Ischemic bowel disease

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Last reviewed: 3 Apr 2025
Last updated: 28 Feb 2025

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • abdominal pain
  • abdominal tenderness
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • hematochezia/melena
  • diarrhea
  • weight loss
  • abdominal bruit
  • vasculitis
  • light headedness, pallor, dyspnea
  • food fear (sitophobia)
Full details

Risk factors

  • old age
  • history of smoking
  • hypercoagulable states
  • atrial fibrillation
  • myocardial infarction
  • structural heart defects
  • history of vasculitis
  • atherosclerosis
  • recent cardiovascular surgery
  • shock
  • congestive heart failure
  • irritable bowel syndrome
  • colonic carcinoma
  • constipation
  • long-term laxative use
  • use of vasopressors, digitalis, cocaine
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • CT angiogram
  • CBC
  • chemistry panel including CRP
  • coagulation panel, type and screen, cross match
  • arterial blood gas/lactate level
  • ECG
  • erect CXR
  • abdominal x-rays
  • sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
  • upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
Full details

Tests to consider

  • magnetic resonance angiography
  • mesenteric angiography
  • mesenteric duplex ultrasound
Full details

Emerging tests

  • abdominal near-infrared spectroscopy
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

evidence of infarction, perforation, or peritonitis

no evidence of infarction, perforation, or peritonitis

ONGOING

chronic mesenteric ischemia

nonacute colonic ischemia

Contributors

Expert advisers

Monjur Ahmed, AGAF, FACG, FACP, FASGE, FRCP, MD, MRCP

Professor of Medicine

Thomas Jefferson University

Gastroenterologist

Thomas Jefferson University Hospital

Philadelphia

PA

Disclosures

MA declares that he has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

Dr Monjur Ahmed would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Alex von Roon, Dr James Lewis, Dr Amir Bastawrous, Dr Jennifer Holder-Murray, and Dr Alessandro Fichera, previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

AVR, JL, AB, JHM, and AF declare that they have no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Eli D. Ehrenpreis, MD

Professor of Medicine

Rosalind Franklin University Medical School

Chicago

IL

Disclosures

EDE declares that he has no competing interests.

Andrew Poullis, BSc, MBBS, MD, FRCP

Consultant Gastroenterologist

St George’s Hospital

London

UK

Disclosures

AP declares that he has no competing interests.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Brandt LJ, Feuerstadt P, Longstreth GF, et al. ACG clinical guideline: epidemiology, risk factors, patterns of presentation, diagnosis, and management of colon ischemia (CI). Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jan;110(1):18-44.Full text  Abstract

Bala M, Catena F, Kashuk J, et al. Acute mesenteric ischemia: updated guidelines of the World Society of Emergency Surgery. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 Oct 19;17(1):54.Full text  Abstract

Björck M, Koelemay M, Acosta S, et al. Editor's choice - management of the diseases of mesenteric arteries and veins: clinical practice guidelines of the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017 Apr;53(4):460-510.Full text  Abstract

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: radiologic management of mesenteric ischemia. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Tilsed JV, Casamassima A, Kurihara H, et al. ESTES guidelines: acute mesenteric ischaemia. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2016 Apr;42(2):253-70.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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