Medial collateral ligament injury

O'Donoghue DH. An analysis of end results of surgical treatment of major injuries to the ligaments of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg. 1955 Jan;37-A(1):1-13. Abstract

American Medical Association, Committee on the Medical Aspects of Sports. Standard nomenclature of athletic injuries. Physical Therapy. 1969 Nov;49(11):1323.Full text

Fetto JF, Marshall JL. Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: a rationale for treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978 May;(132):206-18. Abstract

Warren RF, Marshall JL. Injuries of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the knee. A long-term follow-up of 86 cases - part II. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978 Oct;(136):198-211. Abstract

Phisitkul P, James SL, Wolf BR, et al. MCL injuries of the knee: current concepts review. Iowa Orthop J. 2006 Feb;26:77-90.Full text  Abstract

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute trauma to the knee. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, Johansen S, et al. Injuries to the medial collateral ligament and associated medial structures of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 May;92(5):1266-80. Abstract

Halinen J, Lindahl J, Hirvensalo E, et al. Operative and nonoperative treatments of medial collateral ligament rupture with early anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective randomized study. Am J Sports Med. 2006 Jul;34(7):1134-40. Abstract

Marchant MH Jr, Tibor LM, Sekiya JK, et al. Management of medial-sided knee injuries, part 1: medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2011 May;39(5):1102-13. Abstract

Giannotti BF, Rudy T, Graziano J. The non-surgical management of isolated medial collateral injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 Jun;14(2):74-7. Abstract

1. O'Donoghue DH. An analysis of end results of surgical treatment of major injuries to the ligaments of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg. 1955 Jan;37-A(1):1-13. Abstract

2. American Medical Association, Committee on the Medical Aspects of Sports. Standard nomenclature of athletic injuries. Physical Therapy. 1969 Nov;49(11):1323.Full text

3. Makhmalbaf H, Shahpari O. Medial collateral ligament injury; a new classification based on MRI and clinical findings. A guide for patient selection and early surgical intervention. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2018 Jan;6(1):3-7.Full text  Abstract

4. Slocum DB, Larson RL, James SL. Late reconstruction procedures used to stabilize the knee. Orthop Clin North Am. 1973 Jul;4(3):679-89. Abstract

5. Fetto JF, Marshall JL. Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: a rationale for treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978 May;(132):206-18. Abstract

6. Hughston JC, Barrett GR. Acute anteromedial rotator instability. Long-term results of surgical repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983 Feb;65(2):145-53. Abstract

7. Warren RF, Marshall JL. Injuries of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the knee. A long-term follow-up of 86 cases - part II. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978 Oct;(136):198-211. Abstract

8. Abbot LC, Saunders JB, Bost FC, et al. Injuries to ligaments of the knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg. 1944 Jul 1;26:503-21.

9. Andrews K, Lu A, Mckean L, et al. Review: Medial collateral ligament injuries. J Orthop. 2017 Aug 15;14(4):550-54.Full text  Abstract

10. Meyers MC, Barnhill BS. Incidence, causes, and severity of high school football injuries on FieldTurf versus natural grass: a 5-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2004 Oct-Nov;32(7):1626-38. Abstract

11. Paletta GA, Warren RF. Knee injuries and alpine skiing. Treatment and rehabilitation. Sports Med. 1994 Jun;17(6):411-23. Abstract

12. Dallalana RJ, Brooks JH, Kemp SP, et al. The epidemiology of knee injuries in English professional rugby union. Am J Sports Med. 2007 May;35(5):818-30. Abstract

13. Gardiner JC, Weiss JA, Rosenberg TD. Strain in the human medial collateral ligament during valgus loading of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001 Oct;(391):266-74. Abstract

14. Weiss JA, Woo SL, Ohland KJ, et al. Evaluation of a new injury model to study medial collateral ligament healing: primary repair versus nonoperative treatment. J Orthop Res. 1991 Jul;9(4):516-28. Abstract

15. Hughston JC, Andrews JR, Cross MJ, et al. Classification of knee ligament instabilities. Part I. The medial compartment and cruciate ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58:159-172. Abstract

16. Edson CJ. Conservative and postoperative rehabilitation of isolated and combined injuries of the medial collateral ligament. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 Jun;14(2):105-10. Abstract

17. Jacobson KE, Chi FS. Evaluation and treatment of medial collateral ligament and medial-sided injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 Jun;14(2):58-66. Abstract

18. Phisitkul P, James SL, Wolf BR, et al. MCL injuries of the knee: current concepts review. Iowa Orthop J. 2006 Feb;26:77-90.Full text  Abstract

19. Indelicato P, Linton R. Medial ligament injuries in the adult. In: DeLee J, Drez, D, Miller MD, eds. DeLee & Drez's orthopaedic sports medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2003:1938-49.

20. Garvin GJ, Munk PL, Vellet AD. Tears of the medial collateral ligament: magnetic resonance imaging findings and associated injuries. Can Assoc Radiol J. 1993 Jun;44(3):199-204. Abstract

21. Sims WF, Jacobson KE. The posteromedial corner of the knee: medial-sided injury patterns revisited. Am J Sports Med. 2004 Mar;32(2):337-45. Abstract

22. Donaldson WF 3rd, Warren RF, Wickiewicz T. A comparison of acute anterior cruciate ligament examinations. Initial versus examination under anesthesia. Am J Sports Med. 1985 Jan-Feb;13(1):5-10. Abstract

23. Laprade RF, Bernhardson AS, Griffith CJ, et al. Correlation of valgus stress radiographs with medial knee ligament injuries: an in vitro biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):330-8. Abstract

24. Lee D, Bouffard JA. Ultrasound of the knee. Eur J Ultrasound. 2001 Oct;14(1):57-71. Abstract

25. Meyer P, Reiter A, Akoto​ R, et al. Imaging of the medial collateral ligament of the knee: a systematic review. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2022 Dec;142(12):3721-36.Full text  Abstract

26. Shelbourne KD, Martini DJ, McCarroll JR, et al. Correlation of joint line tenderness and meniscal lesions in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament tears. Am J Sports Med. 1995 Mar-Apr;23(2):166-9. Abstract

27. Bussieres AE, Taylor JA, Peterson C. Diagnostic imaging practice guidelines for musculoskeletal complaints in adults - an evidence-based approach. Part 1. Lower extremity disorders. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007 Nov-Dec;30(9):684-717. Abstract

28. Corea JR, Moussa M, al Othman A. McMurray's test tested. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1994;2(2):70-2. Abstract

29. Chahla J, Kunze KN, LaPrade RF, et al. The posteromedial corner of the knee: an international expert consensus statement on diagnosis, classification, treatment, and rehabilitation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2021 Sep;29(9):2976-86.Full text  Abstract

30. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute trauma to the knee. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

31. Logerstedt DS, Snyder-Mackler L, Ritter RC, et al. Knee stability and movement coordination impairments: knee ligament sprain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010 Apr;40(4):A1-A37.Full text  Abstract

32. Rue JPH, Lewis PB, Detterline AJ, et al. Minimally invasive medial collateral ligament reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft. Tech Knee Surg. 2007;6:266-73.

33. Azar FM. Evaluation and treatment of chronic medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 Jun;14(2):84-90. Abstract

34. Mook WR, Miller MD, Diduch DR, et al. Multiple-ligament knee injuries: a systematic review of the timing of operative intervention and postoperative rehabilitation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Dec;91(12):2946-57. Abstract

35. Woo SL, Young EP, Ohland KJ, et al. The effects of transaction of the anterior cruciate ligament on healing of the medial collateral ligament: a biomechanical study of the knee in dogs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990 Mar;72(3):382-92. Abstract

36. Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, Johansen S, et al. Injuries to the medial collateral ligament and associated medial structures of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 May;92(5):1266-80. Abstract

37. Halinen J, Lindahl J, Hirvensalo E, et al. Operative and nonoperative treatments of medial collateral ligament rupture with early anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective randomized study. Am J Sports Med. 2006 Jul;34(7):1134-40. Abstract

38. Marchant MH Jr, Tibor LM, Sekiya JK, et al. Management of medial-sided knee injuries, part 1: medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2011 May;39(5):1102-13. Abstract

39. Grant JA, Tannenbaum E, Miller BS, et al. Treatment of combined complete tears of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments. Arthroscopy. 2012 Jan;28(1):110-22. Abstract

40. Levy BA, Dajani KA, Whelan DB, et al. Decision making in the multiligament-injured knee: an evidence-based systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2009 Apr;25(4):430-8. Abstract

41. Peskun CJ, Whelan DB. Outcomes of operative and nonoperative treatment of multiligament knee injuries: an evidence-based review. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2011 Jun;19(2):167-73. Abstract

42. Giannotti BF, Rudy T, Graziano J. The non-surgical management of isolated medial collateral injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 Jun;14(2):74-7. Abstract

43. Guenther D, Pfeiffer T, Petersen W, et al.Treatment of combined injuries to the ACL and the MCL complex: a consensus statement of the Ligament Injury Committee of the German Knee Society (DKG). Orthop J Sports Med. 2021 Nov 29;9(11):23259671211050929.Full text  Abstract

44. Lundberg M, Messner K. Ten-year prognosis of isolated and combined medial collateral ligament ruptures: a matched comparison in 40 patients using clinical and radiographic evaluations. Am J Sports Med. 1997 Jan-Feb;25(1):2-6. Abstract

45. Lundberg M, Messner K. Long-term prognosis of isolated partial medial collateral ligament ruptures: a ten-year clinical and radiographic evaluation of a prospectively observed group of patients. Am J Sports Med. 1996 Mar-Apr;24(2):160-3. Abstract