventilatory muscle dysfunction in patients with bilateral idiopathic diaphragmatic paralysis: reversal by intermittent external negative pressure ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Nov;136(5):1276-8. Abstract

121. Kedia G, Tobis J, Lee MS. Patent foramen ovale: clinical manifestations and treatment. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2008 Summer;9(3):168-73. Abstract

122. Lange PA, Stoller JK. The hepatopulmonary syndrome. Ann Intern Med.1995 Apr 1;122(7):521-9. Abstract

123. Acosta J, Khan F, Chitkara R. Trepopnea resulting from large aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva and descending aorta. Heart Lung. 1982 Jul-Aug;11(4):342-4. Abstract

124. Alfaifi S, Lapinsky SE. Trepopnea due to interatrial shunt following lung resection. Chest. 1998 Jun;113(6):1726-7. Abstract

125. Tufekcioglu O, Yildiz A, Kacmaz F, et al. Trepopnea in a patient with cardiac tumor. Echocardiography. 2006 Feb;23(2):165-7. Abstract

126. Leung RS, Bowman ME, Parker JD, et al. Avoidance of the left lateral decubitus position during sleep in patients with heart failure: relationship to cardiac size and function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jan 15;41(2):227-30. Abstract

127. Malo JL, Ghezzo H, L'Archeveque J, et al. Is the clinical history a satisfactory means of diagnosing occupational asthma? Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Mar;143(3):528-32. Abstract

128. Barber CM, Cullinan P, Feary J, et al. British Thoracic Society clinical statement on occupational asthma. Thorax. 2022 May;77(5):433-42.Full text

129. Markowitz SB, Morabia A, Lilis R, et al. Clinical predictors of mortality from asbestosis in the North American Insulator Cohort, 1981 to 1991. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jul;156(1):101-8.Full text  Abstract

130. Karlson-Stiber C, Hojer J, Sjoholm A, et al. Nitrogen dioxide pneumonitis in ice hockey players. J Intern Med. 1996 May;239(5):451-6. Abstract

131. Lucero PF, Nicholson KL, Haislip GD, et al. Increased airway hyperreactivity with the M40 protective mask in exercise-induced bronchospasm. J Asthma. 2006 Dec;43(10):759-63. Abstract

132. Gil Y, Tulandi T. Diagnosis and treatment of catamenial pneumothorax: a systematic review. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2020 Jan;27(1):48-53. Abstract

133. Anderson JA, Kennelly MM. Successful management of antenatal presentation of cor triatriatum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008 Sep;140(1):137-8. Abstract

134. Bonnin M, Mercier FJ, Sitbon O, et al. Severe pulmonary hypertension during pregnancy: mode of delivery and anesthetic management of 15 consecutive cases. Anesthesiology. 2005 Jun;102(6):1133-7. Abstract

135. Giesler CF, Buehler JH, Depp R. Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: severe obstructive lung disease and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1977 Jan;49(1):31-4. Abstract

136. Sellman JS, Holman RL. Thromboembolism during pregnancy: risks, challenges, and recommendations. Postgrad Med. 2000 Sep 15;108(4):71-2, 77-8, 81-4. Abstract

137. Tanase Y, Yamada T, Kawaryu Y, et al. A case of spontaneous pneumothorax during pregnancy and review of the literature. Kobe J Med Sci. 2007;53(5):251-5.Full text  Abstract

138. Esplin MS, Varner MW. Progression of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation during pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1997 Apr;52(4):248-53. Abstract

139. Benshushan A, Rojansky N, Weinstein D. Myasthenia gravis and preeclampsia. Isr J Med Sci. 1994 Mar;30(3):229-33. Abstract

140. Strnad P, McElvaney NG, Lomas DA. Alpha(1)-Antitrypsin Deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 9;382(15):1443-55.

141. Zapardiel I, Delafuente-Valero J, Diaz-Miguel V, et al. Pneumomediastinum during the fourth stage of labor. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2009;67(1):70-2. Abstract

142. Souayah N, Tick Chong PS, Dreyer M, et al. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 presenting with ventilatory failure. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2007 Sep;9(1):252-5. Abstract

143. Kuzniar TJ, Blum MG, Kasibowska-Kuzniar K, et al. Predictors of acute lung injury and severe hypoxemia in patients undergoing operative talc pleurodesis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006 Dec;82(6):1976-81. Abstract

144. Lange TJ, Luchner A, Endemann D, et al. A 46-year-old man with dyspnea and hemoptysis 3 years following mitral valve repair. Chest. 2007 Aug;132(2):704-7. Abstract

145. Cha SI, Fessler MB, Cool CD, et al. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia: clinical features, associations and prognosis. Eur Respir J. 2006 Aug;28(2):364-9.Full text  Abstract

146. Storck K, Crispens M, Brader K. Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix presenting as lymphangitic carcinomatosis: a case report and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 2004 Sep;94(3):825-8. Abstract

147. Moreno-Vega AL, Fuentes-Pradera J, Gordon-Santiago Mdel M, et al. Intraventricular metastases from rectal-sigmoid adenocarcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol. 2006 Apr;8(4):296-7. Abstract

148. Mukhopadhyay S, Katzenstein AL. Pulmonary disease due to aspiration of food and other particulate matter: a clinicopathologic study of 59 cases diagnosed on biopsy or resection specimens. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007 May;31(5):752-9. Abstract

149. Derkay CS, Wiatrak B. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review. Laryngoscope. 2008 Jul;118(7):1236-47. Abstract

150. Grathwohl KW, Afifi AY, Dillard TA, et al. Vascular rings of the thoracic aorta in adults. Am Surg. 1999 Nov;65(11):1077-83. Abstract

151. Madani I, De Ruyck K, Goeminne H, et al. Predicting risk of radiation-induced lung injury. J Thorac Oncol. 2007 Sep;2(9):864-74. Abstract

152. Michelen M, Manoharan L, Elkheir N, et al. Characterising long COVID: a living systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Sep;6(9):e005427.Full text  Abstract

153. Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;24(1):5-15. Abstract

154. Delpirou-Nouh C, Gelisse P, Chanez P, et al. Migraine and topiramate induced dyspnea. Headache. 2007 Nov-Dec;47(10):1453-5. Abstract

155. Bowden JA, To TH, Abernethy AP, et al. Predictors of chronic breathlessness: a large population study. BMC Public Health. 2011 Jan 12;11:33.Full text  Abstract

156. Jonas AM, Raj R. Vaping-related acute parenchymal lung injury: a systematic review. Chest. 2020 Oct;158(4):1555-65.Full text  Abstract

157. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tuberculosis. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

158. Moonen ML, Hanssen M, Radermecker MA, et al. The blue man: an unusual happy end of a spontaneous rupture of a coronary artery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008 Dec;34(6):1265-7. Abstract

159. Fischer PR, Johnson JN, Brands CK. Fatigue, exercise intolerance, and weakness: lessons on herding zebras. Minn Med. 2008 Nov;91(11):38-40. Abstract

160. Quinn MP, Courtney AE, McCarron MO, et al. Breathless and dizzy! - disseminated Nocardia farcinica complicating renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Nov;22(11):3338-40.Full text  Abstract

161. Weng YM, Chang YC, Chiu TF, et al. Tet spell in an adult. Am J Emerg Med. 2009 Jan;27(1):130.e3-5. Abstract

162. Korkmaz AA, Yuce M, Korkmaz F, et al. Stuck mechanical valve in pregnancy. J Card Surg. 2008 Nov-Dec;23(6):790-2. Abstract

163. Lacombe P, Lagrange C, Beauchet A, et al. Diffuse pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: long-term results of embolization according to the extent of lung involvement. Chest. 2009 Apr;135(4):1031-7. Abstract

164. Hamirani YS, Franklin W, Grifka RG, et al. Methemoglobinemia in a young man. Tex Heart Inst J. 2008;35(1):76-7.Full text  Abstract

165. Webb LM, Lieberman P. Anaphylaxis: a review of 601 cases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006 Jul;97(1):39-43. Abstract

166. Chang JC, Aly ES. Acute respiratory distress syndrome as a major clinical manifestation of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med Sci. 2001 Feb;321(2):124-8. Abstract

167. Broekhuizen BD, Sachs AP, Oostvogels R, et al. The diagnostic value of history and physical examination for COPD in suspected or known cases: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2009 Aug;26(4):260-8. Abstract

168. Godoy MF, Francischi FB, Pavarino PR, et al. Unusual presentation of idiopathic chronic constrictive pericarditis. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2007 Jan-Mar;22(1):1-6.Full text  Abstract

169. Hamilton W, Peters TJ, Round A, et al. What are the clinical features of lung cancer before the diagnosis is made? A population based case-control study. Thorax. 2005 Dec;60(12):1059-65.Full text  Abstract

170. Cottin V, Nunes H, Brillet PY, et al. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity. Eur Respir J. 2005 Oct;26(4):586-93.Full text  Abstract

171. Naeije R. Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension. Swiss Med Wkly. 2003 Mar 22;133(11-12):163-9.Full text  Abstract

172. Swanson KL, Prakash UB, Stanson AW. Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas: Mayo Clinic experience, 1982-1997. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999 Jul;74(7):671-80. Abstract

173. Mackle T, Meaney J, Timon C. Tracheoesophageal compression associated with substernal goitre: correlation of symptoms with cross-sectional imaging findings. J Laryngol Otol. 2007 Apr;121(4):358-61. Abstract

174. Goswami R, Guleria R, Gupta AK, et al. Prevalence of diaphragmatic muscle weakness and dyspnoea in Graves' disease and their reversibility with carbimazole therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Sep;147(3):299-303.Full text  Abstract

175. Renier W, Winckelmann KH, Verbakel JY, et al. Signs and symptoms in adult patients with acute dyspnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Emerg Med. 2018 Feb;25(1):3-11.Full text  Abstract

176. Imazio M, Trinchero R. Triage and management of acute pericarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2007 Jun 12;118(3):286-94. Abstract

177. Eckel F, Huber W, Heidecke CD, et al. Fulminate intracardiac thrombosis associated with Budd-Chiari-syndrome and inferior vena cava thrombosis. Vasa. 2002 Feb;31(1):62-5. Abstract

178. Dobie RA, Tobey DN. Clinical features of diphtheria in the respiratory tract. JAMA. 1979 Nov 16;242(20):2197-201. Abstract

179. Soli CG, Smally AJ. Vocal cord dysfunction: an uncommon cause of stridor. J Emerg Med.2005 Jan;28(1):31-3. Abstract

180. Morgan WP. Hyperventilation syndrome: a review. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1983 Sep;44(9):685-9. Abstract

181. Sondhi D, Lippmann M, Murali G. Airway compromise due to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema: clinical experience at a large community teaching hospital. Chest. 2004 Aug;126(2):400-4. Abstract

182. Chiacchio S, Lorenzoni A, Boni G, et al. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: prevalence, diagnosis and treatment. Minerva Endocrinol. 2008 Dec;33(4):341-57. Abstract

183. Tan DS, Eng PC, Lim ST, et al. Primary tracheal lymphoma causing respiratory failure. J Thorac Oncol. 2008 Aug;3(8):929-30. Abstract

184. Ernst A, Rafeq S, Boiselle P, et al. Relapsing polychondritis and airway involvement. Chest. 2009 Apr;135(4):1024-30. Abstract

185. Gulel O, Elmali M, Demir S, et al. Ortner's syndrome associated with aortic arch aneurysm. Clin Res Cardiol. 2007 Jan;96(1):49-50. Abstract

186. Boulding R, Stacey R, Niven R, et al. Dysfunctional breathing: a review of the literature and proposal for classification. Eur Respir Rev. 2016 Sep;25(141):287-94.Full text  Abstract

187. Vlemincx E, Severs L, Ramirez JM. The psychophysiology of the sigh: II: the sigh from the psychological perspective. Biol Psychol. 2022 Sep;173:108386.Full text  Abstract

188. Patel N, Bishay A, Bakry M, et al. Dyspnea with slow-growing mass of the left hemithorax. Chest. 2007 Mar;131(3):904-8. Abstract

189. Wong CL, Holroyd-Leduc J, Straus SE. Does this patient have a pleural effusion? JAMA. 2009;301:309-17. Abstract

190. Shellenberger RA, Balakrishnan B, Avula S, et al. Diagnostic value of the physical examination in patients with dyspnea. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017 Dec;84(12):943-50.Full text  Abstract

191. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What is polio? Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

192. Fokke C, van den Berg B, Drenthen J et al. Diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome and validation of Brighton criteria. Brain. 2014 Jan;137(Pt 1):33-43.Full text  Abstract

193. Kline JA, Mitchell AM, Kabrhel C, et al. Clinical criteria to prevent unnecessary diagnostic testing in emergency department patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2004 Aug;2(8):1247-55.Full text  Abstract

194. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al. Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the models utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer. Thromb Haemost. 2000 Mar;83(3):416-20. Abstract

195. Le Gal G, Righini M, Roy PM, et al. Prediction of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: the revised Geneva score. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Feb 7;144(3):165-71.Full text  Abstract

196. van Es N, Kraaijpoel N, Klok FA, et al. The original and simplified Wells rules and age-adjusted D-dimer testing to rule out pulmonary embolism: an individual patient data meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2017 Apr;15(4):678-84.Full text  Abstract

197. Hendriksen JM, Geersing GJ, Lucassen WA, et al. Diagnostic prediction models for suspected pulmonary embolism: systematic review and independent external validation in primary care. BMJ. 2015 Sep 8;351:h4438.Full text  Abstract

198. Ailani RK, Ravakhah K, DiGiovine B, et al. Dyspnea differentiation index: a new method for the rapid separation of cardiac vs pulmonary dyspnea. Chest. 1999 Oct;116(4):1100-4. Abstract

199. Holland MA, Kozlowski LM. Clinical features and management of cyanide poisoning. Clin Pharm. 1986 Sep;5(9):737-41. Abstract

200. Ozawa H, Homma Y, Arisawa H, et al. Severe metabolic acidosis and heart failure due to thiamine deficiency. Nutrition. 2001 Apr;17(4):351-2. Abstract

201. Szyper-Kravitz M, Strahilevitz J, Oren V, et al. Pulmonary leukostasis: role of perfusion lung scan in diagnosis and follow up. Am J Hematol. 2001 Jun;67(2):136-8. Abstract

202. Abramov Y, Elchalal U, Schenker JG. Pulmonary manifestations of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a multicenter study. Fertil Steril. 1999 Apr;71(4):645-51. Abstract

203. Louis R, Satia I, Ojanguren I, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis of asthma in adults. Eur Respir J. 2022 Feb 15:2101585.Full text  Abstract

204. Dempsey TM, Scanlon PD. Pulmonary Function Tests for the Generalist: A Brief Review. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018 Jun;93(6):763-71. Abstract

205. Tsai HC, Lee SS, Liu YC, et al. Clinical manifestations of strongyloidiasis in southern Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2002 Mar;35(1):29-36. Abstract

206. Martinez Alonso JC, Dominguez Ortega FJ, Fuentes Gonzalo MJ. Churg-Strauss syndrome in a case of eosinophilia. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2004 Jul-Aug;32(4):238-40. Abstract

207. Tsapas A, Paletas K, Vlachaki E, et al. Eosinophilic pneumonia associated with heroin inhalation: a case report. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2008;120(5-6):178-80. Abstract

208. Reyes F, Vaitkus V, Al-Ajam M. A case of cocaine-induced eosinophilic pneumonia: Case report and review of the literature. Respir Med Case Rep. 2018;23:98-102.Full text  Abstract

209. Taweesedt PT, Nordstrom CW, Stoeckel J, et al. Pulmonary manifestations of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome: a systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2019 Sep 24;2019:7863815.Full text  Abstract

210. Carloni A, Piciucchi S, Giannakakis K, et al. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage after leflunomide therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. J Thorac Imaging. 2008 Feb;23(1):57-9. Abstract

211. Chauhan S, Singh R. Red spots and recurrent anemia. Am J Med. 2006 Sep;119(9):743-5. Abstract

212. van Lingen R, Warshow U, Dalton HR, et al. Jaundice as a presentation of heart failure. J R Soc Med. 2005 Aug;98(8):357-9.Full text  Abstract

213. Shamsuzzaman SM, Hashiguchi Y. Thoracic amebiasis. Clin Chest Med. 2002 Jun;23(2):479-92. Abstract

214. Bakirci T, Sasak G, Ozturk S, et al. Pleural effusion in long-term hemodialysis patients. Transplant Proc. 2007 May;39(4):889-91. Abstract

215. Dreyer G, Fan S. Therapeutic implications of coexisting severe pulmonary hemorrhage and pulmonary emboli in a case of Wegener granulomatosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009 May;53(5):e5-8. Abstract

216. Green RJ, Ruoss SJ, Kraft SA, et al. Pulmonary capillaritis and alveolar hemorrhage: update on diagnosis and management. Chest. 1996 Nov;110(5):1305-16. Abstract

217. Buschmann IR, Bondke A, Elgeti T, et al. Positive cardiac troponin I and T and chest pain in a patient with iatrogenic hypothyroidism and no coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2007 Feb 7;115(2):e83-5. Abstract

218. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Oct 30;72(18):2231-64.Full text  Abstract

219. Husain Z, Reddy BY, Schwartz RA. DRESS syndrome: part I. clinical perspectives. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 May;68(5):693.e1-14. Abstract

220. Mant J, Doust J, Roalfe A, et al. Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of diagnosis of heart failure, with modelling of implications of different diagnostic strategies in primary care. Health Technol Assess. 2009 Jul;13(32):1-207.Full text  Abstract

221. Worster A, Balion CM, Hill SA, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of BNP and NT-proBNP in patients presenting to acute care settings with dyspnea: a systematic review. Clin Biochem. 2008 Mar;41(4-5):250-9. Abstract

222. Lam LL, Cameron PA, Schneider HG, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of B-type natriuretic peptide testing on clinical outcomes in patients with acute dyspnea in the emergency setting. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Dec 7;153(11):728-35. Abstract

223. Trinquart L, Ray P, Riou B, et al. Natriuretic peptide testing in EDs for managing acute dyspnea: a meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2011 Sep;29(7):757-67. Abstract

224. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-1032.Full text  Abstract

225. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic heart failure in adults: diagnosis and management. September 2018 [internet publication].Full text

226. Crawford F, Andras A, Welch K, et al. D-dimer test for excluding the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 5;2016(8):CD010864.Full text  Abstract

227. Raja AS, Greenberg JO, Qaseem A, et al. Evaluation of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism: best practice advice from the clinical guidelines committee of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Nov 3;163(9):701-11.Full text  Abstract

228. Falguera M, Ruiz-González A, Schoenenberger JA, et al. Prospective, randomised study to compare empirical treatment versus targeted treatment on the basis of the urine antigen results in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2010 Feb;65(2):101-6.Full text  Abstract

229. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Influenza signs and symptoms and the role of laboratory diagnostics. Aug 2020 [internet publication].Full text

230. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases: chapter 6 - influenza​. Nov 2017 [internet publication].Full text

231. Jokerst C, Chung JH, et al. Expert Panel on Thoracic Imaging. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® acute respiratory illness in immunocompetent patients. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 Nov;15(suppl 11):S240-51.Full text  Abstract

232. Patel J, Park C, Michaels J, et al. Pericardial cyst: case reports and a literature review. Echocardiography. 2004 Apr;21(3):269-72. Abstract

233. Ghafoori P, Marks LB, Vujaskovic Z, et al. Radiation-induced lung injury: assessment, management, and prevention. Oncology (Williston Park). 2008 Jan;22(1):37-47. Abstract

234. Feinstein MB, DeSouza SA, Moreira AL, et al. A comparison of the pathological, clinical and radiographical, features of cryptogenic organising pneumonia, acute fibrinous and organising pneumonia and granulomatous organising pneumonia. J Clin Pathol. 2015 Jun;68(6):441-7.Full text  Abstract

235. Mathai SC, Danoff SK. Management of interstitial lung disease associated with connective tissue disease. BMJ. 2016 Feb 24;352:h6819.https://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.h6819.long Abstract

236. Baughman RP, Culver DA, Judson MA. A concise review of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Mar 1;183(5):573-81.Full text  Abstract

237. Orlandi M, Landini N, Bruni C, et al. Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis in rheumatic autoimmune diseases: a systematic literature review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020 Dec 1;59(12):3645-56.Full text  Abstract

238. Hanekamp LA, Toben FM. A pregnant woman with shortness of breath. Neth J Med. 2006 Mar;64(3):84, 95.Full text  Abstract

239. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected pulmonary hypertension, 2022 [internet publication].Full text

240. Qaseem A, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Mustafa RA, et al. Appropriate use of point-of-care ultrasonography in patients with acute dyspnea in emergency department or inpatient settings: a clinical guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Jul;174(7):985-93.Full text  Abstract

241. Gartlehner G, Wagner G, Affengruber L, et al. Point-of-care ultrasonography in patients with acute dyspnea: an evidence report for a clinical practice guideline by the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Jul;174(7):967-76.Full text  Abstract

242. Chan KK, Joo DA, McRae AD, et al. Chest ultrasonography versus supine chest radiography for diagnosis of pneumothorax in trauma patients in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jul 23;7(7):CD013031.Full text  Abstract

243. Al Deeb M, Barbic S, Featherstone R, et al. Point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema in patients presenting with acute dyspnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 Aug;21(8):843-52.Full text  Abstract

244. Martindale JL, Wakai A, Collins SP, et al. Diagnosing acute heart failure in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2016 Mar;23(3):223-42. Abstract

245. Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, et al. 2022 ESC/ERS guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 11;43(38):3618-731.Full text  Abstract

246. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: tracheobronchial Disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

247. Gutte H, Mortensen J, Jensen CV, et al. Detection of pulmonary embolism with combined ventilation-perfusion SPECT and low-dose CT: head-to-head comparison with multidetector CT angiography. J Nucl Med. 2009 Dec;50(12):1987-92.Full text  Abstract

248. Maddox TM, Stanislawski MA, Grunwald GK, et al. Nonobstructive coronary artery disease and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2014 Nov 5;312(17):1754-63.Full text  Abstract

249. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis. monitoring and chronic asthma management. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text

250. Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC)., Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, et al. 2020 Focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: a report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Dec;146(6):1217-70.Full text  Abstract

251. Guazzi M, Bandera F, Ozemek C, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: what is its value? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Sep 26;70(13):1618-36.Full text  Abstract

252. Laveneziana P, Agostoni P. Exertional dyspnoea in cardiorespiratory disorders: the clinical use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Eur Respir Rev. 2016 Sep;25(141):227-9.Full text  Abstract

253. Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Chio A, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Oct 5;3:17071.Full text  Abstract

254. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

255. British Thoracic Society and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text

256. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506.Full text  Abstract

257. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):507-13.Full text  Abstract

258. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020 Feb 7 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

259. Li LQ, Huang T, Wang YQ, et al. 2019 novel coronavirus patients' clinical characteristics, discharge rate and fatality rate of meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020 Mar 12 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

260. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 12 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

261. Song F, Shi N, Shan F, et al. Emerging coronavirus 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Radiology. 2020 Feb 6;200274.Full text  Abstract

262. Shah KS, Maisel AS, Fonarow GC. Troponin in Heart Failure. Heart Fail Clin. 2018 Jan;14(1):57-64.Full text  Abstract

263. Ebell MH, Bentivegna M, Cai X, et al. Accuracy of biomarkers for the diagnosis of adult community-acquired pneumonia: A Meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2020 Mar;27(3):195-206.Full text  Abstract

264. Kamat IS, Ramachandran V, Eswaran H, et al. Procalcitonin to distinguish viral from bacterial pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 16;70(3):538-42.Full text  Abstract

265. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overview of influenza testing methods. Aug 2020 [internet publication].Full text

266. Mueller C, Giannitsis E, Christ M. Multicenter evaluation of a 0-hour/1-hour algorithm in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T. Ann Emerg Med. 2016 Jul;68(1):76-87.e4.Full text  Abstract

267. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: assessment and diagnosis. Nov 2016 [internet publication].Full text

268. Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT, et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis. Thorax. 2010 Jul;65 Suppl 1:i1-58. Abstract

269. Hill AT, Sullivan AL, Chalmers JD, et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for bronchiectasis in adults. Thorax. 2019 Jan;74(suppl 1):1-69.Full text

270. Phillips JJ, Straiton J, Staff RT. Planar and SPECT ventilation/perfusion imaging and computed tomography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature, and cost and dose comparison. Eur J Radiol. 2015 Jul;84(7):1392-400.Full text  Abstract

271. Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56.Full text  Abstract

272. Savarino E, Bredenoord AJ, Fox M, et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the physiological assessment and diagnosis of GERD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Nov;14(11):665-76.Full text  Abstract

273. Thillai M, Atkins CP, Crawshaw A, et al. BTS Clinical Statement on pulmonary sarcoidosis. Thorax. 2021 Jan;76(1):4-20.

274. Crouser ED, Maier LA, Wilson KC, et al. Diagnosis and detection of sarcoidosis. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Apr 15;201(8):e26-51.Full text  Abstract

275. Statement on sarcoidosis. Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) adopted by the ATS Board of Directors and by the ERS Executive Committee, February 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Aug;160(2):736-55.Full text

276. Soldati G, Testa A, Silva FR, et al. Chest ultrasonography in lung contusion. Chest. 2006 Aug;130(2):533-8. Abstract

277. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Anaphylaxis: assessment and referral after emergency treatment. Aug 2020 [internet publication].Full text

278. Kovacs G, Berghold A, Scheidl S, et al. Pulmonary arterial pressure during rest and exercise in healthy subjects: a systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2009 Oct;34(4):888-94.Full text  Abstract

279. Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, et al. Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019 Jan;53(1):1801913.Full text  Abstract

280. Alrajab S, Youssef AM, Akkus NI, et al. Pleural ultrasonography versus chest radiography for the diagnosis of pneumothorax: review of the literature and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2013 Sep 23;17(5):R208.Full text  Abstract

281. UK Health Security Agency. Tetanus: advice for health professionals. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

282. Farrar JJ, Yen LM, Cook T, et al. Tetanus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000 Sep;69(3):292-301.Full text

283. Ruff RL, Lisak RP. Nature and action of antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Neurol Clin. 2018 May;36(2):275-91. Abstract

284. Guptill JT, Sanders DB. Update on muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibody positive myasthenia gravis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2010 Oct;23(5):530-5. Abstract

285. Meriggioli MN, Sanders DB. Muscle autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis: beyond diagnosis? Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2012 Jul;8(5):427-38.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer