References
Key articles
ACOG Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines–Gynecology. Osteoporosis prevention, screening, and diagnosis: ACOG clinical practice guideline no. 1. Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Sep 1;138(3):494-506.Full text Abstract
LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al. The clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2022 Oct;33(10):2049-102.Full text Abstract
ACOG Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines–Gynecology. Management of postmenopausal osteoporosis: ACOG clinical practice guideline no. 2. Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Apr 1;139(4):698-717. Abstract
Humphrey MB, Russell L, Danila MI, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023 Dec;75(12):2088-102.Full text Abstract
Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society* clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May 1;104(5):1595-622.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med. 1993 Jun;94(6):646-50. Abstract
2. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001 Feb 14;285(6):785-95. Abstract
3. WHO Scientific Group on the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis. Prevention and management of osteoporosis: report of a WHO scientific group. (WHO technical report series: 921.) Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2000.Full text
4. Harvey N, Dennison E, Cooper C. Osteoporosis: impact on health and economics. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010 Feb;6(2):99-105. Abstract
5. Salari N, Ghasemi H, Mohammadi L, et al. The global prevalence of osteoporosis in the world: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021 Oct 17;16(1):609.Full text Abstract
6. Salari N, Darvishi N, Bartina Y, et al. Global prevalence of osteoporosis among the world older adults: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021 Nov 13;16(1):669.Full text Abstract
7. Sarafrazi N, Wambogo EA, Shepherd JA. Osteoporosis or low bone mass in older adults: United States, 2017-2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2021 Mar;(405):1-8. Abstract
8. Cappola AR, Auchus RJ, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, et al. Hormones and aging: an Endocrine Society Scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Jul 14;108(8):1835-74.Full text Abstract
9. Wade SW, Strader C, Fitzpatrick LA, et al. Estimating prevalence of osteoporosis: examples from industrialized countries. Arch Osteoporos. 2014;9:182. Abstract
10. Zamani M, Zamani V, Heidari B, et al. Prevalence of osteoporosis with the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Osteoporos. 2018 Nov 17;13(1):129. Abstract
11. Manolagas SC. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2000 Apr;21(2):115-37.Full text Abstract
12. Manolagas SC. Cell number versus cell vigor: what really matters to a regenerating skeleton? Endocrinology. 1999 Oct;140(10):4377-81.Full text Abstract
13. Turner CH, Robling AG, Duncan RL, et al. Do bone cells behave like a neuronal network? Calcif Tissue Int. 2002 Jun;70(6):435-42. Abstract
14. Suda T, Takahashi N, Martin TJ. Modulation of osteoclast differentiation. Endocr Rev. 1992 Feb;13(1):66-80. Abstract
15. Zerwekh JE, Sakhaee K, Breslau NA, et al. Impaired bone formation in male idiopathic osteoporosis: further reduction in the presence of concomitant hypercalciuria. Osteoporos Int. 1992 May;2(3):128-34. Abstract
16. Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Kumar R, et al. Nephrolithiasis-associated bone disease: pathogenesis and treatment options. Kidney Int. 2011 Feb;79(4):393-403.Full text Abstract
17. Kostenuik PJ. Osteoprotegerin and RANKL regulate bone resorption, density, geometry and strength. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005 Dec;5(6):618-25. Abstract
18. Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature. 2003 May 15;423(6937):337-42. Abstract
19. Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet. 1996 Dec 7;348(9041):1535-41. Abstract
20. Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1998 Dec 23-30;280(24):2077-82. Abstract
21. Dennison E, Eastell R, Fall CH, et al. Determinants of bone loss in elderly men and women: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(5):384-91. Abstract
22. Burger H, de Laet CE, van Daele PL, et al. Risk factors for increased bone loss in an elderly population: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 May 1;147(9):871-9. Abstract
23. Liu H, Paige NM, Goldzweig CL, et al. Screening for osteoporosis in men: a systematic review for an American College of Physicians guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2008 May 6;148(9):685-701.Full text Abstract
24. ACOG Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines–Gynecology. Osteoporosis prevention, screening, and diagnosis: ACOG clinical practice guideline no. 1. Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Sep 1;138(3):494-506.Full text Abstract
25. Law MR, Hackshaw AK. A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effect. BMJ. 1997 Oct 4;315(7112):841-6.Full text Abstract
26. Cheraghi Z, Doosti-Irani A, Almasi-Hashiani A, et al. The effect of alcohol on osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 Apr 1;197:197-202. Abstract
27. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 16;354(7):669-83.Full text Abstract
28. Mazziotti G, Angeli A, Bilezikian JP, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an update. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May-Jun;17(4):144-9. Abstract
29. Liu J, Li X, Fan L, et al. Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of bone diseases: an update meta-analysis. Life Sci. 2019 Feb 1;218:213-23. Abstract
30. Lakatos P. Thyroid hormones: beneficial or deleterious for bone? Calcif Tissue Int. 2003 Sep;73(3):205-9. Abstract
31. Casele HL. The use of unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec;49(4):895-905. Abstract
32. Petty SJ, O'Brien TJ, Wark JD. Anti-epileptic medication and bone health. Osteoporos Int. 2007 Feb;18(2):129-42. Abstract
33. Wang A, Obertová Z, Brown C, et al. Risk of fracture in men with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy: a population-based cohort study in New Zealand. BMC Cancer. 2015 Nov 2;15:837.Full text Abstract
34. Ross RW, Small EJ. Osteoporosis in men treated with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2002 May;167(5):1952-6. Abstract
35. Wright LE, Harhash AA, Kozlow WM, et al. Aromatase inhibitor-induced bone loss increases the progression of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer in bone and exacerbates muscle weakness in vivo. Oncotarget. 2017 Jan 31;8(5):8406-19.Full text Abstract
36. Abdolalipour S, Mirghafourvand M. Effect of education on preventive behaviors of osteoporosis in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2021 Apr;41(3):325-47. Abstract
37. Rubæk M, Hitz MF, Holmberg T, et al. Effectiveness of patient education for patients with osteoporosis: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2022 May;33(5):959-77. Abstract
38. Pinheiro MB, Oliveira J, Bauman A, et al. Evidence on physical activity and osteoporosis prevention for people aged 65+ years: a systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020 Nov 26;17(1):150.Full text Abstract
39. US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 Apr 17;319(15):1592-9.Full text Abstract
40. Burt LA, Billington EO, Rose MS, et al. Effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on volumetric bone density and bone strength: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Aug 27;322(8):736-45.Full text Abstract
41. LeBoff MS, Chou SH, Ratliff KA, et al. Supplemental vitamin D and incident fractures in midlife and older adults. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 28;387(4):299-309.Full text Abstract
42. LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al. The clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2022 Oct;33(10):2049-102.Full text Abstract
43. Shi Y, Zhan Y, Chen Y, et al. Effects of dairy products on bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Osteoporos. 2020 Mar 18;15(1):48. Abstract
44. Delmas PD, Bjarnason NH, Mitlak BH, et al. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1997 Dec 4;337(23):1641-7.Full text Abstract
45. Briot K, Roux C. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. RMD Open. 2015 Apr 8;1(1):e000014.Full text Abstract
46. Gregson CL, Armstrong DJ, Bowden J, et al. UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos. 2022 Apr 5;17(1):58.Full text Abstract
47. Hsu E, Nanes M. Advances in treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2017 Dec;24(6):411-7.Full text Abstract
48. Qaseem A, Forciea MA, McLean RM, et al. Treatment of low bone density or osteoporosis to prevent fractures in men and women: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Jun 6;166(11):818-39.Full text Abstract
49. Harvey NC, Odén A, Orwoll E, et al. Falls predict fractures independently of FRAX probability: a meta-analysis of the Osteoporotic Fractures In Men (MrOS) study. J Bone Miner Res. 2018 Mar;33(3):510-6.Full text Abstract
50. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: osteoporosis and bone mineral density. 2022 [internet publication].Full text
51. ACOG Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines–Gynecology. Management of postmenopausal osteoporosis: ACOG clinical practice guideline no. 2. Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Apr 1;139(4):698-717. Abstract
52. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Raloxifene and teriparatide for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. Feb 2018 [internet publication].Full text
53. Adams J, Bishop N. DXA in adults and children. In: Rosen CJ, Compston JE, Lian JB, et al, eds. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. 7th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Bone and Mineral Research; 2008:152-8.
54. Fu Y, Li C, Luo W, et al. Fragility fracture discriminative ability of radius quantitative ultrasound: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2021 Jan;32(1):23-38.Full text Abstract
55. So E, Rushing C, Prissel MA, et al. The role of secondary imaging techniques for assessing bone mineral density in elderly ankle fractures. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2022 Jan-Feb;61(1):149-56. Abstract
56. Grados F, Fechtenbaum J, Flipon E, et al. Radiographic methods for evaluating osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Joint Bone Spine. 2009 May;76(3):241-7. Abstract
57. Cheng X, Wang L, Wang Q, et al. Validation of quantitative computed tomography-derived areal bone mineral density with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in an elderly Chinese population. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127(8):1445-9. Abstract
58. Cann CE, Adams JE, Brown JK, et al. CTXA hip--an extension of classical DXA measurements using quantitative CT. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 17;9(3):e91904.Full text Abstract
59. Allende-Vigo MZ. The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. P R Health Sci J. 2007 Jun;26(2):91-5. Abstract
60. Vasikaran S, Eastell R, Bruyère O, et al. Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Osteoporos Int. 2011 Feb;22(2):391-420. Abstract
61. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis and management in postmenopausal women and men over 50 years of age: 2nd edition. 2017 [internet publication].Full text
62. Cummings SR, Cawthon PM, Ensrud KE, et al. BMD and risk of hip and nonvertebral fractures in older men: a prospective study and comparison with older women. J Bone Miner Res. 2006 Oct;21(10):1550-6. Abstract
63. Moe S, Drüeke T, Cunningham J, et al. Definition, evaluation, and classification of renal osteodystrophy: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2006 Jun;69(11):1945-53. Abstract
64. Humphrey MB, Russell L, Danila MI, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023 Dec;75(12):2088-102.Full text Abstract
65. US Preventive Services Task Force; Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, et al. Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures: US Preventive Services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 Jun 26;319(24):2521-31.Full text Abstract
66. Lim LS, Hoeksema LJ, Sherin K, et al. Screening for osteoporosis in the adult U.S. population: ACPM position statement on preventive practice. Am J Prev Med. 2009 Apr;36(4):366-75. Abstract
67. Merlijn T, Swart KMA, van der Horst HE, et al. Fracture prevention by screening for high fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2020 Feb;31(2):251-7.Full text Abstract
68. Liu C , Kuang X , Li K , et al. Effects of combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation on osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct. 2020 Dec 1;11(12):10817-27. Abstract
69. Bolland MJ, Leung W, Tai V, et al. Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review. BMJ. 2015 Sep 29;351:h4580.Full text Abstract
70. Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, et al. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010 Jul 29;341:c3691.Full text Abstract
71. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, et al. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011 Apr 19;342:d2040.Full text Abstract
72. Lewis JR, Calver J, Zhu K, et al. Calcium supplementation and the risks of atherosclerotic vascular disease in older women: results of a 5-year RCT and a 4.5-year follow-up. J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Jan;26(1):35-41.Full text Abstract
73. Jamal SA, Moe SM. Calcium builds strong bones, and more is better - correct? Well, maybe not. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Nov;7(11):1877-83.Full text Abstract
74. Kitsuda Y, Wada T, Noma H, et al. Impact of high-load resistance training on bone mineral density in osteoporosis and osteopenia: a meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2021 Sep;39(5):787-803. Abstract
75. Kunutsor SK, Leyland S, Skelton DA, et al. Adverse events and safety issues associated with physical activity and exercise for adults with osteoporosis and osteopenia: a systematic review of observational studies and an updated review of interventional studies. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls. 2018 Dec;3(4):155-178.Full text Abstract
76. Kistler-Fischbacher M, Weeks BK, Beck BR. The effect of exercise intensity on bone in postmenopausal women (part 2): a meta-analysis. Bone. 2021 Feb;143:115697. Abstract
77. Segev D, Hellerstein D, Dunsky A. Physical activity: does it really increase bone density in postmenopausal women? A review of articles published between 2001-2016. Curr Aging Sci. 2018;11(1):4-9. Abstract
78. Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society* clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May 1;104(5):1595-622.Full text Abstract
79. Rosenberg K. Bisphosphonates likely beneficial for most older women with osteoporosis. Am J Nurs. 2022 Apr 1;122(4):57. Abstract
80. Bilezikian JP. Efficacy of bisphosphonates in reducing fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Am J Med. 2009 Feb;122(2 Suppl):S14-21. Abstract
81. Zhao S, Zhao W, Du D, et al. Effect of bisphosphonate on hip fracture in patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia according to age: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Investig Med. 2022 Mar;70(3):837-43.Full text Abstract
82. Chesnut CH 3rd, Skag A, Christiansen C, et al. Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Aug;19(8):1241-9.Full text Abstract
83. Qaseem A, Hicks LA, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of primary osteoporosis or low bone mass to prevent fractures in adults: a living clinical guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2023 Feb;176(2):224-38.Full text Abstract
84. Saito T, Sterbenz JM, Malay S, et al. Effectiveness of anti-osteoporotic drugs to prevent secondary fragility fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2017 Dec;28(12):3289-300. Abstract
85. Lee SY, Jung SH, Lee SU, et al. Can bisphosphonates prevent recurrent fragility fractures? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 May;19(5):384-90. Abstract
86. Shane E, Burr D, Abrahamsen B, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: second report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2014 Jan;29(1):1-23.Full text Abstract
87. Abrahamsen B. Adverse effects of bisphosphonates. Calcif Tissue Int. 2010 Jun;86(6):421-35. Abstract
88. Lee S, Yin RV, Hirpara H, et al. Increased risk for atypical fractures associated with bisphosphonate use. Fam Pract. 2015 Jun;32(3):276-81.Full text Abstract
89. Wysowski DK, Chang JT. Alendronate and risedronate: reports of severe bone, joint and muscle pain. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Feb 14;165(3):346-7. Abstract
90. Khan AA, Sándor GK, Dore E, et al. Bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Rheumatol. 2009 Mar;36(3):478-90. Abstract
91. Woo SB, Hellstein JW, Kalmar JR. Narrative [corrected] review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Ann Intern Med. 2006 May 16;144(10):753-61. Abstract
92. Black DM, Abrahamsen B, Bouxsein ML, et al. Atypical femur fractures: review of epidemiology, relationship to bisphosphonates, prevention, and clinical management. Endocr Rev. 2019 Apr 1;40(2):333-68.Full text Abstract
93. Adami S, Felsenberg D, Christiansen C, et al. Efficacy and safety of ibandronate given by intravenous injection once every 3 months. Bone. 2004 May;34(5):881-9. Abstract
94. Stakkestad JA, Benevolenskaya LI, Stepan JJ, et al; Ibandronate Intravenous Study Group. Intravenous ibandronate injections given every three months: a new treatment option to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Oct;62(10):969-75.Full text Abstract
95. Black DM, Reid IR, Boonen S, et al. The effect of 3 versus 6 years of zoledronic acid treatment of osteoporosis: a randomized extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2012 Feb;27(2):243-54.Full text Abstract
96. Black DM, Reid IR, Cauley JA, et al. The effect of 6 versus 9 years of zoledronic acid treatment in osteoporosis: a randomized second extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2015 May;30(5):934-44.Full text Abstract
97. Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007 May 3;356(18):1809-22.Full text Abstract
98. Nancollas GH, Tang R, Phipps RJ, et al. Novel insights into actions of bisphosphonates on bone: differences in interactions with hydroxyapatite. Bone. 2006 May;38(5):617-27. Abstract
99. MacLean C, Newberry S, Maglione M, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of treatments to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Feb 5;148(3):197-213.Full text Abstract
100. Sharma A, Einstein AJ, Vallakati A, et al. Risk of atrial fibrillation with use of oral and intravenous bisphosphonates. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Jun 1;113(11):1815-21. Abstract
101. Pazianas M, Compston J, Huang CL. Atrial fibrillation and bisphosphonate therapy. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Jan;25(1):2-10.Full text Abstract
102. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA investigating risk of severe hypocalcemia in patients on dialysis receiving osteoporosis medicine Prolia (denosumab). Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text
103. Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, et al; FREEDOM Trial. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009 Aug 20;361(8):756-65.Full text Abstract
104. Papapoulos S, Lippuner K, Roux C, et al. The effect of 8 or 5 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the FREEDOM Extension study. Osteoporos Int. 2015 Dec;26(12):2773-83.Full text Abstract
105. Bone HG, Wagman RB, Brandi ML, et al. 10 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the phase 3 randomised FREEDOM trial and open-label extension. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Jul;5(7):513-23. Abstract
106. Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R, et al. Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM trial and its extension. J Bone Miner Res. 2018 Feb;33(2):190-8.Full text Abstract
107. Horne AM, Mihov B, Reid IR. Bone loss after romosozumab/denosumab: effects of bisphosphonates. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018 Jul;103(1):55-61. Abstract
108. Leder BZ, Tsai JN, Uihlein AV, et al. Denosumab and teriparatide transitions in postmenopausal osteoporosis (the DATA-Switch study): extension of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Sep 19;386(9999):1147-55.Full text Abstract
109. Zhang C, Song C. Combination therapy of PTH and antiresorptive drugs on osteoporosis: a review of treatment alternatives. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Jan 27;11:607017.Full text Abstract
110. Zhu Y, Huang Z, Wang Y, et al. The efficacy and safety of denosumab in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis previously treated with bisphosphonates: a review. J Orthop Translat. 2020 May;22:7-13.Full text Abstract
111. Lyu H, Jundi B, Xu C, et al. Comparison of denosumab and bisphosphonates in patients with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May 1;104(5):1753-65.Full text Abstract
112. Li W, Ning Z, Yang Z, et al. Safety of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the older adults with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Arch Osteoporos. 2022 Jun 17;17(1):84. Abstract
113. Diker-Cohen T, Rosenberg D, Avni T, et al. Risk for infections during treatment with denosumab for osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 May 1;105(5):dgz322.Full text Abstract
114. Catton B, Surangiwala S, Towheed T. Is denosumab associated with an increased risk for infection in patients with low bone mineral density? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Rheum Dis. 2021 Jul;24(7):869-79. Abstract
115. Lv F, Cai X, Yang W, et al. Denosumab or romosozumab therapy and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with primary osteoporosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone. 2020 Jan;130:115121. Abstract
116. Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 10;344(19):1434-41.Full text Abstract
117. Yang C, Le G, Lu C, et al. Effects of teriparatide compared with risedronate in the treatment of osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Feb;99(7):e19042.Full text Abstract
118. Shen J, Ke Z, Dong S, et al. Pharmacological therapies for osteoporosis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit. 2022 Apr 17;28:e935491.Full text Abstract
119. Tian A, Jia H, Zhu S, et al. Romosozumab versus teriparatide for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis through a grade analysis of evidence. Orthop Surg. 2021 Oct;13(7):1941-50.Full text Abstract
120. Poutoglidou F, Samoladas E, Raikos N, et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-sclerostin antibodies in the treatment of osteoporosis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Clin Densitom. 2022 Jul-Sep;25(3):401-15. Abstract
121. Miller PD, Hattersley G, Riis BJ, et al. Effect of abaloparatide vs placebo on new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016 Aug 16;316(7):722-33. Abstract
122. Cosman F, Miller PD, Williams GC, et al. Eighteen months of treatment with subcutaneous abaloparatide followed by 6 months of treatment with alendronate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results of the ACTIVExtend trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017 Feb;92(2):200-10.Full text Abstract
123. Bone HG, Cosman F, Miller PD, et al. ACTIVExtend: 24 months of alendronate after 18 months of abaloparatide or placebo for postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Aug 1;103(8):2949-57.Full text Abstract
124. Miller PD, Bilezikian JP, Fitzpatrick LA, et al. Abaloparatide: an anabolic treatment to reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2020 Nov;36(11):1861-72.Full text Abstract
125. Reginster J-Y, Bianic F, Campbell R, et al. Abaloparatide for risk reduction of nonvertebral and vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a network meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2019 Jul;30(7):1465-73.Full text Abstract
126. Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, et al. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006 Dec 27;296(24):2927-38.Full text Abstract
127. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999 Aug 18;282(7):637-45.Full text Abstract
128. Ma HY, Chen S, Lu LL, et al. Raloxifene in the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with end-stage renal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Horm Metab Res. 2021 Nov;53(11):730-7.Full text Abstract
129. Pinkerton JV, Thomas S, Dalkin AC. Osteoporosis treatment and prevention for postmenopausal women: current and future therapeutic options. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Dec;56(4):711-21. Abstract
130. Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin SP, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jul;95(7 suppl 1):s1-66.Full text Abstract
131. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): further information on the known increased risk of breast cancer with HRT and its persistence after stopping. Aug 2019 [internet publication].Full text
132. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. Lancet. 2019 Sep 28;394(10204):1159-68.Full text Abstract
133. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Apr 14;291(14):1701-12. Abstract
134. Sjögren LL, Mørch LS, Løkkegaard E. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of endometrial cancer: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2016 Sep;91:25-35. Abstract
135. Muñoz-Torres M, Alonso G, Raya MP. Calcitonin therapy in osteoporosis. Treat Endocrinol. 2004;3(2):117-32. Abstract
136. Chesnut CH 3rd, Silverman S, Andriano K, et al; PROOF Study Group. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the Prevent Recurrence of Osteoporotic Fractures study. Am J Med. 2000 Sep;109(4):267-76. Abstract
137. European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends limiting long-term use of calcitonin medicines. Jul 2012 [internet publication].Full text
138. US Food and Drug Administration. Questions and answers: changes to the indicated population for Miacalcin (calcitonin-salmon). Sep 2015 [internet publication].Full text
139. Shoback D, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society guideline update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Mar 1;105(3):dgaa048.Full text Abstract
140. Cosman F, Crittenden DB, Adachi JD, et al. Romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 20;375(16):1532-43.Full text Abstract
141. Saag KG, Petersen J, Brandi ML, et al. Romosozumab or alendronate for fracture prevention in women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 12;377(15):1417-27.Full text Abstract
142. Liu Y, Cao Y, Zhang S, et al. Romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Climacteric. 2018 Apr;21(2):189-95. Abstract
143. Prather C, Adams E, Zentgraf W. Romosozumab: a first-in-class sclerostin inhibitor for osteoporosis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020 Nov 16;77(23):1949-56. Abstract
144. Kaveh S, Hosseinifard H, Ghadimi N, et al. Efficacy and safety of romosozumab in treatment for low bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Nov;39(11):3261-76. Abstract
145. Nealy KL, Harris KB. Romosozumab: a novel injectable sclerostin inhibitor with anabolic and antiresorptive effects for osteoporosis. Ann Pharmacother. 2021 May;55(5):677-86. Abstract
146. Lim SY. Romosozumab for the treatment of osteoporosis in women: efficacy, safety, and cardiovascular risk. Womens Health (Lond). 2022 Jan-Dec;18:17455057221125577.Full text Abstract
147. Bovijn J, Krebs K, Chen CY, et al. Evaluating the cardiovascular safety of sclerostin inhibition using evidence from meta-analysis of clinical trials and human genetics. Sci Transl Med. 2020 Jun 24;12(549):eaay6570.Full text Abstract
148. Mariscal G, Nuñez JH, Bhatia S, et al. Safety of romosozumab in osteoporotic men and postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother. 2020 Apr;39(2):29-36. Abstract
149. Boonen S, Reginster JY, Kaufman JM, et al. Fracture risk and zoledronic acid therapy in men with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2012 Nov 1;367(18):1714-23.Full text Abstract
150. Junjie W, Dongsheng H, Lei S, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy has limited effect on increasing bone mass density in older men: a meta-analysis. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(1):73-84. Abstract
151. Committee on Assessing the Need for Clinical Trials of Testosterone Replacement Therapy. 2004 executive summary. In: Liverman CT, Blazer DJ, eds. Testosterone and aging: clinical research directions. Washington, DC: The National Academic Press; 1-10.
152. Khosla S, Amin S, Orwoll E. Osteoporosis in men. Endocr Rev. 2008 Jun;29(4):441-64.Full text Abstract
153. NHS England. Interim clinical commissioning policy statement: teriparatide for osteoporosis in men (adults). Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text
154. Orwoll ES, Scheele WH, Paul S, et al. The effect of teriparatide [human parathyroid hormone (1-34)] therapy on bone density in men with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Jan;18(1):9-17.Full text Abstract
155. Kaufman JM, Orwoll E, Goemaere S, et al. Teriparatide effects on vertebral fractures and bone mineral density in men with osteoporosis: treatment and discontinuation of therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2005 May;16(5):510-6. Abstract
156. Niimi R, Kono T, Nishihara A, et al. Analysis of daily teriparatide treatment for osteoporosis in men. Osteoporos Int. 2015 Apr;26(4):1303-9. Abstract
157. Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernández Toriz N, et al. Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009 Aug 20;361(8):745-55.Full text Abstract
158. Lewiecki EM, Blicharski T, Goemaere S, et al. A phase III randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of romosozumab in men with osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Sep 1;103(9):3183-93.Full text Abstract
159. van Brussel MS, Bultink IE, Lems WF. Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Apr;10(6):997-1005. Abstract
160. Yuan C, Liang Y, Zhu K, et al. Clinical efficacy of denosumab, teriparatide, and oral bisphosphonates in the prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2023 Jun 22;18(1):447.Full text Abstract
161. Brent MB. Abaloparatide: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021 Oct 15;909:174409.Full text Abstract
162. Yamaguchi Y, Morita T, Kumanogoh A. The therapeutic efficacy of denosumab for the loss of bone mineral density in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2020;4(1):rkaa008.Full text Abstract
163. Taylor AD, Saag KG. Anabolics in the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an evidence-based review of long-term safety, efficacy and place in therapy. Core Evid. 2019 Aug 23;14:41-50.Full text Abstract
164. Popp AW, Isenegger J, Buergi EM, et al. Glucocorticosteroid-induced spinal osteoporosis: scientific update on pathophysiology and treatment. Eur Spine J. 2006 Jul;15(7):1035-49. Abstract
165. Czerwinski E, Cardona J, Plebanski R, et al. The efficacy and safety of abaloparatide-SC in men with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2022 Dec;37(12):2435-42.Full text Abstract
166. Borgström F, Karlsson L, Ortsäter G, et al. Fragility fractures in Europe: burden, management and opportunities. Arch Osteoporos. 2020 Apr 19;15(1):59.Full text Abstract
167. Sajjan SG, Barrett-Connor E, McHorney CA, et al. Rib fracture as a predictor of future fractures in young and older postmenopausal women: National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). Osteoporos Int. 2012 Mar;23(3):821-8.Full text Abstract
168. Ye J, Li Q, Nie J. Prevalence, characteristics, and associated risk factors of wrist fractures in Americans above 50: the cross-sectional NHANES study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Apr 25;13:800129.Full text Abstract
169. Barrett-Connor E, Sajjan SG, Siris ES, et al. Wrist fracture as a predictor of future fractures in younger versus older postmenopausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). Osteoporos Int. 2008 May;19(5):607-13. Abstract
170. D'Amelio P, Isaia GC. The use of raloxifene in osteoporosis treatment. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013 May;14(7):949-56. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer