Assessment of dyspnoea

Parshall MB, Schwartzstein RM, Adams L, et al; American Thoracic Society Committee on Dyspnea. An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Feb 15;185(4):435-52.Full text  Abstract

DePaso WJ, Winterbauer RH, Lusk JA, et al. Chronic dyspnea unexplained by history, physical examination, chest roentgenogram, and spirometry: analysis of a seven-year experience. Chest. 1991 Nov;100(5):1293-9. Abstract

Mulrow CD, Lucey CR, Farnett LE. Discriminating causes of dyspnea through clinical examination. J Gen Intern Med. 1993 Jul;8(7):383-92. Abstract

1. Parshall MB, Schwartzstein RM, Adams L, et al; American Thoracic Society Committee on Dyspnea. An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Feb 15;185(4):435-52.Full text  Abstract

2. Rui P, Kang K. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2014 Emergency Department Summary Tables. 2014 [internet publication].Full text

3. Berliner D, Schneider N, Welte T, et al. The differential diagnosis of dyspnea. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016 Dec 9;113(49):834-45.Full text  Abstract

4. Hale ZE, Singhal A, Hsia RY. Causes of Shortness of Breath in the Acute Patient: A National Study. Acad Emerg Med. 2018 Nov;25(11):1227-34.Full text  Abstract

5. DePaso WJ, Winterbauer RH, Lusk JA, et al. Chronic dyspnea unexplained by history, physical examination, chest roentgenogram, and spirometry: analysis of a seven-year experience. Chest. 1991 Nov;100(5):1293-9. Abstract

6. Mulrow CD, Lucey CR, Farnett LE. Discriminating causes of dyspnea through clinical examination. J Gen Intern Med. 1993 Jul;8(7):383-92. Abstract

7. Wahls SA. Causes and evaluation of chronic dyspnea. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Jul 15;86(2):173-82.Full text  Abstract

8. Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020 Jan 30 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

9. Resuscitation Council (UK). Reuscitation guidelines: the ABCDE approach. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

10. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-151.Full text  Abstract

11. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al; British Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline Group; BTS Emergency Oxygen Guideline Development Group. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017;72(suppl 1):ii1-90.Full text  Abstract

12. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.Full text  Abstract

13. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract

14. Brieger D, Eagle KA, Goodman SG, et al. Acute coronary syndromes without chest pain, an underdiagnosed and undertreated high-risk group: insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Chest. 2004 Aug;126(2):461-9. Abstract

15. Canto JG, Goldberg RJ, Hand MM, et al. Symptom presentation of women with acute coronary syndromes: myth vs reality. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Dec 10;167(22):2405-13.Full text  Abstract

16. Jacoby RM, Nesto RW. Acute myocardial infarction in the diabetic patient: pathophysiology, clinical course and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Sep;20(3):736-44. Abstract

17. Puymirat E, Aissaoui N, Bonello L, et al. Clinical outcomes according to symptom presentation in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Results from the FAST-MI 2010 registry. Clin Cardiol. 2017 Dec;40(12):1256-63.Full text  Abstract

18. O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29;127(4):e362-425.Full text  Abstract

19. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Dec 23;130(25):e344-426.Full text  Abstract

20. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute coronary syndromes. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text

21. British Thoracic Society. BTS/SIGN British Guideline on the Management of Asthma. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text

22. Kirkland SW, Vandenberghe C, Voaklander B, et al. Combined inhaled beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents for emergency management in adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(1):CD001284.Full text  Abstract

23. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

24. Campbell RL, Li JT, Nicklas RA, et al; members of the Joint Task Force; Practice Parameter Workgroup. Emergency department diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis: a practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014 Dec;113(6):599-608.Full text  Abstract

25. Resuscitation Council UK. Special circumstances Guidelines. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

26. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:152-219.Full text  Abstract

27. Van de Voorde P, Turner NM, Djakow J, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Paediatric Life Support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:327-87.Full text  Abstract

28. Athey VL, Walters SJ, Rogers TK. Symptoms at lung cancer diagnosis are associated with major differences in prognosis. Thorax. 2018 Dec;73(12):1177-81.Full text  Abstract

29. Radchenko C, Alraiyes AH, Shojaee S. A systematic approach to the management of massive hemoptysis. J Thorac Dis. 2017 Sep;9(suppl 10):S1069-86.Full text  Abstract

30. Simoff MJ, Lally B, Slade MG, et al. Symptom management in patients with lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013;143(suppl 5):e455S-97S.Full text  Abstract

31. Straka C, Ying J, Kong FM, et al. Review of evolving etiologies, implications and treatment strategies for the superior vena cava syndrome. Springerplus. 2016;5:229.Full text  Abstract

32. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):243-50.Full text  Abstract

33. Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003 May;58(5):377-82.Full text  Abstract

34. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67.Full text  Abstract

35. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Full text

36. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.Full text  Abstract

37. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. September 2017 [internet publication].Full text

38. Gao F, Melody T, Daniels R, et al. The impact of compliance with 6-hour and 24-hour sepsis bundles on hospital mortality in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2005;9(6):R764-70.Full text  Abstract

39. Daniels R, Nutbeam I, McNamara G, et al. The sepsis six and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle: a prospective observational cohort study. 2011 Jun;28(6):507-12. Abstract

40. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801-10.Full text  Abstract

41. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G. The 2019 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism. Eur Heart J. 2019 Nov 1;40(42):3453-55.Full text  Abstract

42. Habek D, Habek JC. Nonhemorrhagic primary obstetric shock. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2008;23(2):140-5. Abstract

43. Wessman DE, Kim TT, Parrish JS. Acute respiratory distress following liposuction. Mil Med. 2007 Jun;172(6):666-8. Abstract

44. Cunliffe CH, Denton JS. A fatal complication of a vena caval filter associated with pulmonary thromboembolism. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2008 Jun;29(2):173-6. Abstract

45. Kim YJ, Lee JW, Park KW, et al. Pulmonary cement embolism after percutaneous vertebroplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: incidence, characteristics, and risk factors. Radiology. 2009 Apr;251(1):250-9. Abstract

46. Stevens SM, Woller SC, Kreuziger LB, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. August 2021 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

47. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing. Mar 2020 [internet publication].Full text

48. Tschopp JM, Bintcliffe O, Astoul P, et al. ERS task force statement: diagnosis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J. 2015 Aug;46(2):321-35.Full text  Abstract

49. National Patient Safety Agency. Alert: Blood control safety cannula and needle thoracostomy for tension pneumothorax. April 2020 [internet publication].Full text

50. Leigh-Smith S, Harris T. Tension pneumothorax: time for a re-think? Emerg Med J. 2005 Jan;22(1):8-16.Full text  Abstract

51. Jones R, Hollingsworth J. Tension pneumothoraces not responding to needle thoracocentesis. Emerg Med J. 2002 Mar;19(2):176-7.Full text  Abstract

52. Karabinos I, Papadopoulos A, Toutouzas P. Severe mitral regurgitation due to perforation of the mitral anterior leaflet. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008 Jan;9(1):103-4. Abstract

53. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Heart valve disease presenting in adults: investigation and management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

54. Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2017 Sep 21;38(36):2739-91.Full text  Abstract

55. Wimalasena Y, Kocierz L, Strong D, et al. Lung ultrasound: a useful tool in the assessment of the dyspnoeic patient in the emergency department. Fact or fiction? Emerg Med J. 2018 Apr;35(4):258-66. Abstract

56. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute heart failure: diagnosis and management. October 2014 [internet publication].Full text

57. Holloway BJ, Rosewarne D, Jones RG. Imaging of thoracic aortic disease. Br J Radiol. 2011 Dec;84 Spec No 3:S338-54.Full text  Abstract

58. European Society of Cardiology. 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases. 2015 [internet publication].Full text

59. Eisenberg MJ, de Romeral LM, Heidenreich PA, et al. The diagnosis of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade by 12-lead ECG. A technology assessment. Chest. 1996 Aug;110(2):318-24.Full text  Abstract

60. Ullman EA, Donley LP, Brady WJ. Pulmonary trauma emergency department evaluation and management. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2003 May;21(2):291-313. Abstract

61. Roy CL, Minor MA, Brookhart MA, et al. Does this patient with a pericardial effusion have cardiac tamponade? JAMA. 2007 Apr 25;297(16):1810-8. Abstract

62. Wilson LD, Detterbeck FC, Yahalom J. Clinical practice: superior vena cava syndrome with malignant causes. N Engl J Med. 2007 May 3;356(18):1862-9. Abstract

63. Allen JN, Magro CM, King MA. The eosinophilic pneumonias. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Apr;23(2):127-34. Abstract

64. Straus SE, McAlister FA, Sackett DL, et al; CARE-COAD1 Group. The accuracy of patient history, wheezing, and laryngeal measurements in diagnosing obstructive airway disease: JAMA. 2000 Apr 12;283(14):1853-7.Full text  Abstract

65. Sivak ED, Shefner JM, Sexton J. Neuromuscular disease and hypoventilation. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 1999 Nov;5(6):355-62. Abstract

66. Ferris G, Servera-Pieras E, Vergara P, et al. Kyphoscoliosis ventilatory insufficiency: noninvasive management outcomes. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2000 Jan-Feb;79(1):24-9. Abstract

67. Frazier AA, Franks TJ, Cooke EO, et al. From the archives of the AFIP: pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Radiographics. 2008 May-Jun;28(3):883-99.Full text  Abstract

68. Cimino JJ, Kogan AD. Constrictive pericarditis after cardiac surgery: report of three cases and review of the literature. Am Heart J. 1989 Dec;118(6):1292-301. Abstract

69. Johnson MJ, Oxberry SG, Cleland JG, et al. Measurement of breathlessness in clinical trials in patients with chronic heart failure: the need for a standardized approach: a systematic review. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010 Feb;12(2):137-47. Abstract

70. Myers J, Bader D, Madhavan R, et al. Validation of a specific activity questionnaire to estimate exercise tolerance in patients referred for exercise testing. Am Heart J. 2001 Dec;142(6):1041-6. Abstract

71. Goldman L, Hashimoto B, Cook EF, et al. Comparative reproducibility and validity of systems for assessing cardiovascular functional class: advantages of a new specific activity scale. Circulation. 1981 Dec;64(6):1227-34.Full text  Abstract

72. Mahler DA, Wells CK. Evaluation of clinical methods for rating dyspnea. Chest. 1988 Mar;93(3):580-6. Abstract

73. Caceres M, Ali SZ, Braud R, et al. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a comparative study and review of the literature. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008 Sep;86(3):962-6. Abstract

74. Rena O, Filosso PL, Papalia E, et al. Solitary fibrous tumour of the pleura: surgical treatment. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001 Feb;19(2):185-9. Abstract

75. Verity R, Prasad E, Grimsrud K, et al. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in northern Alberta, Canada: clinical and laboratory findings for 19 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Oct;31(4):942-6.Full text  Abstract

76. Hui DS, Chan MC, Wu AK, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): epidemiology and clinical features. Postgrad Med J. 2004 Jul;80(945):373-81.Full text  Abstract

77. Garfield DH, Cadranel JL, Wislez M, et al. The bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and peripheral adenocarcinoma spectrum of diseases. J Thorac Oncol. 2006 May;1(4):344-59. Abstract

78. Mork T, Mutlu GM, Kuzniar TJ. Dysphonia and chest pain as presenting symptoms of pneumomediastinum. Tuberk Toraks. 2010;58(2):184-7. Abstract

79. Hamilton W, Sharp D. Diagnosis of lung cancer in primary care: a structured review. Fam Pract. 2004 Dec;21(6):605-11.Full text  Abstract

80. Holguin F, Ramadan B, Gal AA, et al. Prognostic factors for hospital mortality and ICU admission in patients with ANCA-related pulmonary vasculitis. Am J Med Sci. 2008 Oct;336(4):321-6. Abstract

81. Oymak FS, Demirbas HM, Mavili E, et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: clinical and roentgenological features in 26 cases. Respiration. 2005 May-Jun;72(3):254-62. Abstract

82. Mancano A, Marchiori E, Zanetti G, et al. Pulmonary complications of crack cocaine use: high-resolution computed tomography of the chest. J Bras Pneumol. 2008 May;34(5):323-7.Full text  Abstract

83. Weber AM, Areerat P, Fischer JE, et al. Factors associated with diagnostic evaluation for tuberculosis among adults hospitalized for clinical pneumonia in Thailand. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008 Jul;29(7):648-57. Abstract

84. Sachdeva A, Matuschak GM. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage following alemtuzumab. Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6):1476-78. Abstract

85. Silva L, Damrose E, Bairao F, et al. Infectious granulomatous laryngitis: a retrospective study of 24 cases. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Jun;265(6):675-80. Abstract

86. Bunch TJ, Thalji MK, Pellikka PA, et al. Respiratory failure in tetanus: case report and review of a 25-year experience. Chest. 2002 Oct;122(4):1488-92. Abstract

87. Wick F, Ballmer PE, Haller A. Acute epiglottis in adults. Swiss Med Wkly. 2002 Oct 12;132(37-38):541-7. Abstract

88. Varma JK, Katsitadze G, Moiscrafishvili M, et al. Signs and symptoms predictive of death in patients with foodborne botulism - Republic of Georgia, 1980-2002. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 1;39(3):357-62.Full text  Abstract

89. Guleria R, Goswami R, Shah P, et al. Dyspnoea, lung function & respiratory muscle pressures in patients with Graves' disease. Indian J Med Res. 1996 Nov;104:299-303. Abstract

90. Boltan DD, Lachar W, Khetan A, et al. Fatal and widespread skeletal myopathy confirmed morphologically years after initiation of simvastatin therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2007 Apr 15;99(8):1171-6. Abstract

91. Benditt JO. Respiratory complications of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Jun;23(3):239-47. Abstract

92. Wijdicks EF, Henderson RD, McClelland RL. Emergency intubation for respiratory failure in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2003 Jul;60(7):947-8.Full text  Abstract

93. Mutlu GM, Kuzniar T, Factor P. A 41-year-old man with altered mental status and acute flaccid paralysis. Chest. 2005 Jan;127(1):391-4. Abstract

94. Vieira SR, Brauner JS. Leptospirosis as a cause of acute respiratory failure: clinical features and outcome in 35 critical care patients. Braz J Infect Dis. 2002 Jun;6(3):135-9.Full text  Abstract

95. Blanco C, Marazuela M, Flores J, et al. Severe respiratory failure secondary to Cushing's myopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 Sep;24(8):618-21. Abstract

96. Hopkins LC. Clinical features of myasthenia gravis. Neurol Clin. 1994 May;12(2):243-61. Abstract

97. Abelsohn A, Sanborn MD, Jessiman BJ, et al. Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 6. Carbon monoxide poisoning. CMAJ. 2002 Jun 25;166(13):1685-90.Full text  Abstract

98. Johnson CS. The acute chest syndrome. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2005 Oct;19(5):857-79. Abstract

99. Periyakoil VS, Skultety K, Sheikh J. Panic, anxiety, and chronic dyspnea. J Palliat Med. 2005 Apr;8(2):453-9. Abstract

100. Sealove BA, Tiyyagura S, Fuster V. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. J Gen Intern Med. 2008 Nov;23(11):1904-8. Abstract

101. Siegel DA, Jatlaoui TC, Koumans EH, et al. Update: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Evaluating and Caring for Patients with Suspected E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use Associated Lung Injury - United States, October 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Oct 18;68(41):919-27.Full text  Abstract

102. Greub G, Liaudet L, Wiesel P, et al. Respiratory complications of gastroesophageal reflux associated with paraesophageal hiatal hernia. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003 Aug;37(2):129-31. Abstract

103. Torchio R, Gulotta C, Greco-Lucchina P, et al. Orthopnea and tidal expiratory flow limitation in chronic heart failure. Chest. 2006 Aug;130(2):472-9. Abstract

104. Celli BR, Rassulo J, Corral R. Ventilatory muscle dysfunction in patients with bilateral idiopathic diaphragmatic paralysis: reversal by intermittent external negative pressure ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Nov;136(5):1276-8. Abstract

105. Kedia G, Tobis J, Lee MS. Patent foramen ovale: clinical manifestations and treatment. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2008 Summer;9(3):168-73. Abstract

106. Lange PA, Stoller JK. The hepatopulmonary syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Apr 1;122(7):521-9. Abstract

107. Acosta J, Khan F, Chitkara R. Trepopnea resulting from large aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva and descending aorta. Heart Lung. 1982 Jul-Aug;11(4):342-4. Abstract

108. Alfaifi S, Lapinsky SE. Trepopnea due to interatrial shunt following lung resection. Chest. 1998 Jun;113(6):1726-7. Abstract

109. Tufekcioglu O, Yildiz A, Kacmaz F, et al. Trepopnea in a patient with cardiac tumor. Echocardiography. 2006 Feb;23(2):165-7. Abstract

110. Leung RS, Bowman ME, Parker JD, et al. Avoidance of the left lateral decubitus position during sleep in patients with heart failure: relationship to cardiac size and function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jan 15;41(2):227-30. Abstract

111. Malo JL, Ghezzo H, L'Archeveque J, et al. Is the clinical history a satisfactory means of diagnosing occupational asthma? Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Mar;143(3):528-32. Abstract

112. Markowitz SB, Morabia A, Lilis R, et al. Clinical predictors of mortality from asbestosis in the North American Insulator Cohort, 1981 to 1991. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jul;156(1):101-8.Full text  Abstract

113. Karlson-Stiber C, Hojer J, Sjoholm A, et al. Nitrogen dioxide pneumonitis in ice hockey players. J Intern Med. 1996 May;239(5):451-6. Abstract

114. Lucero PF, Nicholson KL, Haislip GD, et al. Increased airway hyperreactivity with the M40 protective mask in exercise-induced bronchospasm. J Asthma. 2006 Dec;43(10):759-63. Abstract

115. Anderson JA, Kennelly MM. Successful management of antenatal presentation of cor triatriatum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008 Sep;140(1):137-8. Abstract

116. Bonnin M, Mercier FJ, Sitbon O, et al. Severe pulmonary hypertension during pregnancy: mode of delivery and anesthetic management of 15 consecutive cases. Anesthesiology. 2005 Jun;102(6):1133-7. Abstract

117. Giesler CF, Buehler JH, Depp R. Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: severe obstructive lung disease and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1977 Jan;49(1):31-4. Abstract

118. Sellman JS, Holman RL. Thromboembolism during pregnancy: risks, challenges, and recommendations. Postgrad Med. 2000 Sep 15;108(4):71-2, 77-8, 81-4. Abstract

119. Tanase Y, Yamada T, Kawaryu Y, et al. A case of spontaneous pneumothorax during pregnancy and review of the literature. Kobe J Med Sci. 2007;53(5):251-5.Full text  Abstract

120. Esplin MS, Varner MW. Progression of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation during pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1997 Apr;52(4):248-53. Abstract

121. Benshushan A, Rojansky N, Weinstein D. Myasthenia gravis and preeclampsia. Isr J Med Sci. 1994 Mar;30(3):229-33. Abstract

122. Zapardiel I, Delafuente-Valero J, Diaz-Miguel V, et al. Pneumomediastinum during the fourth stage of labor. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2009;67(1):70-2. Abstract

123. Souayah N, Tick Chong PS, Dreyer M, et al. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 presenting with ventilatory failure. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2007 Sep;9(1):252-5. Abstract

124. Kuzniar TJ, Blum MG, Kasibowska-Kuzniar K, et al. Predictors of acute lung injury and severe hypoxemia in patients undergoing operative talc pleurodesis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006 Dec;82(6):1976-81. Abstract

125. Lange TJ, Luchner A, Endemann D, et al. A 46-year-old man with dyspnea and hemoptysis 3 years following mitral valve repair. Chest. 2007 Aug;132(2):704-7. Abstract

126. Cha SI, Fessler MB, Cool CD, et al. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia: clinical features, associations and prognosis. Eur Respir J. 2006 Aug;28(2):364-9.Full text  Abstract

127. Storck K, Crispens M, Brader K. Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix presenting as lymphangitic carcinomatosis: a case report and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 2004 Sep;94(3):825-8. Abstract

128. Moreno-Vega AL, Fuentes-Pradera J, Gordon-Santiago Mdel M, et al. Intraventricular metastases from rectal-sigmoid adenocarcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol. 2006 Apr;8(4):296-7. Abstract

129. Mukhopadhyay S, Katzenstein AL. Pulmonary disease due to aspiration of food and other particulate matter: a clinicopathologic study of 59 cases diagnosed on biopsy or resection specimens. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007 May;31(5):752-9. Abstract

130. Derkay CS, Wiatrak B. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review. Laryngoscope. 2008 Jul;118(7):1236-47. Abstract

131. Grathwohl KW, Afifi AY, Dillard TA, et al. Vascular rings of the thoracic aorta in adults. Am Surg. 1999 Nov;65(11):1077-83. Abstract

132. Madani I, De Ruyck K, Goeminne H, et al. Predicting risk of radiation-induced lung injury. J Thorac Oncol. 2007 Sep;2(9):864-74. Abstract

133. Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;24(1):5-15. Abstract

134. Delpirou-Nouh C, Gelisse P, Chanez P, et al. Migraine and topiramate induced dyspnea. Headache. 2007 Nov-Dec;47(10):1453-5. Abstract

135. Bowden JA, To TH, Abernethy AP, et al. Predictors of chronic breathlessness: a large population study. BMC Public Health. 2011 Jan 12;11:33.Full text  Abstract

136. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tuberculosis. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Full text

137. Moonen ML, Hanssen M, Radermecker MA, et al. The blue man: an unusual happy end of a spontaneous rupture of a coronary artery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008 Dec;34(6):1265-7. Abstract

138. Fischer PR, Johnson JN, Brands CK. Fatigue, exercise intolerance, and weakness: lessons on herding zebras. Minn Med. 2008 Nov;91(11):38-40. Abstract

139. Quinn MP, Courtney AE, McCarron MO, et al. Breathless and dizzy! - disseminated Nocardia farcinica complicating renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Nov;22(11):3338-40.Full text  Abstract

140. Weng YM, Chang YC, Chiu TF, et al. Tet spell in an adult. Am J Emerg Med. 2009 Jan;27(1):130.e3-5. Abstract

141. Korkmaz AA, Yuce M, Korkmaz F, et al. Stuck mechanical valve in pregnancy. J Card Surg. 2008 Nov-Dec;23(6):790-2. Abstract

142. Lacombe P, Lagrange C, Beauchet A, et al. Diffuse pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: long-term results of embolization according to the extent of lung involvement. Chest. 2009 Apr;135(4):1031-7. Abstract

143. Hamirani YS, Franklin W, Grifka RG, et al. Methemoglobinemia in a young man. Tex Heart Inst J. 2008;35(1):76-7.Full text  Abstract

144. Webb LM, Lieberman P. Anaphylaxis: a review of 601 cases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006 Jul;97(1):39-43. Abstract

145. Chang JC, Aly ES. Acute respiratory distress syndrome as a major clinical manifestation of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med Sci. 2001 Feb;321(2):124-8. Abstract

146. Broekhuizen BD, Sachs AP, Oostvogels R, et al. The diagnostic value of history and physical examination for COPD in suspected or known cases: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2009 Aug;26(4):260-8. Abstract

147. Godoy MF, Francischi FB, Pavarino PR, et al. Unusual presentation of idiopathic chronic constrictive pericarditis. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2007 Jan-Mar;22(1):1-6.Full text  Abstract

148. Hamilton W, Peters TJ, Round A, et al. What are the clinical features of lung cancer before the diagnosis is made? A population based case-control study. Thorax. 2005 Dec;60(12):1059-65.Full text  Abstract

149. Cottin V, Nunes H, Brillet PY, et al. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity. Eur Respir J. 2005 Oct;26(4):586-93.Full text  Abstract

150. Naeije R. Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension. Swiss Med Wkly. 2003 Mar 22;133(11-12):163-9.Full text  Abstract

151. Swanson KL, Prakash UB, Stanson AW. Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas: Mayo Clinic experience, 1982-1997. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999 Jul;74(7):671-80. Abstract

152. Mackle T, Meaney J, Timon C. Tracheoesophageal compression associated with substernal goitre: correlation of symptoms with cross-sectional imaging findings. J Laryngol Otol. 2007 Apr;121(4):358-61. Abstract

153. Goswami R, Guleria R, Gupta AK, et al. Prevalence of diaphragmatic muscle weakness and dyspnoea in Graves' disease and their reversibility with carbimazole therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Sep;147(3):299-303.Full text  Abstract

154. Renier W, Winckelmann KH, Verbakel JY, et al. Signs and symptoms in adult patients with acute dyspnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Emerg Med. 2018 Feb;25(1):3-11.Full text  Abstract

155. Imazio M, Trinchero R. Triage and management of acute pericarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2007 Jun 12;118(3):286-94. Abstract

156. Eckel F, Huber W, Heidecke CD, et al. Fulminate intracardiac thrombosis associated with Budd-Chiari-syndrome and inferior vena cava thrombosis. Vasa. 2002 Feb;31(1):62-5. Abstract

157. Dobie RA, Tobey DN. Clinical features of diphtheria in the respiratory tract. JAMA. 1979 Nov 16;242(20):2197-201. Abstract

158. Sondhi D, Lippmann M, Murali G. Airway compromise due to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema: clinical experience at a large community teaching hospital. Chest. 2004 Aug;126(2):400-4. Abstract

159. Soli CG, Smally AJ. Vocal cord dysfunction: an uncommon cause of stridor. J Emerg Med. 2005 Jan;28(1):31-3. Abstract

160. Morgan WP. Hyperventilation syndrome: a review. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1983 Sep;44(9):685-9. Abstract

161. Chiacchio S, Lorenzoni A, Boni G, et al. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: prevalence, diagnosis and treatment. Minerva Endocrinol. 2008 Dec;33(4):341-57. Abstract

162. Tan DS, Eng PC, Lim ST, et al. Primary tracheal lymphoma causing respiratory failure. J Thorac Oncol. 2008 Aug;3(8):929-30. Abstract

163. Ernst A, Rafeq S, Boiselle P, et al. Relapsing polychondritis and airway involvement. Chest. 2009 Apr;135(4):1024-30. Abstract

164. Gulel O, Elmali M, Demir S, et al. Ortner's syndrome associated with aortic arch aneurysm. Clin Res Cardiol. 2007 Jan;96(1):49-50. Abstract

165. Butani L, O'Connell EJ. Functional respiratory disorders. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997 Aug;79(2):91-9. Abstract

166. Patel N, Bishay A, Bakry M, et al. Dyspnea with slow-growing mass of the left hemithorax. Chest. 2007 Mar;131(3):904-8. Abstract

167. Wong CL, Holroyd-Leduc J, Straus SE. Does this patient have a pleural effusion? JAMA. 2009;301:309-17. Abstract

168. Shellenberger RA, Balakrishnan B, Avula S, et al. Diagnostic value of the physical examination in patients with dyspnea. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017 Dec;84(12):943-50.Full text  Abstract

169. Centers for Disease control and Prevention. What is Polio? Oct 2019 [internet publication].Full text

170. Fokke C, van den Berg B, Drenthen J et al. Diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome and validation of Brighton criteria. Brain. 2014 Jan;137(Pt 1):33-43.Full text  Abstract

171. Kline JA, Mitchell AM, Kabrhel C, et al. Clinical criteria to prevent unnecessary diagnostic testing in emergency department patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2004 Aug;2(8):1247-55.Full text  Abstract

172. Freund Y, Cachanado M, Aubry A, et al. Effect of the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria on Subsequent Thromboembolic Events Among Low-Risk Emergency Department Patients: The PROPER Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018 Feb 13;319(6):559-66.Full text  Abstract

173. Gillespie DJ, Staats BA. Unexplained dyspnea. Mayo Clin Proc. 1994 Jul;69(7):657-63. Abstract

174. Karnani NG, Reisfield GM, Wilson GR. Evaluation of chronic dyspnea. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Apr 15;71(8):1529-37.Full text  Abstract

175. Martinez FJ, Stanopoulos I, Acero R, et al. Graded comprehensive cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the evaluation of dyspnea unexplained by routine evaluation. Chest. 1994 Jan;105(1):168-74. Abstract

176. Ailani RK, Ravakhah K, DiGiovine B, et al. Dyspnea differentiation index: a new method for the rapid separation of cardiac vs pulmonary dyspnea. Chest. 1999 Oct;116(4):1100-4. Abstract

177. Holland MA, Kozlowski LM. Clinical features and management of cyanide poisoning. Clin Pharm. 1986 Sep;5(9):737-41. Abstract

178. Ozawa H, Homma Y, Arisawa H, et al. Severe metabolic acidosis and heart failure due to thiamine deficiency. Nutrition. 2001 Apr;17(4):351-2. Abstract

179. Szyper-Kravitz M, Strahilevitz J, Oren V, et al. Pulmonary leukostasis: role of perfusion lung scan in diagnosis and follow up. Am J Hematol. 2001 Jun;67(2):136-8. Abstract

180. Abramov Y, Elchalal U, Schenker JG. Pulmonary manifestations of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a multicenter study. Fertil Steril. 1999 Apr;71(4):645-51. Abstract

181. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

182. Dempsey TM, Scanlon PD. Pulmonary Function Tests for the Generalist: A Brief Review. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018 Jun;93(6):763-71. Abstract

183. Tsai HC, Lee SS, Liu YC, et al. Clinical manifestations of strongyloidiasis in southern Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2002 Mar;35(1):29-36. Abstract

184. Martinez Alonso JC, Dominguez Ortega FJ, Fuentes Gonzalo MJ. Churg-Strauss syndrome in a case of eosinophilia. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2004 Jul-Aug;32(4):238-40. Abstract

185. Tsapas A, Paletas K, Vlachaki E, et al. Eosinophilic pneumonia associated with heroin inhalation: a case report. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2008;120(5-6):178-80. Abstract

186. Reyes F, Vaitkus V, Al-Ajam M. A case of cocaine-induced eosinophilic pneumonia: Case report and review of the literature. Respir Med Case Rep. 2018;23:98-102.Full text  Abstract

187. Carloni A, Piciucchi S, Giannakakis K, et al. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage after leflunomide therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. J Thorac Imaging. 2008 Feb;23(1):57-9. Abstract

188. Chauhan S, Singh R. Red spots and recurrent anemia. Am J Med. 2006 Sep;119(9):743-5. Abstract

189. van Lingen R, Warshow U, Dalton HR, et al. Jaundice as a presentation of heart failure. J R Soc Med. 2005 Aug;98(8):357-9.Full text  Abstract

190. Shamsuzzaman SM, Hashiguchi Y. Thoracic amebiasis. Clin Chest Med. 2002 Jun;23(2):479-92. Abstract

191. Bakirci T, Sasak G, Ozturk S, et al. Pleural effusion in long-term hemodialysis patients. Transplant Proc. 2007 May;39(4):889-91. Abstract

192. Dreyer G, Fan S. Therapeutic implications of coexisting severe pulmonary hemorrhage and pulmonary emboli in a case of Wegener granulomatosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009 May;53(5):e5-8. Abstract

193. Green RJ, Ruoss SJ, Kraft SA, et al. Pulmonary capillaritis and alveolar hemorrhage: update on diagnosis and management. Chest. 1996 Nov;110(5):1305-16. Abstract

194. Buschmann IR, Bondke A, Elgeti T, et al. Positive cardiac troponin I and T and chest pain in a patient with iatrogenic hypothyroidism and no coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2007 Feb 7;115(2):e83-5. Abstract

195. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Oct 30;72(18):2231-64.Full text  Abstract

196. Mant J, Doust J, Roalfe A, et al. Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of diagnosis of heart failure, with modelling of implications of different diagnostic strategies in primary care. Health Technol Assess. 2009 Jul;13(32):1-207.Full text  Abstract

197. Worster A, Balion CM, Hill SA, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of BNP and NT-proBNP in patients presenting to acute care settings with dyspnea: a systematic review. Clin Biochem. 2008 Mar;41(4-5):250-9. Abstract

198. Lam LL, Cameron PA, Schneider HG, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of B-type natriuretic peptide testing on clinical outcomes in patients with acute dyspnea in the emergency setting. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Dec 7;153(11):728-35. Abstract

199. Trinquart L, Ray P, Riou B, et al. Natriuretic peptide testing in EDs for managing acute dyspnea: a meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2011 Sep;29(7):757-67. Abstract

200. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022 Apr 1 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

201. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic heart failure in adults: diagnosis and management. September 2018 [internet publication].Full text

202. Raja AS, Greenberg JO, Qaseem A, et al. Evaluation of Patients With Suspected Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Best Practice Advice From the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Nov 3;163(9):701-11.Full text  Abstract

203. Stein PD, Hull RD, Patel KC, et al. D-dimer for the exclusion of acute venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Apr 20;140(8):589-602. Abstract

204. Falguera M, Ruiz-González A, Schoenenberger JA, et al. Prospective, randomised study to compare empirical treatment versus targeted treatment on the basis of the urine antigen results in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2010 Feb;65(2):101-6.Full text  Abstract

205. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Influenza signs and symptoms and the role of laboratory diagnostics. Oct 2016 [internet publication].Full text

206. Jokerst C, Chung JH, et al. Expert Panel on Thoracic Imaging. ACR Appropriateness Criteria^® Acute Respiratory Illness in Immunocompetent Patients. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 Nov;15(supple 11):S240-51.Full text  Abstract

207. Patel J, Park C, Michaels J, et al. Pericardial cyst: case reports and a literature review. Echocardiography. 2004 Apr;21(3):269-72. Abstract

208. Ghafoori P, Marks LB, Vujaskovic Z, et al. Radiation-induced lung injury: assessment, management, and prevention. Oncology (Williston Park). 2008 Jan;22(1):37-47. Abstract

209. Feinstein MB, DeSouza SA, Moreira AL, et al. A comparison of the pathological, clinical and radiographical, features of cryptogenic organising pneumonia, acute fibrinous and organising pneumonia and granulomatous organising pneumonia. J Clin Pathol. 2015 Jun;68(6):441-7.Full text  Abstract

210. Mathai SC, Danoff SK. Management of interstitial lung disease associated with connective tissue disease. BMJ. 2016 Feb 24;352:h6819.Full text  Abstract

211. Baughman RP, Culver DA, Judson MA. A concise review of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Mar 1;183(5):573-81.Full text  Abstract

212. Hanekamp LA, Toben FM. A pregnant woman with shortness of breath. Neth J Med. 2006 Mar;64(3):84, 95.Full text  Abstract

213. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected pulmonary hypertension, 2022 [internet publication].Full text

214. Martindale JL, Wakai A, Collins SP, et al. Diagnosing acute heart failure in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2016 Mar;23(3):223-42. Abstract

215. Al Deeb M, Barbic S, Featherstone R, et al. Point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema in patients presenting with acute dyspnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 Aug;21(8):843-52.Full text  Abstract

216. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: chronic dyspnea - suspected pulmonary origin. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

217. Gutte H, Mortensen J, Jensen CV, et al. Detection of pulmonary embolism with combined ventilation-perfusion SPECT and low-dose CT: head-to-head comparison with multidetector CT angiography. J Nucl Med. 2009 Dec;50(12):1987-92.Full text  Abstract

218. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis. monitoring and chronic asthma management. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text

219. Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC)., Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, et al. 2020 Focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: a report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Dec;146(6):1217-70.Full text  Abstract

220. Laveneziana P, Agostoni P. Exertional dyspnoea in cardiorespiratory disorders: the clinical use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Eur Respir Rev. 2016 Sep;25(141):227-9.Full text  Abstract

221. Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Chio A, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Oct 5;3:17071.Full text  Abstract

222. British Thoracic Society and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text

223. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506.Full text  Abstract

224. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):507-13.Full text  Abstract

225. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020 Feb 7 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

226. Li LQ, Huang T, Wang YQ, et al. 2019 novel coronavirus patients' clinical characteristics, discharge rate and fatality rate of meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020 Mar 12 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

227. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 12 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

228. Song F, Shi N, Shan F, et al. Emerging coronavirus 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Radiology. 2020 Feb 6;200274.Full text  Abstract

229. Shah KS, Maisel AS, Fonarow GC. Troponin in Heart Failure. Heart Fail Clin. 2018 Jan;14(1):57-64.Full text  Abstract

230. British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

231. Schuetz P, Wirz Y, Sager R, et al. Effect of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment on mortality in acute respiratory infections: a patient level meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Jan;18(1):95-107. Abstract

232. Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003 May;58(5):377-82.Full text  Abstract

233. Smith DK, McDermott AJ, Sullivan JF. Croup: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2018 May 1;97(9):575-80.Full text  Abstract

234. Mueller C, Giannitsis E, Christ M. Multicenter evaluation of a 0-hour/1-hour algorithm in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T. Ann Emerg Med. 2016 Jul;68(1):76-87.e4.Full text  Abstract

235. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chest pain of recent onset: assessment and diagnosis. November 2016 [internet publication].Full text

236. Raja AS, Greenberg JO, Qaseem A, et al. Evaluation of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism: best practice advice from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Nov 3;163(9):701-11.Full text  Abstract

237. Phillips JJ, Straiton J, Staff RT. Planar and SPECT ventilation/perfusion imaging and computed tomography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature, and cost and dose comparison. Eur J Radiol. 2015 Jul;84(7):1392-400.Full text  Abstract

238. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J. 2019 Sep;54(3).Full text  Abstract

239. Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56.Full text  Abstract

240. Savarino E, Bredenoord AJ, Fox M, et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the physiological assessment and diagnosis of GERD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Nov;14(11):665-76.Full text  Abstract

241. Soldati G, Testa A, Silva FR, et al. Chest ultrasonography in lung contusion. Chest. 2006 Aug;130(2):533-8. Abstract

242. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Anaphylaxis: assessment and referral after emergency treatment. Aug 2020 [internet publication].Full text

243. Kovacs G, Berghold A, Scheidl S, et al. Pulmonary arterial pressure during rest and exercise in healthy subjects: a systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2009 Oct;34(4):888-94.Full text  Abstract

244. Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, et al. Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019 Jan;53(1):1801913.Full text  Abstract

245. Alrajab S, Youssef AM, Akkus NI, et al. Pleural ultrasonography versus chest radiography for the diagnosis of pneumothorax: review of the literature and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2013 Sep 23;17(5):R208.Full text  Abstract

246. Public Health England. Tetanus: advice for health professionals. Jul 2013 [internet publication].Full text