References
Key articles
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013 Jan;3(1):1-150.Full text
Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL, et al. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2017 Mar 25;389(10075):1238-52. Abstract
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic kidney disease: assessment and management. 2021 [internet publication].Full text
Expert Panel on Urologic Imaging., Wong-You-Cheong JJ, Nikolaidis P, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Renal Failure. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5s):S174-S188.Full text Abstract
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2017 Jul;7(1):1-59.Full text
Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jafar TH, Nitsch D, et al. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2021 Aug 28;398(10302):786-802. Abstract
Reference articles
1. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013 Jan;3(1):1-150.Full text
2. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerular Diseases Work Group. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int. 2021 Oct;100(4s):S1-276.Full text Abstract
3. Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL, et al. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2017 Mar 25;389(10075):1238-52. Abstract
4. Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL, et al. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2017 Mar 25;389(10075):1238-52. Abstract
5. Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, et al. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 6;11(7):e0158765.Full text Abstract
6. GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2020 Feb 29;395(10225):709-33.Full text Abstract
7. Kibria GMA, Crispen R. Prevalence and trends of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors among US adults: an analysis of NHANES 2003-18. Prev Med Rep. 2020 Sep 1;20:101193.Full text Abstract
8. GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018 Nov 10;392(10159):1789-858.Full text Abstract
9. Rosenberg AZ, Kopp JB. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Mar 7;12(3):502-17. [Erratum in: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018 Dec 7;13(12):1889.]Full text Abstract
10. McClellan WM, Satko SG, Gladstone E, et al. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009 Mar;53(3 suppl 3):S100-6. Abstract
11. See EJ, Jayasinghe K, Glassford N, et al. Long-term risk of adverse outcomes after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies using consensus definitions of exposure. Kidney Int. 2019 Jan;95(1):160-72. Abstract
12. Gerber C, Cai X, Lee J, et al. Incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease in black and white individuals with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018 Jun 7;13(6):884-92.Full text Abstract
13. Alicic RZ, Rooney MT, Tuttle KR. Diabetic kidney disease: challenges, progress, and possibilities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec 7;12(12):2032-45.Full text Abstract
14. Persson F, Rossing P. Diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease: state of the art and future perspective. Kidney Int Suppl. 2018;8(1):2-7.Full text Abstract
15. Pugh D, Gallacher PJ, Dhaun N. Management of hypertension in chronic kidney disease. Drugs. 2019 Mar;79(4):365-79.Full text Abstract
16. Connaughton DM, Kennedy C, Shril S, et al. Monogenic causes of chronic kidney disease in adults. Kidney Int. 2019 Apr;95(4):914-28.Full text Abstract
17. Johnson RJ, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Newman LS, et al. Climate change and the kidney. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;74(suppl 3):38-44.Full text Abstract
18. Glaser J, Lemery J, Rajagopalan B, et al. Climate change and the emergent epidemic of CKD from heat stress in rural communities: the case for heat stress nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Aug 8;11(8):1472-83.Full text Abstract
19. Remuzzi G, Bertani T. Pathophysiology of progressive nephropathies. N Engl J Med. 1998 Nov 12;339(20):1448-56. Abstract
20. Agarwal R. Proinflammatory effects of oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease: role of additional angiotensin II blockade. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Apr;284(4):F863-9.Full text Abstract
21. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Diabetes in CKD. 2022 [internet publication].Full text
22. Scivittaro V, Ganz MB, Weiss MF. AGEs induce oxidative stress and activate protein kinase C-beta(II) in neonatal mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000 Apr;278(4):F676-83.Full text Abstract
23. Hommos MS, Glassock RJ, Rule AD. Structural and functional changes in human kidneys with healthy aging. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Oct;28(10):2838-44.Full text Abstract
24. Mallappallil M, Friedman EA, Delano BG, et al. Chronic kidney disease in the elderly: evaluation and management. Clin Pract (Lond). 2014;11(5):525-35.Full text Abstract
25. Calderon-Margalit R, Golan E, Twig G, et al. History of childhood kidney disease and risk of adult end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 1;378(5):428-38.Full text Abstract
26. Xia J, Wang L, Ma Z, et al. Cigarette smoking and chronic kidney disease in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017 Mar 1;32(3):475-87.Full text Abstract
27. Jo W, Lee S, Joo YS, et al. Association of smoking with incident CKD risk in the general population: a community-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0238111.Full text Abstract
28. Chang AR, Grams ME, Ballew SH, et al. Adiposity and risk of decline in glomerular filtration rate: meta-analysis of individual participant data in a global consortium. BMJ. 2019 Jan 10;364:k5301.Full text Abstract
29. Whaley-Connell A, Sowers JR. Obesity and kidney disease: from population to basic science and the search for new therapeutic targets. Kidney Int. 2017 Aug;92(2):313-23. Abstract
30. Kibria GMA, Crispen R. Prevalence and trends of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors among US adults: An analysis of NHANES 2003-18. Prev Med Rep. 2020 Dec;20:101193.Full text Abstract
31. Tarver-Carr ME, Powe NR, Eberhardt MS, et al. Excess risk of chronic kidney disease among African-American versus white subjects in the United States: a population-based study of potential explanatory factors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Sep;13(9):2363-70.Full text Abstract
32. Umeukeje EM, Young BA. Genetics and ESKD Disparities in African Americans. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019 Dec;74(6):811-821.Full text Abstract
33. Kettritz R. Autoimmunity in kidney diseases. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 2008;241:99-103. Abstract
34. Helin HJ, Korpela MM, Mustonen JT, et al. Renal biopsy findings and clinicopathologic correlations in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Feb;38(2):242-7. Abstract
35. Ricardo AC, Yang W, Sha D, et al. Sex-Related Disparities in CKD Progression. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 Jan;30(1):137-146.Full text Abstract
36. Henrich WL, Clark RL, Kelly JP, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced computerized tomography and analgesic-related kidney disease: report of the National Analgesic Nephropathy Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 May;17(5):1472-80.Full text Abstract
37. De Broe ME, Elseviers MM. Analgesic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb 12;338(7):446-52. Abstract
38. Nashar K, Fried LF. Hyperuricemia and the progression of chronic kidney disease: is uric acid a marker or an independent risk factor? Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012 Nov;19(6):386-91. Abstract
39. Kumagai T, Ota T, Tamura Y, et al. Time to target uric acid to retard CKD progression. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2017 Apr;21(2):182-92. Abstract
40. Jordan DM, Choi HK, Verbanck M, et al. No causal effects of serum urate levels on the risk of chronic kidney disease: a Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med. 2019 Jan 15;16(1):e1002725.Full text Abstract
41. Badve SV, Pascoe EM, Tiku A, et al. Effects of allopurinol on the progression of chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 25;382(26):2504-13.Full text Abstract
42. Doria A, Galecki AT, Spino C, et al. Serum urate lowering with allopurinol and kidney function in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 25;382(26):2493-503.Full text Abstract
43. Correia-Costa L, Azevedo A, Caldas Afonso A. Childhood obesity and impact on the kidney. Nephron. 2019;143(1):8-11.Full text Abstract
44. de Jong PE, Brenner BM. From secondary to primary prevention of progressive renal disease: the case for screening for albuminuria. Kidney Int. 2004 Dec;66(6):2109-18. Abstract
45. Meyer TW, Hostetter TH. Uremia. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 27;357(13):1316-25. Abstract
46. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for hemodialysis adequacy: 2015 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015 Nov;66(5):884-930.Full text Abstract
47. Arnold R, Issar T, Krishnan AV, et al. Neurological complications in chronic kidney disease. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis. 2016 Jan-Dec;5:2048004016677687.Full text Abstract
48. Khanna R. Clinical presentation & management of glomerular diseases: hematuria, nephritic & nephrotic syndrome. Mo Med. 2011 Jan-Feb;108(1):33-6.Full text Abstract
49. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic kidney disease: assessment and management. 2021 [internet publication].Full text
50. Levey AS, Gansevoort RT, Coresh J, et al. Change in albuminuria and GFR as end points for clinical trials in early stages of CKD: a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation in Collaboration with the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 Jan;75(1):84-104.Full text Abstract
51. Expert Panel on Urologic Imaging., Wong-You-Cheong JJ, Nikolaidis P, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Renal Failure. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5s):S174-S188.Full text Abstract
52. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract
53. Lee J, Nicholl DD, Ahmed SB, et al. The prevalence of restless legs syndrome across the full spectrum of kidney disease. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013 May 15;9(5):455-9.Full text Abstract
54. Matsushita K, Mahmoudi BK, Woodward M, et al. Comparison of risk prediction using the CKD-EPI equation and the MDRD study equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate. JAMA. 2012 May 9;307(18):1941-51.Full text Abstract
55. Montañés Bermúdez R, Gràcia García S, Pérez Surribas D, et al. Consensus document. Recommendations on assessing proteinuria during the diagnosis and follow-up of chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia. 2011;31(3):331-45.Full text Abstract
56. Davenport MS, Perazella MA, Yee J, et al. Use of intravenous iodinated contrast media in patients with kidney disease: consensus statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation. Radiology. 2020 Mar;294(3):660-8.Full text Abstract
57. Woolen SA, Shankar PR, Gagnier JJ, et al. Risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease receiving a group II gadolinium-based contrast agent: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2019 Dec 9;180(2):223-30. Abstract
58. Collins AJ, Gilbertson DT, Snyder JJ, et al. Chronic kidney disease awareness, screening and prevention: rationale for the design of a public education program. Nephrology (Carlton). 2010 Jun;15(suppl 2):37-42.Full text Abstract
59. Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2022 Dec;65(12):1925-66.Full text Abstract
60. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2021 Mar;99(3S):S1-87.Full text Abstract
61. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jafar TH, Nitsch D, et al. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2021 Aug 28;398(10302):786-802. Abstract
62. Heerspink HJL, Stefánsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 8;383(15):1436-46.Full text Abstract
63. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). KDIGO clinical practice guideline for lipid management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013 Nov;3(3):259-303.Full text
64. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 Jun 25;377(9784):2181-92.Full text Abstract
65. Fox CS, Matsushita K, Woodward M, et al. Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without diabetes: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012 Nov 10;380(9854):1662-73.Full text Abstract
66. Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO, et al. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA diabetes trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jan;32(1):187-92.Full text Abstract
67. Rangaswami J, Bhalla V, de Boer IH, et al. Cardiorenal protection with the newer antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Oct 27;142(17):e265-86.Full text Abstract
68. Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al. Comparison of the effects of glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for prevention of major adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019 Apr 23;139(17):2022-31.Full text Abstract
69. Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2019 Jan 5;393(10166):31-9. Abstract
70. de Boer IH, Khunti K, Sadusky T, et al. Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2022 Nov;102(5):974-89.Full text Abstract
71. Neuen BL, Young T, Heerspink HJL, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for the prevention of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Nov;7(11):845-54. Abstract
72. Alicic RZ, Neumiller JJ, Johnson EJ, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition and diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes. 2019 Feb;68(2):248-57. [Erratum in: Diabetes. 2019 May;68(5):1094.]Full text Abstract
73. Heerspink HJL, Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, et al. Renoprotective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Kidney Int. 2018 Jul;94(1):26-39. Abstract
74. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jun 13;380(24):2295-306. Abstract
75. Association of British Clinical Diabetologists. JBDS 11 Management of adults with diabetes on dialysis. Sep 2022 [internet publicaton].Full text
76. Kristensen SL, Rørth R, Jhund PS, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Oct;7(10):776-85. Abstract
77. Lo C, Toyama T, Wang Y, et al. Insulin and glucose-lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Sep 24;(9):CD011798.Full text Abstract
78. Mega C, Teixeira-de-Lemos E, Fernandes R, et al. Renoprotective effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin: a review in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:5164292.Full text Abstract
79. Bailey CJ, Marx N. Cardiovascular protection in type 2 diabetes: insights from recent outcome trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019 Jan;21(1):3-14. Abstract
80. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014 Feb 5;311(5):507-20.Full text Abstract
81. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.Full text Abstract
82. Chang AR, Lóser M, Malhotra R, et al. Blood pressure goals in patients with CKD: a review of evidence and guidelines. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 Jan 7;14(1):161-9.Full text Abstract
83. Ku E, Sarnak MJ, Toto R, et al. Effect of blood pressure control on long-term risk of end-stage renal disease and death among subgroups of patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Aug 20;8(16):e012749.Full text Abstract
84. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001 Sep 20;345(12):851-60.Full text Abstract
85. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al; RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001 Sep 20;345(12):861-9.Full text Abstract
86. Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, et al; African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Study Group. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA. 2002 Nov 20;288(19):2421-31.Full text Abstract
87. Xie X, Atkins E, Lv J, et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016 Jan 30;387(10017):435-43. Abstract
88. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al; ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008 Apr 10;358(15):1547-59.Full text Abstract
89. Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 3;383(23):2219-29.Full text Abstract
90. Navaneethan SD, Hegbrant J, Strippoli GF. Role of statins in preventing adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011 Mar;20(2):146-52. Abstract
91. Jablonski KL, Chonchol M. Cardiovascular disease: should statin therapy be expanded in patients with CKD? Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012 Jul 3;8(8):440-1. Abstract
92. Palmer SC, Craig JC, Navaneethan SD, et al. Benefits and harms of statin therapy for persons with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Aug 21;157(4):263-75.Full text Abstract
93. Upadhyay A, Earley A, Lamont JL, et al. Lipid-lowering therapy in persons with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Aug 21;157(4):251-62. Abstract
94. Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 May 31;(5):CD007784.Full text Abstract
95. Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for dialysis patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Sep 11;(9):CD004289.Full text Abstract
96. Bakris GL, Weir MR, Secic M, et al. Differential effects of calcium antagonist subclasses on markers of nephropathy progression. Kidney Int. 2004 Jun;65(6):1991-2002. Abstract
97. Johns TS, Yee J, Smith-Jules T, et al. Interdisciplinary care clinics in chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. 2015 Oct 12;16:161.Full text Abstract
98. Shukla AM, Hinkamp C, Segal E, et al. What do the US advanced kidney disease patients want? Comprehensive pre-ESRD patient education (CPE) and choice of dialysis modality. PLoS One. 2019 Apr 9;14(4):e0215091.Full text Abstract
99. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, et al. Home run - results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2019 Aug 22;13(5):867-72.Full text Abstract
100. KDIGO Anemia Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Aug;2(4):279-335.Full text
101. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, et al. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 16;355(20):2085-98. Abstract
102. Drüeke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, et al; CREATE Investigators. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 16;355(20):2071-84. Abstract
103. Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen CY, et al. A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2009 Nov 19;361(21):2019-32. Abstract
104. Skali H, Parving HH, Parfrey PS, et al; TREAT Investigators. Stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and anemia treated with darbepoetin alfa: the Trial to Reduce cardiovascular Events with Aranesp Therapy (TREAT) experience. Circulation. 2011 Dec 20;124(25):2903-8.Full text Abstract
105. Koulouridis I, Alfayez M, Trikalinos TA, et al. Dose of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and adverse outcomes in CKD: a metaregression analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013 Jan;61(1):44-56. Abstract
106. Wilhelm-Leen ER, Winkelmayer WC. Mortality risk of darbepoetin alfa versus epoetin alfa in patients with CKD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015 Jul;66(1):69-74. Abstract
107. O'Lone EL, Hodson EM, Nistor I, et al. Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Feb 21;(2):CD007857.Full text Abstract
108. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2017 Jul;7(1):1-59.Full text
109. Coyne DW, Goldberg S, Faber M, et al. A randomized multicenter trial of paricalcitol versus calcitriol for secondary hyperparathyroidism in stages 3-4 CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Sep 5;9(9):1620-6.Full text Abstract
110. Jamal SA, Vandermeer B, Raggi P, et al. Effect of calcium-based versus non-calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013 Oct 12;382(9900):1268-77. Abstract
111. Shukla AM, Easom A, Singh M, et al. Effects of a comprehensive predialysis education program on the home dialysis therapies: a retrospective cohort study. Perit Dial Int. 2017 Sep-Oct;37(5):542-7. Abstract
112. Cassidy BP, Harwood L, Getchell LE, et al. Educational support around dialysis modality decision making in patients with chronic kidney disease: qualitative study. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2018 Oct 8;5:2054358118803323.Full text Abstract
113. Association for Vascular Access, American Society of Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology. Preservation of peripheral veins in patients with chronic kidney disease. Mar 2011 [internet publication].Full text
114. Hultin S, Hood C, Campbell KL, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on effects of bicarbonate therapy on kidney outcomes. Kidney Int Rep. 2021 Mar;6(3):695-705.Full text Abstract
115. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cinacalcet for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with end-stage renal disease on maintenance dialysis therapy. Jan 2007 [internet publication].Full text
116. Chonchol M, Locatelli F, Abboud HE, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of cinacalcet HCl in participants with CKD not receiving dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009 Feb;53(2):197-207. Abstract
117. Garside R, Pitt M, Anderson R, et al. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism in end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2007 May;11(18):iii, xi-xiii, 1-167. Abstract
118. O'Connor NR, Kumar P. Conservative management of end-stage renal disease without dialysis: a systematic review. J Palliat Med. 2012 Feb;15(2):228-35.Full text Abstract
119. Blake PG, Bargman JM, Brimble KS, et al; Canadian Society of Nephrology Work Group on Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis. Clinical practice guidelines and recommendations on peritoneal dialysis adequacy 2011. Perit Dial Int. 2011 Mar-Apr;31(2):218-39. Abstract
120. Berdud I, Arenas MD, Bernat A, et al; Grupo de Trabajo de Hemodiálisis Extrahospitalaria (Outpatient Haemodialysis Group). Appendix to dialysis centre guidelines: recommendations for the relationship between outpatient haemodialysis centres and reference hospitals. Opinions from the Outpatient Dialysis Group. Grupo de Trabajo de Hemodiálisis Extrahospitalaria. Nefrologia. 2011;31(6):664-9.Full text Abstract
121. Hahn D, Hodson EM, Fouque D. Low protein diets for non-diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Oct 29;(10):CD001892.Full text Abstract
122. Clase CM, Smyth A. Chronic kidney disease: diet. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015 Jun 29;2015:2004.Full text Abstract
123. Segura J, García-Donaire JA, Ruilope LM. Calcium channel blockers and renal protection: insights from the latest clinical trials. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Mar;16 Suppl 1:S64-6.Full text Abstract
124. Macdougall IC, Strauss WE, McLaughlin J, et al. A randomized comparison of ferumoxytol and iron sucrose for treating iron deficiency anemia in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Apr;9(4):705-12.Full text Abstract
125. Liu Z, Su G, Guo X, et al. Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 16;(9):CD010350.Full text Abstract
126. Ashby D, Borman N, Burton J, et al. Renal Association clinical practice guideline on haemodialysis. BMC Nephrol. 2019 Oct 17;20(1):379.Full text Abstract
127. Chen N, Hao C, Peng X, et al. Roxadustat for anemia in patients with kidney disease not receiving dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 12;381(11):1001-10.Full text Abstract
128. Chen N, Hao C, Liu BC, et al. Roxadustat treatment for anemia in patients undergoing long-term dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 12;381(11):1011-22.Full text Abstract
129. Zheng Q, Yang H, Fu X, et al. The efficacy and safety of roxadustat for anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021 Aug 27;36(9):1603-15. Abstract
130. Singh AK, Carroll K, McMurray JJV, et al. Daprodustat for the treatment of anemia in patients not undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2021 Nov 5 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract
131. Singh AK, Carroll K, Perkovic V, et al. Daprodustat for the treatment of anemia in patients undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2021 Nov 5 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract
132. Wesson DE, Mathur V, Tangri N, et al. Veverimer versus placebo in patients with metabolic acidosis associated with chronic kidney disease: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019 Apr 6;393(10179):1417-27. Abstract
133. Wesson DE, Mathur V, Tangri N, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of veverimer in patients with metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease: a multicentre, randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled, 40-week extension. Lancet. 2019 Aug 3;394(10196):396-406. Abstract
134. Ikizler TA, Burrowes JD, Byham-Gray LD, et al. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 Sep;76(3 suppl 1):S1-107.Full text Abstract
135. Jing Z, Wei-jie Y, Nan Z, et al. Hemoglobin targets for chronic kidney disease patients with anemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43655.Full text Abstract
136. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, et al. The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med. 1998 Aug 27;339(9):584-90.Full text Abstract
137. Carrera F, Lok CE, de Francisco A, et al; PATRONUS Investigators. Maintenance treatment of renal anaemia in haemodialysis patients with methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta versus darbepoetin alfa administered monthly: a randomized comparative trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010 Dec;25(12):4009-17.Full text Abstract
138. Locatelli F, Aljama P, Canaud B, et al; Anaemia Working Group of European Renal Best Practice (ERBP). Target haemoglobin to aim for with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: a position statement by ERBP following publication of the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events with Aranesp Therapy (TREAT) study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010 Sep;25(9):2846-50.Full text Abstract
139. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2017 Jul;7(1):1-59.Full text
140. Kandula P, Dobre M, Schold JD, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Jan;6(1):50-62.Full text Abstract
141. Alvarez J, Wasse H, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D supplementation in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Dermatoendocrinol. 2012 Apr 1;4(2):118-27.Full text Abstract
142. Levey AS, Beto JA, Coronado BE, et al. Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: what do we know? What do we need to learn? Where do we go from here? National Kidney Foundation Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998 Nov;32(5):853-906. Abstract
143. KDOQI Workgroup. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005 Apr;45(4 Suppl 3):S1-153.Full text Abstract
144. Molitoris BA, Froment DH, Mackenzie TA. Citrate: a major factor in the toxicity of orally administered aluminum compounds. Kidney Int. 1989 Dec;36(6):949-53. Abstract
145. Warnock DG. Uremic acidosis. Kidney Int. 1988 Aug;34(2):278-87. Abstract
146. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jafar TH, Nitsch D, et al. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2021 Aug 28;398(10302):786-802. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer