References
Key articles
World Health Organization. Guidelines on the treatment of skin and oral HIV-associated conditions in children and adults. 2014 [internet publication].Full text
Maurer TA. Dermatologic manifestations of HIV infection. Top HIV Med. 2005;13(5):149-54. Abstract
Reference articles
1. Leslie KS, Levell NJ. Dermatologists, beacons of epidemics; past, present and future! Int J Dermatol. 2004 Jun;43(6):468-70. Abstract
2. World Health Organization. Guidelines on the treatment of skin and oral HIV-associated conditions in children and adults. 2014 [internet publication].Full text
3. Paul S, Evans R, Maurer T, et al. Treatment of dermatological conditions associated with HIV/AIDS: the scarcity of guidance on a global scale. AIDS Res Treat. 2016 May 3;2016:3272483.Full text Abstract
4. Mallon PW, Unemori P, Sedwell R, et al. In vivo, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors alter expression of both mitochondrial and lipid metabolism genes in the absence of depletion of mitochondrial DNA. J Infect Dis. 2005 May 15;191(10):1686-96.Full text Abstract
5. Bastard JP, Caron M, Vidal H, et al. Association between altered expression of adipogenic factor SREBP1 in lipoatrophic adipose tissue from HIV-1-infected patients and abnormal adipocyte differentiation and insulin resistance. Lancet. 2002 Mar 23;359(9311):1026-31. Abstract
6. Rosenthal D, LeBoit PE, Klumpp L, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated eosinophilic folliculitis. A unique dermatosis associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Dermatol. 1991 Feb;127(2):206-9. Abstract
7. Holmes RB, Martins C, Horn T. The histopathology of folliculitis in HIV-infected patients. J Cutan Pathol. 2002 Feb;29(2):93-5. Abstract
8. Resneck JS Jr., Van Beek M, Furmanski L, et al. Etiology of pruritic papular eruption with HIV infection in Uganda. JAMA. 2004 Dec 1;292(21):2614-21.Full text Abstract
9. Huang AH, Canner JK, Khanna R, et al. Real-world prevalence of prurigo nodularis and burden of associated diseases. J Invest Dermatol. 2020 Feb;140(2):480-3;e4.Full text Abstract
10. Boozalis E, Tang O, Patel S, et al. Ethnic differences and comorbidities of 909 prurigo nodularis patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Oct;79(4):714-9;e3.Full text Abstract
11. Hernández-Ramírez RU, Shiels MS, Dubrow R, et al. Cancer risk in HIV-infected people in the USA from 1996 to 2012: a population-based, registry-linkage study. Lancet HIV. 2017 Nov;4(11):e495-504.Full text Abstract
12. Crum-Cianflone N, Hullsiek KH, Satter E, et al. Cutaneous malignancies among HIV-infected persons. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jun 22;169(12):1130-8.Full text Abstract
13. Müller M, Wandel S, Colebunders R, et al; IeDEA Southern and Central Africa. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Apr;10(4):251-61. Abstract
14. Miziara ID, Araujo Filho BC, Weber R. AIDS and recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Rev Bras Otorhinolaryngol. 2005 Jul-Aug;71(4):517-20.Full text Abstract
15. Duvic M, Johnson TM, Rapini RP, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated psoriasis and Reiter's syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 1987 Dec;123(12):1622-32. Abstract
16. Menon K, Van Voorhees AS, Bebo BF Jr, et al; National Psoriasis Foundation. Psoriasis in patients with HIV infection: from the medical board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Feb;62(2):291-9. Abstract
17. Maurer T, Rodrigues LK, Ameli N, et al. The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on dermatologic disease in a longitudinal study of HIV type 1-infected women. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Feb 15;38(4):579-84.Full text Abstract
18. Dunic I, Vesic S, Jevtovic DJ. Oral candidiasis and seborrheic dermatitis in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2004 Jan;5(1):50-4.Full text Abstract
19. Siberry GK, Leister E, Jacobson DL, et al. Increased risk of asthma and atopic dermatitis in perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents. Clin Immunol. 2012 Feb;142(2):201-8.Full text Abstract
20. Kaushik SB, Cerci FB, Miracle J, et al. Chronic pruritus in HIV-positive patients in the southeastern United States: its prevalence and effect on quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Apr;70(4):659-64. Abstract
21. Lee D, Benson CA, Lewis CE, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with dry skin in HIV infection: the FRAM study. AIDS. 2007 Oct 1;21(15):2051-7.Full text Abstract
22. Scott C, Staughton RC, Bunker CJ, et al. Acne vulgaris and acne rosacea as part of immune reconstitution disease in HIV-1 infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy. Int J STD AIDS. 2008 Jul;19(7):493-5. Abstract
23. Winchester R, Bernstein DH, Fischer HD, et al. The co-occurrence of Reiter's syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Jan;106(1):19-26. Abstract
24. Fernando I, K Edwards S, Grover D. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV national guideline for the management of genital molluscum in adults (2021). Int J STD AIDS. 2022 Apr;33(5):422-32.Full text Abstract
25. Wood SM, Shah SS, Steenhoff AP, et al. Primary varicella and herpes zoster among HIV-infected children from 1989 to 2006. Pediatrics. 2008 Jan;121(1):e150-6. Abstract
26. Frean J, Arndt S, Spencer D. High rate of Bartonella henselae infection in HIV-positive outpatients in Johannesburg, South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002 Sep-Oct;96(5):549-50. Abstract
27. Lanjewar DN, Bhosale A, Iyer A. Spectrum of dermatopathologic lesions associated with HIV/AIDS in India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2002 Jul;45(3):293-8. Abstract
28. Minga KA, Gberi I, Boka MB. Bacillary angiomatosis in an adult infected with HIV-1 at an early stage of immunodepression in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire [in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2002 Mar;95(1):34-6. Abstract
29. Ciervo A, Petrucca A, Ciarrocchi S, et al. Molecular characterization of first human Bartonella strain isolated in Italy. J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Dec;39(12):4554-7.Full text Abstract
30. Gazineo JL, Trope BM, Maceira JP, et al. Bacillary angiomatosis: description of 13 cases reported in five reference centers for AIDS treatment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2001 Jan-Feb;43(1):1-6.Full text Abstract
31. Gutierrez-Galhardo MC, do Valle GF, Sa FC, et al. Clinical characteristics and evolution of syphilis in 24 HIV+ individuals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2005 May-Jun;47(3):153-7.Full text Abstract
32. Gare J, Lupiwa T, Suarkia DL, et al. High prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in the eastern highlands province of Papua New Guinea: correlates and recommendations. Sex Transm Dis. 2005 Aug;32(8):466-73. Abstract
33. Hesketh T, Tang F, Wang ZB, et al. HIV and syphilis in young Chinese adults: implications for spread. Int J STD AIDS. 2005 Mar;16(3):262-6. Abstract
34. Nnoruka EN, Ezeoke AC. Evaluation of syphilis in patients with HIV infection in Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health. 2005 Jan;10(1):58-64.Full text Abstract
35. Ryder N, Bourne C, Rohrsheim R. Clinical audit: adherence to sexually transmitted infection screening guidelines for men who have sex with men. Int J STD AIDS. 2005 Jun;16(6):446-9. Abstract
36. Dougan S, Elford J, Rice B, et al. Epidemiology of HIV among black and minority ethnic men who have sex with men in England and Wales. Sex Transm Infect. 2005 Aug;81(4):345-50.Full text Abstract
37. Wong W, Chaw JK, Kent CK, et al. Risk factors for early syphilis among gay and bisexual men seen in an STD clinic: San Francisco, 2002-2003. Sex Transm Dis. 2005 Jul;32(7):458-63. Abstract
38. Fenton KA, Imrie J. Increasing rates of sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual men in Western Europe and the United States: why? Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Jun;19(2):311-31. Abstract
39. del Amo J, Gonzalez C, Losana J, et al. Influence of age and geographical origin in the prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus in migrant female sex workers in Spain. Sex Transm Infect. 2005 Feb;81(1):79-84.Full text Abstract
40. Soni S, Horner P, Rayment M, et al. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV national guideline for the management of infection with Mycoplasma genitalium (2018). Int J STD AIDS. 2019 Sep;30(10):938-50.Full text Abstract
41. Rönn MM, Ward H. The association between lymphogranuloma venereum and HIV among men who have sex with men: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 18;11:70.Full text Abstract
42. Lautenschlager S, Kemp M, Christensen JJ, et al. 2017 European guideline for the management of chancroid. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Mar;28(4):324-29. Abstract
43. Bosch RJ, Rodrigo AB, Sanchez P, et al. Presence of Leishmania organisms in specific and non-specific skin lesions in HIV-infected individuals with visceral leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol. 2002 Oct;41(10):670-5. Abstract
44. Choi CM, Lerner EA. Leishmaniasis: recognition and management with a focus on the immunocompromised patient. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3(2):91-105. Abstract
45. Bittencourt A, Silva N, Straatmann A, et al. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis associated with AIDS. Braz J Infect Dis. 2002 Dec;6(6):313-6.Full text Abstract
46. Agostoni C, Dorigoni N, Malfitano A, et al. Mediterranean leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: epidemiological, clinical, and diagnostic features of 22 cases. Infection. 1998 Mar-Apr;26(2):93-9. Abstract
47. Barrio J, Lecona M, Cosin J, et al. Leishmania infection occurring in herpes zoster lesions in an HIV-positive patient. Br J Dermatol. 1996 Jan;134(1):164-6. Abstract
48. Jimenez-Gonzalez C, Mata-Marin JA, Arroyo-Anduiza CI, et al. Prevalence and etiology of onychomycosis in the HIV-infected Mexican population. Eur J Dermatol. 2013 May-Jun;23(3):378-81. Abstract
49. Omland SH, Ahlström MG, Gerstoft J, et al. Risk of skin cancer in patients with HIV: a Danish nationwide cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Oct;79(4):689-95. Abstract
50. Zhao H, Shu G, Wang S. The risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in HIV-infected patients: new data and meta-analysis. Int J STD AIDS. 2016 Jun;27(7):568-75. Abstract
51. Olsen CM, Knight LL, Green AC. Risk of melanoma in people with HIV/AIDS in the pre- and post-HAART eras: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95096.Full text Abstract
52. Silverberg MJ, Chao C, Leyden WA, et al. HIV infection, immunodeficiency, viral replication, and the risk of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011 Dec;20(12):2551-9.Full text Abstract
53. Yanik EL, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Qin L, et al. Brief Report: Cutaneous melanoma risk among people with HIV in the United States and Canada. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018 Aug 15;78(5):499-504.Full text Abstract
54. Goldstein RH, DeCaprio JA. Merkel cell carcinoma in the HIV-1/AIDS patient. Cancer Treat Res. 2019;177:211-29. Abstract
55. Panou E, Nikolaou C, Payagala S, et al. HIV-related merkel cell carcinoma: a report of three cases from the UK. Int J STD AIDS. 2022 Sep 13 [epub ahead of print]. Abstract
56. Tetzlaff MT, Nosek C, Kovarik CL. Epstein-Barr virus-associated leiomyosarcoma with cutaneous involvement in an African child with human immunodeficiency virus: a case report and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol. 2011 Sep;38(9):731-9. Abstract
57. Yin X, Wu T, Yan Y, et al. Treatment for leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoma in children with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 May 12;(5):CD007665.Full text Abstract
58. Mittmann N, Knowles SR, Koo M, et al. Incidence of toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome in an HIV cohort: an observational, retrospective case series study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2012 Feb 1;13(1):49-54. Abstract
59. Creamer D, Walsh SA, Dziewulski P, et al. UK guidelines for the management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in adults 2016. Br J Dermatol. 2016 Jun;174(6):1194-227.Full text Abstract
60. Wang L, Varghese S, Bassir F, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review of PubMed/MEDLINE case reports from 1980 to 2020. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Aug 24;9:949520.Full text Abstract
61. Maurer TA. Dermatologic manifestations of HIV infection. Top HIV Med. 2005;13(5):149-54. Abstract
62. Lapinski, TW, Parfieniuk A, Rogalska-Plonska M, et al. Prevalence of cryoglobulinaemia in hepatitis C virus- and hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals: implications for renal function. Liver Int. 2009 Sep;29(8):1158-61. Abstract
63. Brandariz D, Smithson A, Anton-Vazquez V. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms related to antiretroviral treatment in human immunodeficiency virus patients. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2017 Jul-Dec;38(2):163-70.Full text Abstract
64. Rajendran PM, Dolev JC, Heaphy MR, Jr., et al. Eosinophilic folliculitis: before and after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy. Arch Dermatol. 2005 Oct;141(10):1227-31.Full text Abstract
65. Huiras E, Preda V, Maurer T, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2008 Jul;3(4):453-60. Abstract
66. Kreuter A, Brockmeyer NH, Altmeyer P, et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV infection. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008 Nov;6(11):925-34. Abstract
67. Sasco AJ, Jaquet A, Boidin E, et al. The challenge of AIDS-related malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One. 2010 Jan 11;5(1):e8621.Full text Abstract
68. Almagro M, Del Pozo J, Garcia-Silva J, et al. Eyelash length in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2003 Jul 25;17(11):1695-6. Abstract
69. Obuch ML, Maurer TA, Becker B, et al. Psoriasis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992 Nov;27(5 Pt 1):667-73. Abstract
70. Parkin JM, Eales LJ, Galazka AR, et al. Atopic manifestations in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: response to recombinant interferon gamma. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987 May 9;294(6581):1185-6.Full text Abstract
71. Gelfand JM, Rudikoff D. Evaluation and treatment of itching in HIV-infected patients. Mt Sinai J Med. 2001 Sep-Oct;68(4-5):298-308. Abstract
72. Wei F, Gaisa MM, D'Souza G, et al. Epidemiology of anal human papillomavirus infection and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 29,900 men according to HIV status, sexuality, and age: a collaborative pooled analysis of 64 studies. Lancet HIV. 2021 Sep;8(9):e531-43.Full text Abstract
73. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection--United States, 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014 Apr 11;63(RR-03):1-10.Full text Abstract
74. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text Abstract
75. Cohen PR, Grossman ME. Clinical features of human immunodeficiency virus-associated disseminated herpes zoster virus infection - a review of the literature. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1989 Jul;14(4):273-6. Abstract
76. Pahwa S, Biron K, Lim W, et al. Continuous varicella-zoster infection associated with acyclovir resistance in a child with AIDS. JAMA. 1988 Nov 18;260(19):2879-82. Abstract
77. Jacobson MA, Berger TG, Fikrig S, et al. Acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus infection after chronic oral acyclovir therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med. 1990 Feb 1;112(3):187-91. Abstract
78. Linnemann CC, Jr., Biron KK, Hoppenjans WG, et al. Emergence of acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus in an AIDS patient on prolonged acyclovir therapy. AIDS. 1990 Jun;4(6):577-9. Abstract
79. Coffin SE, Hodinka RL. Utility of direct immunofluorescence and virus culture for detection of varicella-zoster virus in skin lesions. J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Oct;33(10):2792-5.Full text Abstract
80. Cooper DA, Gold J, Maclean P, et al. Acute AIDS retrovirus infection. Definition of a clinical illness associated with seroconversion. Lancet. 1985 Mar 9;1(8428):537-40. Abstract
81. Wantzin GR, Lindhardt BO, Weismann K, et al. Acute HTLV III infection associated with exanthema, diagnosed by seroconversion. Br J Dermatol. 1986 Nov;115(5):601-6. Abstract
82. Rustin MH, Ridley CM, Smith MD, et al. The acute exanthem associated with seroconversion to human T-cell lymphotropic virus III in a homosexual man. J Infect. 1986 Mar;12(2):161-3. Abstract
83. Tindall B, Barker S, Donovan B, et al. Characterization of the acute clinical illness associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 1988 Apr;148(4):945-9. Abstract
84. Sinicco A, Palestro G, Caramello P, et al. Acute HIV-1 infection: clinical and biological study of 12 patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1990;3(3):260-5. Abstract
85. Hulsebosch HJ, Claessen FA, van Ginkel CJ, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus exanthem. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 Sep;23(3 Pt 1):483-6. Abstract
86. Kingston M, French P, Higgins S, et al. UK national guidelines on the management of syphilis 2015. Int J STD AIDS. 2016 May;27(6):421-46. Abstract
87. Janier M, Unemo M, Dupin N, et al. 2020 European guideline on the management of syphilis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021 Mar;35(3):574-88.Full text Abstract
88. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN guideline: Kaposi sarcoma [internet publication].Full text
89. Esser S, Schöfer H, Hoffmann C, et al. S1 guidelines for the Kaposi sarcoma. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2022 Jun;20(6):892-904.Full text Abstract
90. Rosado FG, Itani DM, Coffin CM, et al. Utility of immunohistochemical staining with FLI1, D2-40, CD31, and CD34 in the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related and non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2012 Mar;136(3):301-4.Full text Abstract
91. Maurer T, Ponte M, Leslie K. HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma with a high CD4 count and a low viral load. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 27;357(13):1352-3. Abstract
92. Mallal S, Phillips E, Carosi G, et al; PREDICT-1 Study Team. HLA-B*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to abacavir. N Engl J Med. 2008 Feb 7;358(6):568-79.Full text Abstract
93. Potthoff A, Brockmeyer NH, Gelbrich G, et al; Competence Center Cardiac Insufficiency and the Competence Network HIV/AIDS. Lipodystrophy: a sign for metabolic syndrome in patients of the HIV-HEART study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010 Feb;8(2):92-8. Abstract
94. Falutz J, Mamputu JC, Potvin D, et al. Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Sep;95(9):4291-304.Full text Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer