Assessment of rash in children

References

Key articles

Johnston GA, Exton LS, Mohd Mustapa MF, et al. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of contact dermatitis 2017. Br J Dermatol. 2017 Feb;176(2):317-29. Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal septicaemia in under 16s: recognition, diagnosis and management. Feb 2015 [internet publication].Full text

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fever in under 5s: assessment and initial management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Knöpfel N, Noguera-Morel L, Latour I, et al. Viral exanthems in children: a great imitator. Clin Dermatol. 2019 May - Jun;37(3):213-26. Abstract

2. van Lier A, Smits G, Mollema L, et al. Varicella zoster virus infection occurs at a relatively young age in The Netherlands. Vaccine. 2013 Oct 17;31(44):5127-33. Abstract

3. Chovel-Sella A, Ben Tov A, Lahav E, at al. Incidence of rash after amoxicillin treatment in children with infectious mononucleosis. Pediatrics. 2013 May;131(5):e1424-7. Abstract

4. Drago F, Ciccarese G, Gasparini G, et al. Contemporary infectious exanthems: an update. Future Microbiol. 2017 Feb;12:171-93.Full text  Abstract

5. Castro MCR, Ramos-E-Silva M. The rash with mucosal ulceration. Clin Dermatol. 2020 Jan - Feb;38(1):35-41. Abstract

6. Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF. Hand, foot, and mouth disease: identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome. Cleve Clin J Med. 2014 Sep;81(9):537-43.Full text  Abstract

7. Fölster-Holst R. Infectious exanthemas in childhood. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2020 Oct;18(10):1128-55.Full text  Abstract

8. Chuh A, Zawar V, Sciallis GF, et al. Pityriasis rosea, Gianotti-Crosti syndrome, asymmetric periflexural exanthem, papular-purpuric gloves and socks syndrome, eruptive pseudoangiomatosis, and eruptive hypomelanosis: do their epidemiological data substantiate infectious etiologies? Infect Dis Rep. 2016 Mar 21;8(1):6418.Full text  Abstract

9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles cases and outbreaks: measles cases in 2022. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

10. Karnad DR, Richards GA, Silva GS, et al. Tropical diseases in the ICU: a syndromic approach to diagnosis and treatment. J Crit Care. 2018 Aug;46:119-26. Abstract

11. Freeman EE, McMahon DE, Lipoff JB, et al. Pernio-like skin lesions associated with COVID-19: a case series of 318 patients from 8 countries. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Aug;83(2):486-92.Full text  Abstract

12. Andina D, Belloni-Fortina A, Bodemer C, et al. Skin manifestations of COVID-19 in children: part 1. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2021 Apr;46(3):444-50. Abstract

13. Almeida G, Arruda S, Marques E, et al. Presentation and management of cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021 Jan 1;20(1):76-83.Full text  Abstract

14. Baradaran A, Malek A, Moazzen N, et al. COVID-19 associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020 Dec 19;19(6):570-88.Full text  Abstract

15. Bryant MC, Spencer LT, Yalcindag A. A case of ANCA-associated vasculitis in a 16-year-old female following SARS-COV-2 infection and a systematic review of the literature. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2022 Aug 13;20(1):65.Full text  Abstract

16. Panda M, Agarwal A, Hassanandani T. Dermatological manifestations of COVID-19 in children. Indian Pediatr. 2022 May 15;59(5):393-9. Abstract

17. Toraih EA, Hussein MH, Elshazli RM, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in pediatric COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis. World J Pediatr. 2021 Apr;17(2):141-51.Full text  Abstract

18. Blatz AM, Oboite M, Chiotos K, et al. Cutaneous findings in SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory disease in children. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021 Mar;8(3):ofab074.Full text  Abstract

19. Karadag AS, Elmas ÖF, Altunay İK. Cutaneous manifestations associated with HIV infections: A great imitator. Clin Dermatol. 2020 Mar-Apr;38(2):160-75. Abstract

20. Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, et al. Human monkeypox: epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019 Dec;33(4):1027-43.Full text  Abstract

21. McCollum AM, Shelus V, Hill A, et al. Epidemiology of Human Mpox - Worldwide, 2018-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Jan 20;72(3):68-72.Full text  Abstract

22. Huang YA, Howard-Jones AR, Durrani S, et al. Monkeypox: a clinical update for paediatricians. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022 Sep;58(9):1532-8.Full text  Abstract

23. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atopic eczema in under 12s: diagnosis and management. 2021 [internet publication].​Full text

24. Ho T, Taylor MT, Marathe KS, et al. Most common pediatric skin conditions managed in outpatient dermatology clinics in the United States stratified by race and ethnicity. Pediatr Dermatol. 2021 Nov;38 Suppl 2:129-31.Full text  Abstract

25. Clark GW, Pope SM, Jaboori KA. Diagnosis and treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Feb 1;91(3):185-90.Full text  Abstract

26. Milingou M, Tagka A, Armenaka M, et al. Patch tests in children: a review of 13 years of experience in comparison with previous data. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010 May-Jun;27(3):255-9. Abstract

27. Johnston GA, Exton LS, Mohd Mustapa MF, et al. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of contact dermatitis 2017. Br J Dermatol. 2017 Feb;176(2):317-29. Abstract

28. Marji JS, Marcus R, Moennich J, et al. Use of biologic agents in pediatric psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010 Aug;9(8):975-86. Abstract

29. Zawar V. Unilateral pityriasis rosea in a child. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2010 Dec 31;4(4):54-6.Full text  Abstract

30. Hay RJ, Steer AC, Engelman D, et al. Scabies in the developing world - its prevalence, complications, and management. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012 Apr;18(4):313-23. Abstract

31. Fuller LC, Barton RC, Mohd Mustapa MF, et al. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of tinea capitis 2014. Br J Dermatol. 2014 Sep;171(3):454-63.Full text  Abstract

32. Cohen B. Differential diagnosis of diaper dermatitis. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2017 May;56(5_suppl):16S-22S.Full text  Abstract

33. Lebsing S, Chaiyarit J, Techasatian L. Diaper rashes can indicate systemic conditions other than diaper dermatitis. BMC Dermatol. 2020 Sep 21;20(1):7.Full text  Abstract

34. McFee RB. Tick borne illness - Rocky mountain spotted fever. Dis Mon. 2018 May;64(5):185-94. Abstract

35. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lyme disease. Oct 2018 [internet publication].Full text

36. Hoetzenecker W, Nägeli M, Mehra ET, et al. Adverse cutaneous drug eruptions: current understanding. Semin Immunopathol. 2016 Jan;38(1):75-86. Abstract

37. Waldman R, Whitaker-Worth D, Grant-Kels JM. Cutaneous adverse drug reactions: kids are not just little people. Clin Dermatol. 2017 Nov - Dec;35(6):566-82. Abstract

38. Belum VR, Benhuri B, Postow MA, et al. Characterisation and management of dermatologic adverse events to agents targeting the PD-1 receptor. Eur J Cancer. 2016 Jun;60:12-25.Full text  Abstract

39. Miliszewski MA, Kirchhof MG, Sikora S, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: an analysis of triggers and implications for improving prevention. Am J Med. 2016 Nov;129(11):1221-5. Abstract

40. Bauer KA, Brimhall AK, Chang TT. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) associated with azithromycin in acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011 Nov-Dec;28(6):741-3. Abstract

41. Husain Z, Reddy BY, Schwartz RA. DRESS syndrome: part I. Clinical perspectives. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 May;68(5):693.e1-14; quiz 706-8. Abstract

42. Adwan MH. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome and the rheumatologist. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2017 Jan;19(1):3. Abstract

43. Ramien M, Goldman JL. Pediatric SJS-TEN: where are we now? F1000Res. 2020;9(Faculty Rev):982.Full text  Abstract

44. Meningitis Research Foundation. Meningococcal meningitis and sepsis: guidance notes. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

45. O'Byrne P, MacPherson P. Syphilis. BMJ. 2019 Jun 28;365:l4159.Full text  Abstract

46. Florez-Pollack S, Mauskar MM. Disseminated gonococcal infection. N Engl J Med. 2019 Apr 18;380(16):1565. Abstract

47. Kelchtermans J, Grossar L, Eyskens B, et al. Clinical characteristics of infective endocarditis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019 May;38(5):453-8. Abstract

48. Baltimore RS, Gewitz M, Baddour LM, et al; American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young and the Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing. Infective endocarditis in childhood: 2015 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 Oct 13;132(15):1487-515.Full text  Abstract

49. Mazori DR, Nagarajan S, Glick SA. Recurrent reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruption (RIME): insights from a child with three episodes. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020 May;37(3):545-7. Abstract

50. Brewer JD, Hundley MD, Meves A, et al. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome after tooth extraction. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 Aug;59(2):342-6. Abstract

51. Strom MA, Hsu DY, Silverberg JI. Prevalence, comorbidities and mortality of toxic shock syndrome in children and adults in the USA. Microbiol Immunol. 2017 Nov;61(11):463-73.Full text  Abstract

52. Zuberbier T, Abdul Latiff AH, Abuzakouk M, et al. The international EAACI/GA²LEN/EuroGuiDerm/APAAACI guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria. Allergy. 2022 Mar;77(3):734-66.Full text  Abstract

53. Najib U, Sheikh J. An update on acute and chronic urticaria for the primary care provider. Postgrad Med. 2009 Jan;121(1):141-51. Abstract

54. Chafen JJ, Newberry SJ, Riedl MA, et al. Diagnosing and managing common food allergies: a systematic review. JAMA. 2010 May 12;303(18):1848-56. Abstract

55. Teachey DT, Lambert MP. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune cytopenias in childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013 Dec;60(6):1489-511. Abstract

56. Rashtak S, Pittelkow MR. Skin involvement in systemic autoimmune diseases. Curr Dir Autoimmun. 2008;10:344-58. Abstract

57. Webb RH, Grant C, Harnden A. Acute rheumatic fever. BMJ. 2015 Jul 14;351:h3443. Abstract

58. Miyake CY, Gauvreau K, Tani LY, et al. Characteristics of children discharged from hospitals in the United States in 2000 with the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. Pediatrics. 2007 Sep;120(3):503-8. Abstract

59. Hornor G. Medical evaluation for child physical abuse: what the PNP needs to know. J Pediatr Health Care. 2012 May-Jun;26(3):163-70; quiz 171-3. Abstract

60. Mohandas P, Ravenscroft JC, Bewley A. Dermatitis artefacta in childhood and adolescence: a spectrum of disease. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Aug;153(4):525-34. Abstract

61. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801-10.Full text  Abstract

62. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Full text

63. World Health Organization. Dengue and severe dengue. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

64. Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign international guidelines for the management of septic shock and sepsis-associated organ dysfunction in children. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Feb;46(suppl 1):10-67.Full text  Abstract

65. Royal College of Physicians. National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2. Dec 2017 [internet publication]Full text

66. American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) Expert Panel on Sepsis. DART: an evidence-driven tool to guide the early recognition and treatment of sepsis and septic shock. [internet publication].Full text

67. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

68. Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Golden DBK, et al. Anaphylaxis-a 2020 practice parameter update, systematic review, and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Apr;145(4):1082-123.Full text  Abstract

69. Heckenberg SG, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D, et al. Bacterial meningitis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;121:1361-75. Abstract

70. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal septicaemia in under 16s: recognition, diagnosis and management. Feb 2015 [internet publication].Full text

71. UK Health Security Agency. Scarlet fever: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

72. UK Health Security Agency. Group A streptococcal infections: seventh update on seasonal activity in England. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

73. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.​ Health Alert Network: increase in pediatric invasive group A streptococcal infections. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

74. UK Health Security Agency. Group A streptococcal infections: report on seasonal activity in England, 2022 to 2023. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

75. Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Nov 15;55(10):e86-102.Full text  Abstract

76. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics; Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED, Lynfield R et al. Red Book: 2021–2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 32nd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2021.Full text

77. Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute Streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation. 2009 Mar 24;119(11):1541-51.Full text  Abstract

78. Dixon G, Christov G. Infective endocarditis in children: an update. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2017 Jun;30(3):257-67. Abstract

79. Webb R, Voss L, Roberts S, et al. Infective endocarditis in New Zealand children 1994-2012. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 May;33(5):437-42. Abstract

80. Mathur AN, Mathes EF. Urticaria mimickers in children. Dermatol Ther. 2013 Nov-Dec;26(6):467-75. Abstract

81. Tabel Y, Inanc FC, Dogan DG, et al. Clinical features of children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura: risk factors associated with renal involvement. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2012 Jul;6(4):269-74. Abstract

82. Kellogg ND; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics. 2007 Jun;119(6):1232-41.Full text  Abstract

83. McCrindle BW, Rowley AH, Newburger JW, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a scientific statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017 Apr 25;135(17):e927-99.Full text  Abstract

84. Jamieson N, Singh-Grewal D. Kawasaki disease: a clinician's update. Int J Pediatr. 2013;2013:645391.Full text  Abstract

85. World Health Organization. Dengue and severe dengue. Mar 2023 [internet publication].​​Full text

86. World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. April 2009 [internet publication].Full text

87. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fever in under 5s: assessment and initial management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

88. American Academy of Pediatrics. Lyme disease. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, et al, eds. Red book 2018-2021: report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018:515-23.

89. Public Health England. National measles guidelines. Nov 2019 [internet publication].Full text

90. Biggs HM, Behravesh CB, Bradley KK, et al. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: rocky mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis - United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016 May 13;65(2):1-44.Full text  Abstract

91. World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].Full text

92. Premaratna R, Pathmeswaran A, Amarasekara ND, et al. A clinical guide for early detection of dengue fever and timing of investigations to detect patients likely to develop complications. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Feb;103(2):127-31. Abstract

93. Atanasković-Marković M, Janković J, Tmušić V, et al. Hypersensitivity reactions to antiepileptic drugs in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2019 Aug;30(5):547-52. Abstract

94. Van den Bruel A, Haj-Hassan T, Thompson M, et al. Diagnostic value of clinical features at presentation to identify serious infection in children in developed countries: a systematic review. Lancet. 2010 Mar 6;375(9717):834-45. Abstract

95. Pite H, Wedi B, Borrego LM, et al. Management of childhood urticaria: current knowledge and practical recommendations. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013 Sep 4;93(5):500-8.Full text  Abstract

96. Elzagallaai AA, Knowles SR, Rieder MJ, et al. Patch testing for the diagnosis of anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2009;32(5):391-408. Abstract

97. Shi YW, Min FL, Zhou D, et al. HLA-A*24:02 as a common risk factor for antiepileptic drug-induced cutaneous adverse reactions. Neurology. 2017 Jun 6;88(23):2183-91.Full text  Abstract

98. Saito M, Yagi M, Uno K, et al. Comparative study of the usefulness of the drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test and the leukocyte migration test in drug allergies. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Feb;31(2):299-304.Full text  Abstract

99. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical recognition: key characteristics for identifying Mpox. Mar 2023 [internet publication]​.Full text

100. MacNeil A, Reynolds MG, Carroll DS, et al. Monkeypox or varicella? Lessons from a rash outbreak investigation in the Republic of the Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Apr;80(4):503-7.Full text  Abstract

101. Hoff NA, Morier DS, Kisalu NK, et al. Varicella coinfection in patients with active monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ecohealth. 2017 Sep;14(3):564-74.Full text  Abstract

102. Hughes CM, Liu L, Davidson WB, et al. A tale of two viruses: coinfections of monkeypox and varicella zoster virus in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Dec 7;104(2):604-11.Full text  Abstract

103. Cooper JM, Sánchez PJ. Congenital syphilis. Semin Perinatol. 2018 Apr;42(3):176-84.Full text  Abstract

104. Menter A, Cordoro KM, Davis DMR, et al. Joint American Academy of Dermatology-National Psoriasis Foundation guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis in pediatric patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Jan;82(1):161-201.Full text  Abstract

105. Chadha A, Jahnke M. Common neonatal rashes. Pediatr Ann. 2019 Jan 1;48(1):e16-e22. Abstract

106. Reginatto FP, Villa DD, Cestari TF. Benign skin disease with pustules in the newborn. An Bras Dermatol. 2016 Apr;91(2):124-34.Full text  Abstract

107. Lipozencić J, Wolf R. The diagnostic value of atopy patch testing and prick testing in atopic dermatitis: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol. 2010 Jan-Feb;28(1):38-44. Abstract

108. Mazzara C, Milani GP, Lava SAG, et al. Atypical primary varicella rash: systematic literature review. Acta Paediatr. 2022 May;111(5):935-9.Full text  Abstract

109. World Health Organization. WHO information notice for IVD users 2020/05. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) technologies that use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of SARS-CoV-2. Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text

110. Mork RL, Hogan PG, Muenks CE, et al. Longitudinal, strain-specific Staphylococcus aureus introduction and transmission events in households of children with community-associated meticillin-resistant S aureus skin and soft tissue infection: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Feb;20(2):188-98.Full text  Abstract

111. Oakley A. DermNet AZ. Wood lamp skin examination. 2014 [internet publication].Full text

112. Goldstein B, Giroir B, Randolph A, et al. International pediatric sepsis consensus conference: definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2005 Jan;6(1):2-8.Full text  Abstract

113. Mahajan P, Grzybowski M, Chen X, et al. Procalcitonin as a marker of serious bacterial infections in febrile children younger than 3 years old. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 Feb;21(2):171-9.Full text  Abstract

114. Milcent K, Faesch S, Gras-Le Guen C, et al. Use of procalcitonin assays to predict serious bacterial infection in young febrile infants. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Jan;170(1):62-9.Full text  Abstract

115. Pantell RH, Roberts KB, Adams WG, et al. Evaluation and management of well-appearing febrile infants 8 to 60 Days Old. Pediatrics. 2021 Aug;148(2):e2021052228.Full text  Abstract

116. Windfuhr JP, Toepfner N, Steffen G, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillitis I. Diagnostics and nonsurgical management. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016 Apr;273(4):973-87.Full text  Abstract

117. Cohen JF, Bertille N, Cohen R, et al. Rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococcus in children with pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 4;7(7):CD010502.Full text  Abstract

118. Lean WL, Arnup S, Danchin M, et al. Rapid diagnostic tests for group A streptococcal pharyngitis: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2014 Oct;134(4):771-81. Abstract

119. Barakat AJ, Evans C, Gill M, et al. Rapid strep testing in children with recently treated streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatr Investig. 2019 Mar;3(1):27-30.Full text  Abstract

120. Langan SM, Irvine AD, Weidinger S. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2020 Aug 1;396(10247):345-60. Abstract

121. World Health Organization. Clinical management and infection prevention and control for monkeypox: interim rapid response guidance, 10 June 2022. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

122. World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for the monkeypox virus: interim guidance. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

123. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mpox: clinician FAQs. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

124. World Health Organization. Surveillance, case investigation and contact tracing for mpox (monkeypox): interim guidance, 22 December 2022. December 2022 [internet publication].Full text

125. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mpox: ​case definition. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer