Bradycardia

References

Key articles

Mangrum JM, DiMarco JP. The evaluation and management of bradycardia. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 9;342(10):703-9. Abstract

Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Aug 20;74(7):e51-156.Full text  Abstract

Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2020 Oct 20;142(16_suppl_2):S366-S468.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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28. Sanghavi M, Rutherford JD. Cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy. Circulation. 2014 Sep 16;130(12):1003-8.Full text  Abstract

29. Adamson DL, Nelson-Piercy C. Managing palpitations and arrhythmias during pregnancy. Heart. 2007 Dec;93(12):1630-6.Full text  Abstract

30. Monté CP, Monté CJ, Boon P, et al. Epileptic seizures associated with syncope: Ictal bradycardia and ictal asystole. Epilepsy Behav. 2019 Jan;90:168-171.Full text  Abstract

31. Zeltser D, Justo D, Halkin A, et al. Drug-induced atrioventricular block: prognosis after discontinuation of the culprit drug. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Jul 7;44(1):105-8. Abstract

32. Jones SA. Ageing to arrhythmias: conundrums of connections in the ageing heart. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;58(12):1571-6. Abstract

33. Kaszala K, Kalahasty G, Ellenbogen KA. Cardiac pacing in the elderly. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2006 Mar-Apr;15(2):77-81. Abstract

34. Jones SA, Boyett MR, Lancaster MK. Declining into failure: the age-dependent loss of the L-type calcium channel within the sinoatrial node. Circulation. 2007 Mar 13;115(10):1183-90.Full text  Abstract

35. Mullins CB, Atkins JM. Prognoses and management of ventricular conduction block in acute myocardial infarction. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis. 1976 Oct;45(10):129-33. Abstract

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37. Aplin M, Engstrom T, Vejlstrup NG, et al. Prognostic importance of complete atrioventricular block complicating acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2003 Oct 1;92(7):853-6. Abstract

38. Erkapic D, De Rosa S, Kelava A, et al. Risk for permanent pacemaker after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a comprehensive analysis of the literature. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012 Apr;23(4):391-7. Abstract

39. Nazif TM, Dizon JM, Hahn RT, et al; PARTNER Publications Office. Predictors and clinical outcomes of permanent pacemaker implantation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: the PARTNER (Placement of AoRtic TraNscathetER Valves) trial and registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015 Jan;8(1 Part A):60-9.Full text  Abstract

40. Nisbet AM, Burton FL, Walker NL, et al. Acidosis slows electrical conduction through the atrio-ventricular node. Front Physiol. 2014 Jun 25;5:233.Full text  Abstract

41. Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 14;42(35):3427-3520.Full text  Abstract

42. Eraut D, Shaw DB. Sinus bradycardia. Br Heart J. 1971 Sep;33(5):742-9.Full text  Abstract

43. Tilkian AG, Guilleminault C, Schroeder JS, et al. Sleep-induced apnea syndrome: prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias and their reversal after tracheostomy. Am J Med. 1977 Sep;63(3):348-58. Abstract

44. Abbott JA, Hirschfeld DS, Kunkel FW, et al. Graded exercise testing in patients with sinus node dysfunction. Am J Med. 1977 Mar;62(3):330-8. Abstract

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46. Morillo CA, Camacho ME, Wood MA, et al. Diagnostic utility of mechanical, pharmacological and orthostatic stimulation of the carotid sinus in patients with unexplained syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Nov 1;34(5):1587-94. Abstract

47. Brignole M, Sutton R, Menozzi C, et al. Early application of an implantable loop recorder allows effective specific therapy in patients with recurrent suspected neurally mediated syncope. Eur Heart J. 2006 May;27(9):1085-92.Full text  Abstract

48. Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, et al. The high cost of syncope: cost implications of a new insertable loop recorder in the investigation of recurrent syncope. Am Heart J. 1999 May;137(5):870-7. Abstract

49. Englund A, Bergfeldt L, Rosenqvist M. Pharmacological stress testing of the His-Purkinje system in patients with bifascicular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998 Oct;21(10):1979-87. Abstract

50. Scheinman MM, Peters RW, Suavé MJ, et al. Value of the H-Q interval in patients with bundle branch block and the role of prophylactic permanent pacing. Am J Cardiol. 1982 Dec;50(6):1316-22. Abstract

51. Menozzi C, Brignole M, Garcia-Civera R, et al; International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology (ISSUE) Investigators. Mechanism of syncope in patients with heart disease and negative electrophysiologic test. Circulation. 2002 Jun 11;105(23):2741-5.Full text  Abstract

52. Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, et al; International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology (ISSUE) Investigators. Mechanism of syncope in patients with bundle branch block and negative electrophysiological test. Circulation. 2001 Oct 23;104(17):2045-50.Full text  Abstract

53. Stegman SS, Burroughs JM, Henthorn RW. Asymptomatic bradyarrhythmias as a marker for sleep apnea: appropriate recognition and treatment may reduce the need for pacemaker therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1996 Jun;19(6):899-904. Abstract

54. Kaushik V, Leon AR, Forrester JS Jr, et al. Bradyarrhythmias, temporary and permanent pacing. Crit Care Med. 2000 Oct;28(suppl 10):N121-8. Abstract

55. Gammage MD. Temporary cardiac pacing. Heart. 2000 Jun;83(6):715-20.Full text  Abstract

56. Benditt DG, Benson DW Jr, Kreitt J, et al. Electrophysiologic effects of theophylline in young patients with recurrent symptomatic bradyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 1983 Dec 1;52(10):1223-9. Abstract

57. Sra JS, Jazayeri MR, Avitall B, et al. Comparison of cardiac pacing with drug therapy in the treatment of neurocardiogenic (vasovagal) syncope with bradycardia or asystole. N Engl J Med. 1993 Apr 15;328(15):1085-90.Full text  Abstract

58. Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. Circulation. 2003 Jun 17;107(23):2932-7.Full text  Abstract

59. Gillis AM, Russo AM, Ellenbogen KA, et al. HRS/ACCF expert consensus statement on pacemaker device and mode selection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Aug 14;60(7):682-703.Full text  Abstract

60. Edwards SJ, Karner C, Trevor N, et al. Dual-chamber pacemakers for treating symptomatic bradycardia due to sick sinus syndrome without atrioventricular block: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2015 Aug;19(65):1-210. Abstract

61. Wilkoff BL, Cook JR, Epstein AE, et al; DAVID Trial Investigators. Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial. JAMA. 2002 Dec 25;288(24):3115-23.Full text  Abstract

62. Sweeney MO, Bank AJ, Nsah E, et al. Minimizing ventricular pacing to reduce atrial fibrillation in sinus-node disease. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 6;357(10):1000-8.Full text  Abstract

63. Curtis AB, Worley SJ, Adamson PB, et al. Biventricular pacing for atrioventricular block and systolic dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 25;368(17):1585-93.Full text  Abstract

64. Grubb BP. Neurocardiogenic syncope and related disorders of orthostatic intolerance. Circulation. 2005 Jun 7;111(22):2997-3006.Full text  Abstract

65. Grubb BP. Clinical practice: neurocardiogenic syncope. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):1004-10. Abstract

66. Theodorakis GN, Leftheriotis D, Livanis EG, et al. Fluoxetine vs. propranolol in the treatment of vasovagal syncope: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Europace. 2006 Mar;8(3):193-8.Full text  Abstract

67. Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jun 1;39(21):1883-948.Full text  Abstract

68. Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, et al; International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology 3 (ISSUE-3) Investigators. Pacemaker therapy in patients with neurally mediated syncope and documented asystole. Third International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology (ISSUE-3): a randomized trial. Circulation. 2012 May 29;125(21):2566-71.Full text  Abstract

69. Gopinathannair R, Salgado BC, Olshansky B. Pacing for vasovagal syncope. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2018 Jun;7(2):95-102.Full text  Abstract

70. Savelieva I, Fumagalli S, Kenny RA, et al. EHRA expert consensus document on the management of arrhythmias in frailty syndrome, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), Latin America Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Society of Southern Africa (CASSA). Europace. 2023 Apr 15;25(4):1249-76.Full text  Abstract

71. Burri H, Jastrzebski M, Cano Ó, et al. EHRA clinical consensus statement on conduction system pacing implantation: executive summary. Endorsed by the Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS) and Latin-American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS). Europace. 2023 Apr 15;25(4):1237-48.Full text  Abstract

72. Su L, Wang S, Wu S, et al. Long-term safety and feasibility of left bundle branch pacing in a large single-center study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021 Feb;14(2):e009261.Full text  Abstract

73. Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2020 Oct 20;142(16_suppl_2):S366-S468.Full text  Abstract

74. Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Aug 1;70(5):e39-110.Full text  Abstract

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