Acute kidney injury

Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-138.Full text

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. October 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Kanagasundaram S, Ashley C, Bhojani S, et al. Renal Association clinical practice guideline acute kidney injury (AKI). August 2019 [internet publication].Full text

Royal College of Physicians. Acute care toolkit 12: acute kidney injury and intravenous fluid therapy. October 2015 [internet publication].Full text

1. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-138.Full text

2. Palevsky PM, Liu KD, Brophy PD, et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013 May;61(5):649-72.Full text  Abstract

3. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. October 2024 [internet publication].Full text

4. Thomas ME, Blaine C, Dawnay A, et al. The definition of acute kidney injury and its use in practice. Kidney Int. 2015 Jan;87(1):62-73. Abstract

5. Sharfuddin AA,  Weisbord SD,  Palevsky PM, et al. Acute kidney injury. In: Taal MW, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, et al, eds. Brenner and Rector's the kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2012.

6. National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. United States Renal Data System 2023 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

7. Ali T, Khan I, Simpson W, et al. Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive population-based study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Apr;18(4):1292-8.Full text  Abstract

8. UK Kidney Association (Renal Association). UK Renal Registry: acute kidney injury (AKI) in England - a report on the nationwide collection of AKI warning test scores from 2018. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

9. Think Kidneys. Reporting the rate of acute kidney injury (AKI) within England – the current state of the NHS AKI Master Patient Index and Registry. January 2018 [internet publication].Full text

10. Think Kidneys. Acute kidney injury best practice guidance: responding to AKI warning stage test results for adults in primary care. April 2016 [internet publication].Full text

11. Selby NM, Kolhe NV, McIntyre CW, et al. Defining the cause of death in hospitalised patients with acute kidney injury. PLoS One. 2012 Nov 2;7(11):e48580.Full text  Abstract

12. Case J, Khan S, Khalid R, et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Res Pract. 2013;2013:479730.Full text  Abstract

13. Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA. Acute kidney injury. Lancet. 2019 Nov 23;394(10212):1949-64. Abstract

14. Kanagasundaram S, Ashley C, Bhojani S, et al. Renal Association clinical practice guideline acute kidney injury (AKI). August 2019 [internet publication].Full text

15. Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Fan D, et al. Community-based incidence of acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2007 Jul;72(2):208-12.Full text  Abstract

16. Ohnuma T, Uchino S, Toki N, et al. External validation for acute kidney injury severity scores: a multicenter retrospective study in 14 Japanese ICUs. Am J Nephrol. 2015;42(1):57-64. Abstract

17. Poukkanen M, Vaara ST, Reinikainen M, et al. Predicting one-year mortality of critically ill patients with early acute kidney injury: data from the prospective multicenter FINNAKI study. Crit Care. 2015 Mar 27;19:125.Full text  Abstract

18. Mehta R, Pascual MT, Soroko S, et al. Spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: the PICARD experience. Kidney Int. 2004 Oct;66(4):1613-21. Abstract

19. Liaño F, Pascual J. Epidemiology of acute renal failure: a prospective, multicenter, community-based study. Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Kidney Int. 1996 Sep;50(3):811-8. Abstract

20. Rihal CS, Textor SC, Grill DE, et al. Incidence and prognostic importance of acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2002 May 14;105(19):2259-64.Full text  Abstract

21. Liangos O, Wald R, O'Bell JW, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients: a national survey. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Jan;1(1):43-51.Full text  Abstract

22. Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. Acute renal failure. Lancet. 2005 Jan 29-Feb 4;365(9457):417-30. Abstract

23. Myers BD, Moran SM. Hemodynamically mediated acute renal failure. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jan 9;314(2):97-105. Abstract

24. Brezis M, Rosen S, Silva P, et al. Renal ischemia: a new perspective. Kidney Int. 1984 Oct;26(4):375-83. Abstract

25. Kaushal GP, Basnakian AG, Shah SV. Apoptotic pathways in ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2004 Aug;66(2):500-6. Abstract

26. Zhou W, Farrar CA, Abe K, et al. Predominant role for C5b-9 in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest. 2000 May;105(10):1363-71.Full text  Abstract

27. Thurman J, Lucia MS, Ljubanovic D, et al. Acute tubular necrosis is characterized by activation of the alternative pathway of complement. Kidney Int. 2005 Feb;67(2):524-30. Abstract

28. Bonventre JV, Zuk A. Ischemic acute renal failure: an inflammatory disease? Kidney Int. 2004 Aug;66(2):480-5. Abstract

29. Lien YH, Yong KC, Cho C, et al. S1P(1) selective agonist, SEW2871, ameliorates ischemic-reperfusion injury in acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2006 May;69(9):1601-8. Abstract

30. Boffa JJ, Arendshorst WJ, et al. Maintenance of renal vascular reactivity contributes to acute renal failure during endotoxemic shock. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Jan;16(1):117-24. Abstract

31. Boffa JJ, Just A, Coffman TM, et al. Thromboxane receptor mediates renal vasoconstriction and contributes to acute renal failure in endotoxemic mice. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004 Sep;15(9):2358-65. Abstract

32. Khan RZ, Badr KF. Endotoxin and renal function: perspectives to the understanding of septic acute renal failure and toxic shock. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999 Apr;14(4):814-8. Abstract

33. Schrier RW, Wang W. Acute renal failure and sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 8;351(2):159-69. Abstract

34. Badr KF, Kelley VE, Rennke HG, et al. Roles for thromboxane A2 and leukotrienes in endotoxin-induced acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 1986 Oct;30(4):474-80. Abstract

35. Persson P, Hansell P, Liss P. Pathophysiology of contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2005 Jul;68(1):14-22. Abstract

36. Heyman S, Rosenberger C, Rosen S, et al. Regional alterations in renal haemodynamics and oxygenation: a role in contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005 Feb;20 Suppl 1:i6-11. Abstract

37. Pflueger A, Larson TS, Nath KA, et al. Role of adenosine in contrast media-induced acute renal failure in diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000 Dec;75(12):1275-83. Abstract

38. Wilhelm-Leen E, Montez-Rath ME, Chertow G. Estimating the risk of radiocontrast-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Feb;28(2):653-9.Full text  Abstract

39. Brinjikji W, Demchuk AM, Murad MH, et al. Neurons over nephrons: systematic review and meta-analysis of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 2017 Jul;48(7):1862-8.Full text  Abstract

40. Ehrmann S, Quartin A, Hobbs BP, et al. Contrast-associated acute kidney injury in the critically ill: systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jun;43(6):785-94. Abstract

41. Goulden R, Rowe BH, Abrahamowicz M, et al. Association of intravenous radiocontrast with kidney function: a regression discontinuity analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Jun 1;181(6):767-74. Abstract

42. Schreiner GF, Kohan DE. Regulation of renal transport processes and hemodynamics by macrophages and lymphocytes. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990 Apr;258(4 Pt 2):F761-7. Abstract

43. Klahr S. New insights into the consequences and mechanisms of renal impairment in obstructive nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991 Dec;18(6):689-99. Abstract

44. Ophascharoensuk V, Giachelli CM, Gordon K, et al. Obstructive uropathy in the mouse: Role of osteopontin in interstitial fibrosis and apoptosis. Kidney Int. 1999 Aug;56(2):571-80. Abstract

45. Moon JA, Kim HT, Cho IS, et al. IN-1130, a novel transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor kinase (ALK5) inhibitor, suppresses renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2006 Oct;70(7):1234-43. Abstract

46. Lu JC, Coca SG, Patel UD, et al. Searching for genes that matter in acute kidney injury: a systematic review. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Jun;4(6):1020-31.Full text  Abstract

47. Zhao B. Genome-wide association study to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms conferring risk for acute kidney injury. Abstract TH-OR028. Paper presented at: Kidney Week 2014. 11-16 Nov 2014. Philadelphia, PA. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(suppl):7A.Full text

48. Jiesisibieke ZL, Tung TH, Xu QY, et al. Association of acute kidney injury with frailty in elderly population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail. 2019 Nov;41(1):1021-7.Full text  Abstract

49. Parfrey PS, Griffiths SM, Barrett BJ, et al. Contrast material induced renal failure in patients with diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, or both. A prospective controlled study. N Engl J Med. 1989 Jan 19;320(3):143-9. Abstract

50. Liu J, Xie H, Ye Z, et al. Rates, predictors, and mortality of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2020 Jul 31;21(1):318.Full text  Abstract

51. Legrand M, Bell S, Forni L, et al. Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021 Nov;17(11):751-64.Full text  Abstract

52. Giuliano CA, Patel CR, Kale-Pradhan PB. Is the combination of piperacillin-tazobactam and vancomycin associated with development of acute kidney injury? A meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2016 Dec;36(12):1217-28. Abstract

53. Luther MK, Timbrook TT, Caffrey AR, et al. Vancomycin plus piperacillin-tazobactam and acute kidney injury in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2018 Jan;46(1):12-20. Abstract

54. Bellos I, Karageorgiou V, Pergialiotis V, et al. Acute kidney injury following the concurrent administration of antipseudomonal β-lactams and vancomycin: a network meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Jun;26(6):696-705.Full text  Abstract

55. Garg AX, Devereaux PJ, Yusuf S, et al. Kidney function after off-pump or on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Jun 4;311(21):2191-8.Full text  Abstract

56. Søvik S, Isachsen MS, Nordhuus KM, et al. Acute kidney injury in trauma patients admitted to the ICU: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2019 Apr;45(4):407-19. Abstract

57. Rojas-Valverde D, Sánchez-Ureña B, Crowe J, et al. Exertional rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury in endurance sports: a systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci. 2021 Feb;21(2):261-74. Abstract

58. Bell S, Dekker FW, Vadiveloo T, et al. Risk of postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery - development and validation of a risk score and effect of acute kidney injury on survival: observational cohort study. BMJ. 2015 Nov 11;351:h5639.Full text  Abstract

59. Shi H, Peng Q, Zhou XL, et al. Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or receptor blockers is associated with reduced mortality in patients with post-acute kidney injury: meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021 Aug;25(15):4900-08. Abstract

60. Yang Y, George KC, Shang WF, et al. Proton-pump inhibitors use, and risk of acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017 Apr 24;11:1291-9.Full text  Abstract

61. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. The association between proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of adverse kidney outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018 Feb 1;33(2):331-42.Full text  Abstract

62. Brown AC. Kidney toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements: Online table of case reports. Part 3 of 5 series. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017 Sep;107(pt a):502-19. Abstract

63. McCarthy CS, Becker JA. Multiple myeloma and contrast media. Radiology. 1992 May;183(2):519-21. Abstract

64. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Quality statement 2: identifying acute kidney injury in people admitted to hospital. NICE quality standard QS76: acute kidney injury. March 2023 [internet publication].

65. Barrett BJ, Parfey PS. Clinical practice. Preventing nephropathy induced by contrast medium. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 26;354(4):379-86. Abstract

66. Nijssen EC, Rennenberg RJ, Nelemans PJ, et al. Prophylactic hydration to protect renal function from intravascular iodinated contrast material in patients at high risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (AMACING): a prospective, randomised, phase 3, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2017 Apr 1;389(10076):1312-22. Abstract

67. Royal College of Emergency Medicine; Royal College of Radiologists. Joint advisory statement between Royal College of Radiologists & Royal College Emergency Medicine regarding emergency computed somography scans and the use of intravenous iodinated contrast agents. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

68. Weisbord SD, Gallagher M, Jneid H, et al; PRESERVE Trial Group. Outcomes after angiography with sodium bicarbonate and acetylcysteine. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 15;378(7):603-14.Full text  Abstract

69. Guo Z, Liu J, Lei L, et al. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on prevention of contrast-associated acute kidney injury in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2020 Oct 16;10(10):e039009.Full text  Abstract

70. Magner K, Ilin JV, Clark EG, et al. Meta-analytic techniques to assess the association between N-acetylcysteine and acute kidney injury after contrast administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jul 1;5(7):e2220671. Abstract

71. Li H, Wang C, Liu C, et al. Efficacy of short-term statin treatment for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography/percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of 21 randomized controlled trials. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2016 Jun;16(3):201-19.Full text  Abstract

72. Xin W, Lin Z, Zhang T, et al. Probucol for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nephrol. 2019 Jul;92(1):36-43.Full text  Abstract

73. Xin W, Lin Z, Zhang T, et al. Effects of allopurinol pretreatment on the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nephrol. 2020 Jan;93(1):24-33. Abstract

74. Xu H, Wang H, Zhang C, et al. Efficacy of alprostadil in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Angiology. 2021 Oct;72(9):878-88. Abstract

75. Royal College of Physicians. Acute care toolkit 12: acute kidney injury and intravenous fluid therapy. October 2015 [internet publication].Full text

76. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS) 2: standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. Dec 2017 [internet publication].Full text

77. NHS England. Sepsis guidance implementation advice for adults. September 2017 [internet publication].Full text

78. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. September 2017 [internet publication].Full text

79. Nutbeam T, Daniels R; The UK Sepsis Trust. Clinical tools [internet publication].Full text

80. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis V2.0. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

81. Think Kidneys. Recommended minimum requirements of a care bundle for patients with AKI in hospital. December 2015; reviewed March 2020 [internet publication].Full text

82. Anathhanam S, Lewington AJ. Acute kidney injury. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2013;43(4):323-8; quiz 329. Abstract

83. Selby NM, Forni LG, Laing CM, et al. Covid-19 and acute kidney injury in hospital: summary of NICE guidelines. BMJ. 2020 May 26;369:m1963.Full text  Abstract

84. Sawhney S, Mitchell M, Marks A, et al. Long-term prognosis after acute kidney injury (AKI): what is the role of baseline kidney function and recovery? A systematic review. BMJ Open. 2015 Jan 6;5(1):e006497.Full text  Abstract

85. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. Adding insult to injury: a review of care of patients who died in hospital with a primary diagnosis of acute kidney injury (acute renal failure). 2009 [internet publication].Full text

86. NHS England. Acute kidney injury (AKI) algorithm [internet publication].Full text

87. Baum N, Dichoso CC, Carlton CE. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. Physiology and interpretations. Urology. 1975 May;5(5):583-8. Abstract

88. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, et al. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care. 2004 Aug;8(4):R204-12.Full text  Abstract

89. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2007;11(2):R31.Full text  Abstract

90. Gabardi S, Munz K, Ulbricht C. A review of dietary supplement-induced renal dysfunction. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jul;2(4):757-65.Full text  Abstract

91. Yarlagadda SG, Perazella MA. Drug-induced crystal nephropathy: an update. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2008 Mar;7(2):147-58.Full text  Abstract

92. Feehally J, Gilmore I, Barasi S, et al. RCPE UK consensus conference statement: Management of acute kidney injury: the role of fluids, e-alerts and biomarkers. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2013;43(1):37-8.Full text  Abstract

93. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Acute kidney injury: a competency framework. Defining the role of the expert clinician. November 2011 [internet publication].Full text

94. UK Kidney Association. Clinical practice guidelines treatment of acute hyperkalaemia in adults. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text

95. Chancharoenthana W, Leelahavanichkul A. Acute kidney injury spectrum in patients with chronic liver disease: where do we stand? World J Gastroenterol. 2019 Jul 28;25(28):3684-703.Full text  Abstract

96. Rachoin JS, Daher R, Moussallem C, et al. The fallacy of the BUN:creatinine ratio in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011 Dec 29;27(6):2248-54.Full text  Abstract

97. El-Khoury JM, Hoenig MP, Jones GRD, et al. AACC guidance document on laboratory investigation of acute kidney injury. J Appl Lab Med. 2021 Sep 1;6(5):1316-37.Full text  Abstract

98. Agrawal M, Swartz R. Acute renal failure. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Apr 1;61(7):2077-88. Abstract

99. Fogazzi GB. Crystalluria: a neglected aspect of urinary sediment analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996 Feb;11(2):379-87. Abstract

100. Muriithi AK, Nasr SH, Leung N. Utility of urine eosinophils in the diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Nov;8(11):1857-62.Full text  Abstract

101. Rossert J. Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int. 2001 Aug;60(2):804-17. Abstract

102. Carvounis CP, Nisar S, Guro-Razuman S. Significance of the fractional excretion of urea in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2002 Dec;62(6):2223-9.Full text  Abstract

103. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Myeloma: diagnosis and management. February 2016 [internet publication].Full text

104. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

105. Folkestad T, Brurberg KG, Nordhuus KM, et al. Acute kidney injury in burn patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020 Jan 2;24(1):2.Full text  Abstract

106. Coca SG, Yalavarthy R, Concato J, et al. Biomarkers for the diagnosis and risk stratification of acute kidney injury: a systematic review. Kidney Int. 2008 May;73(9):1008-16. Abstract

107. Ho J, Tangri N, Komenda P, et al. Urinary, plasma, and serum biomarkers' utility for predicting acute kidney injury associated with cardiac surgery in adults: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015 Dec;66(6):993-1005.Full text  Abstract

108. Erstad BL. Usefulness of the biomarker TIMP-2•IGFBP7 for acute kidney injury assessment in critically ill patients: a narrative review. Ann Pharmacother. 2022 Jan;56(1):83-92.Full text  Abstract

109. Ostermann M, Zarbock A, Goldstein S, et al. Recommendations on acute kidney injury biomarkers from the Acute Disease Quality Initiative Consensus Conference: a consensus statement. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Oct 1;3(10):e2019209.Full text  Abstract

110. Vaidya VS, Ferguson MA, Bonventre JV. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;48:463-93.Full text  Abstract

111. Zhang Z, Lu B, Sheng X, et al. Cystatin C in prediction of acute kidney injury: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011 Sep;58(3):356-65. [Erratum in: Am J Kidney Dis. 2012 Apr;59(4):590-2.] Abstract

112. Small DM, Gobe GC. Cytochrome c: potential as a noninvasive biomarker of drug-induced acute kidney injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012 Jun;8(6):655-64. Abstract

113. Clerico A, Galli C, Fortunato A, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as biomarker of acute kidney injury: a review of the laboratory characteristics and clinical evidences. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2012 Feb 15;50(9):1505-17. Abstract

114. Pappy R, Stavrakis S, Hennebry TA, et al. Effect of statin therapy on contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2011 Sep 15;151(3):348-53. Abstract

115. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, NHS Kidney Care. Acute kidney injury. Mobile application content. February 2013 [internet publication].Full text

116. Balasubramanian G, Al-Aly Z, Moiz A, et al. Early nephrologist involvement in hospital-acquired acute kidney injury: a pilot study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011 Feb;57(2):228-34. Abstract

117. Wilson FP, Shashaty M, Testani J, et al. Automated, electronic alerts for acute kidney injury: a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 May 16;385(9981):1966-74.Full text  Abstract

118. Meier P, Bonfils RM, Vogt B, et al. Referral patterns and outcomes in noncritically ill patients with hospital-acquired acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Aug 4;6(9):2215-25.Full text  Abstract

119. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. Clinical guideline CG174. May 2017 [internet publication].Full text

120. Redl-Wenzl EM, Armbruster C, Edelmann G, et al. The effects of norepinephrine on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock states. Intensive Care Med. 1993;19(3):151-4. Abstract

121. Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J, et al. Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2008 Feb 28;358(9):877-87.Full text  Abstract

122. Gordon AC, Russell JA, Walley KR, et al. The effects of vasopressin on acute kidney injury in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Oct 20;36(1):83-91.Full text  Abstract

123. De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):779-89.Full text  Abstract

124. Mehta RL, Pascual MT, Soroko S, et al. Diuretics, mortality, and nonrecovery of renal function in acute renal failure. JAMA. 2002 Nov 27;288(20):2547-53.Full text  Abstract

125. Cantarovich F, Rangoonwala B, Lorenz H, et al. High-dose furosemide for established ARF: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004 Sep;44(3):402-9. Abstract

126. Ho KM, Sheridan DJ. Meta-analysis of frusemide to prevent or treat acute renal failure. BMJ. 2006 Jul 21;333(7565):420.Full text  Abstract

127. Ho KM, Power BM. Benefits and risks of furosemide in acute kidney injury. Anaesthesia. 2010 Jan 19;65(3):283-93.Full text  Abstract

128. Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, et al. Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide on acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 24;331(21):1416-20.Full text  Abstract

129. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Eculizumab for treating atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. January 2015 [internet publication].Full text

130. Cao M, Leite BN, Ferreiro T, et al. Eculizumab modifies outcomes in adults with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome with acute kidney injury. Am J Nephrol. 2018;48(3):225-33. Abstract

131. Matsumoto M, Fujimura Y, Wada H, et al. Diagnostic and treatment guidelines for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) 2017 in Japan. Int J Hematol. 2017 May 26;106(1):3-15. Abstract

132. Joyce E, Glasner P, Ranganathan S, et al. Tubulointerstitial nephritis: diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016 May 7;32(4):577-87. Abstract

133. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Calcium chloride, calcium gluconate: potential risk of underdosing with calcium gluconate in severe hyperkalaemia. June 2023 [internet publication].Full text

134. Fayad AI, Buamscha DG, Ciapponi A. Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Nov 23;11(11):CD010612.Full text  Abstract

135. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal replacement management therapy and conservative management. October 2018.Full text

136. Intensive Care Society. Guidelines for the provision of intensive care services. June 2019 [internet publication].Full text

137. Lins RL, Elseviers MM, Van der Niepen P, et al. Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury patients admitted to the intensive care unit: results of a randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008 Oct 14;24(2):512-8.Full text  Abstract

138. Palevsky PM, Zhang JH, O'Connor TZ, et al; VA/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network. Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 3;359(1):7-20.Full text  Abstract

139. Tolwani AJ, Campbell RC, Stofan BS, et al. Standard versus high-dose CVVHDF for ICU-related acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Jun;19(6):1233-8.Full text  Abstract

140. Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L, et al; RENAL Replacement Therapy Study Investigators. Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 22;361(17):1627-38.Full text  Abstract

141. Chertow GM, Burdick E, Honour M, et al. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Nov;16(11):3365-70.Full text  Abstract

142. Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, et al. Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet. 2000 Jul 1;356(9223):26-30.Full text  Abstract

143. Saudan P, Niederberger M, De Seigneux S, et al. Adding a dialysis dose to continuous hemofiltration increases survival in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2006 Jul 19;70(7):1312-7.Full text  Abstract

144. Ronco C. Continuous renal replacement therapies for the treatment of acute renal failure in intensive care patients. Clin Nephrol. 1993 Oct;40(4):187-98. Abstract

145. Cullis B, Al-Hwiesh A, Kilonzo K, et al. ISPD guidelines for peritoneal dialysis in acute kidney injury: 2020 update (adults). Perit Dial Int. 2021 Jan;41(1):15-31.Full text  Abstract

146. Rabindranath K, Adams J, Macleod AM, et al. Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD003773.Full text  Abstract

147. Ponce D, Balbi AL. Peritoneal dialysis in acute kidney injury: a viable alternative. Perit Dial Int. 2011 Jul-Aug;31(4):387-9. Abstract

148. Ponce D, Berbel MN, Regina de Goes C, et al. High-volume peritoneal dialysis in acute kidney injury: indications and limitations. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jun;7(6):887-94. Abstract

149. Phu NH, Hien TT, Mai NT, et al. Hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis in infection-associated acute renal failure in Vietnam. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 19;347(12):895-902.Full text  Abstract

150. Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, et al. Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 23;1(1):CD007798.Full text  Abstract

151. Royal College of Nursing. Catheter care: RCN guidance for health care professionals. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

152. Royal College of Nursing. Catheter care: guidance for health care professionals. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

153. Yamada H, Doi K, Tsukamoto T, et al. Low-dose atrial natriuretic peptide for prevention or treatment of acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2019 Feb 11;23(1):41.Full text  Abstract

154. Zhang T, Shen LH, Hu LH, et al. Statins for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Nephrol. 2011;33(4):344-51.Full text  Abstract

155. Zhang BC, Li WM, Xu YW. High-dose statin pretreatment for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2011 Nov-Dec;27(6):851-8. Abstract

156. Giacoppo D, Capodanno D, Capranzano P, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of preprocedural statin administration for reducing contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary catheterization. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Aug 15;114(4):541-8. Abstract

157. Gandhi S, Mosleh W, Abdel-Qadir H, et al. Statins and contrast-induced acute kidney injury with coronary angiography. Am J Med. 2014 Oct;127(10):987-1000. Abstract

158. Bangalore S, Fayyad R, Hovingh GK, et al. Statin and the risk of renal-related serious adverse events: Analysis from the IDEAL, TNT, CARDS, ASPEN, SPARCL, and other placebo-controlled trials. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Jun 15;113(12):2018-20. Abstract

159. Susantitaphong P, Alfayez M, Cohen-Bucay A, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia and prevention of acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Resuscitation. 2012 Feb;83(2):159-67.Full text  Abstract

160. Pickkers P, Heemskerk S, Schouten J, et al. Alkaline phosphatase for treatment of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care. 2012 Jan 23;16(1):R14.Full text  Abstract

161. Kim JE, Song SW, Kim JY, et al. Effect of a single bolus of erythropoietin on renoprotection in patients undergoing thoracic aortic surgery with moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016 Feb;101(2):690-6. Abstract

162. Nigwekar SU, Strippoli GF, Navaneethan SD. Thyroid hormones for acute kidney injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD006740.Full text  Abstract

163. Yang Y, Lang XB, Zhang P, et al. Remote ischemic preconditioning for prevention of acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014 Oct;64(4):574-83. Abstract

164. Menting TP, Wever KE, Ozdemir-van Brunschot DMD, et al. Ischaemic preconditioning for the reduction of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury. Cochrane Database Sys Rev. 2017 Mar 4;(3):CD010777.Full text  Abstract

165. Moore PK, Hsu RK, Liu KD. Management of acute kidney injury: core curriculum 2018. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018 Feb 22;72(1):136-48.Full text  Abstract

166. Lewington AJ, Cerdá J, Mehta RL. Raising awareness of acute kidney injury: a global perspective of a silent killer. Kidney Int. 2013 Sep;84(3):457-67.Full text  Abstract

167. Mehta S, Chauhan K, Patel A, et al. The prognostic importance of duration of AKI: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2018 Apr 19;19(1):91.Full text  Abstract

168. Wang HE, Muntner P, Chertow GM, et al. Acute kidney injury and mortality in hospitalized patients. Am J Nephrol. 2012;35(4):349-55.Full text  Abstract

169. Coca SG, Yusuf B, Shlipak MG, et al. Long-term risk of mortality and other adverse outcomes after acute kidney injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009 Jun;53(6):961-73.Full text  Abstract

170. Tao Li PK, Burdmann EA, Mehta RL. Acute kidney injury: global health alert. Int J Organ Transplant Med. 2013;4(1):1-8.Full text  Abstract

171. Rimes-Stigare C, Awad A, Mårtensson J, et al. Long-term outcome after acute renal replacement therapy: a narrative review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012 Feb;56(2):138-46. Abstract

172. Bhandari S, Turney JH. Survivors of acute renal failure who do not recover renal function. QJM. 1996 Jun;89(6):415-21. Abstract

173. Rifkin DE, Coca SG, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Does AKI Truly Lead to CKD? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jun;23(6):979-84. Abstract

174. Leung KC, Tonelli M, James MT. Chronic kidney disease following acute kidney injury: risk and outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013 Feb;9(2):77-85. Abstract

175. Bucaloiu ID, Kirchner HL, Norfolk ER, et al. Increased risk of death and de novo chronic kidney disease following reversible acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2012 Mar;81(5):477-85. Abstract

176. See EJ, Jayasinghe K, Glassford N, et al. Long-term risk of adverse outcomes after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies using consensus definitions of exposure. Kidney Int. 2019 Jan;95(1):160-72.Full text  Abstract

177. Jaber S, Paugam C, Futier E, et al; BICAR-ICU Study Group. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for patients with severe metabolic acidaemia in the intensive care unit (BICAR-ICU): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2018 Jul 7;392(10141):31-40. Abstract

178. Finn W. Recovery from acute renal failure. Acute renal failure: a companion to Brenner and Rector's the kidney. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2001:425-50.

179. Shaw NJ, Brocklebank JT, Dickinson DF, et al. Long-term outcome for children with acute renal failure following cardiac surgery. Int J Cardiol. 1991 May;31(2):161-5. Abstract

180. Odutayo A, Wong CX, Farkouh M, et al. AKI and long-term risk for cardiovascular events and mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Jan;28(1):377-87.Full text  Abstract

181. Legrand M, Rossignol P. Cardiovascular consequences of acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 4;382(23):2238-47. Abstract

182. Cerdá J, Liu KD, Cruz DN, et al. Promoting kidney function recovery in patients with AKI requiring RRT. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Oct 7;10(10):1859-67. Abstract

183. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2013 Jan;3(1):1-150.Full text

184. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. Clinical guideline CG174. May 2017 [internet publication]Full text

185. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88Full text  Abstract

186. Clark AL, Kalra PR, Petrie MC, et al. Change in renal function associated with drug treatment in heart failure: national guidance. Heart. 2019 Jun;105(12):904-10.Full text  Abstract

187. Think Kidneys. Acute kidney injury best practice guidance: responding to AKI warning stage test results for adults in primary care. April 2016 [internet publication].Full text

188. Shi H, Peng Q, Zhou XL, et al. Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or receptor blockers is associated with reduced mortality in patients with post-acute kidney injury: meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021 Aug;25(15):4900-8.Full text  Abstract

189. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

190. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

191. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract

192. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

193. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

194. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text

195. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

196. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

197. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text  Abstract

198. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text

199. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 Abstract

200. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text  Abstract

201. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-S314.Full text  Abstract

202. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Oct 2024 [internet publication]Full text

203. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9 Abstract

204. British Geriatric Society, Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for the care of people living with frailty undergoing elective and emergency surgery that encompasses the whole perioperative pathway. Sep 2021 [internet publication].Full text

205. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Full text

206. British Geriatrics Society (BGS), Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT). Six steps to better care for older people in acute hospitals. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

207. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]Full text

208. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb;18:249-61.Full text  Abstract

209. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)Full text

210. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract

211. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Full text  Abstract

212. British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing. Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 2016 [internet publication].Full text

213. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Full text

214. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]Full text

215. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Full text

216. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Full text  Abstract

217. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

218. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

219. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Inpatient care of the frail older adult with diabetes. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

220. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67Full text  Abstract

221. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Full text  Abstract

222. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51Full text  Abstract

223. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text

224. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Full text

225. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

226. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]Full text

227. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 Abstract

228. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Full text  Abstract

229. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 Abstract

230. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169Full text  Abstract

231. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text  Abstract

232. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract

233. Emery A, Wells J, Klaus SP, et al. Underestimation of cognitive impairment in older inpatients by the Abbreviated Mental Test Score versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: cross-sectional observational study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020 Sep-Dec;10(3):205-15.Full text  Abstract

234. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

235. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.Full text  Abstract

236. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

237. Tieges Z, Maclullich AMJ, Anand A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021 May 5;50(3):733-43.Full text  Abstract

238. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. 2023 [internet publication]Full text

239. Zhang XM, Jiao J, Xie XH, et al. The association between frailty and delirium among hospitalized patients: an updated meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021 Mar;22(3):527-34. Abstract

240. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text

241. Bishara D. Managing drugs with anticholinergic activity. Drug Ther Bull. 2023 Sep;61(9):135-9.Full text  Abstract

242. Lisibach A, Gallucci G, Benelli V, et al. Evaluation of the association of anticholinergic burden and delirium in older hospitalised patients: a cohort study comparing 19 anticholinergic burden scales. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;88(11):4915-27.Full text  Abstract

243. Smith H, Fligelstone H. Reducing patient and planetary harms from high anticholinergic burden medication. BMJ. 2024 Jan 15;384:e075708.Full text  Abstract

244. Gracie TJ, Caufield-Noll C, Wang NY, et al. The association of preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2021 Aug 1;133(2):314-23.Full text  Abstract

245. Liu CY, Gong N, Liu W. The association between preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perianesth Nurs. 2022 Feb;37(1):53-62.e1. Abstract

246. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text  Abstract

247. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text  Abstract

248. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]Full text

249. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. Dec 2021 [internet publication]Full text

250. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;12(12):CD013304.Full text  Abstract

251. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text  Abstract

252. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.Full text  Abstract

253. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract

254. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract

255. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Full text

256. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Full text

257. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract

258. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 Abstract

259. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text

260. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33Full text  Abstract

261. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13Full text  Abstract

262. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112Full text  Abstract

263. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]Full text

264. Horowitz M, Taylor DM. The Maudsley deprescribing guidelines: antidepressants, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024.

265. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021

266. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text  Abstract

267. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract

268. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract

269. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97Full text  Abstract

270. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40Full text  Abstract

271. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid. 2016 Jun;11(6)4-7Full text

272. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94 Abstract

273. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, Madeira N. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:17Full text  Abstract

274. Roose SP, Rutherford BR. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and operative bleeding risk: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;36(6):704-9 Abstract

275. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text

276. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication]Full text

277. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text  Abstract

278. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text  Abstract

279. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

280. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text  Abstract

281. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text

282. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text

283. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text  Abstract

284. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

285. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308Full text  Abstract

286. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text  Abstract

287. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11.Full text  Abstract

288. Lindson N, Theodoulou A, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta-analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 12;9(9):CD015226.Full text  Abstract

289. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text  Abstract

290. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103Full text

291. Streck JM, Rigotti NA, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 21;5(5):CD001837.Full text  Abstract

292. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS2). Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication]Full text

293. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90Full text  Abstract

294. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705 Abstract

295. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. Abstract