Botulism

References

Key articles

Rao AK, Sobel J, Chatham-Stephens K, et al. Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Botulism, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 May 7;70(2):1-30.Full text  Abstract

Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, et al. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1059-70. Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Investigational heptavalent botulinum antitoxin (HBAT) to replace licensed botulinum antitoxin AB and investigational botulinum antitoxin E. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Mar 19;59(10):299.Full text  Abstract

Arnon SS, Schechter R, Maslanka SE, et al. Human botulism immune globulin for the treatment of infant botulism. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 2;354(5):462-71.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases. Botulism in the United States, 1899-1996: handbook for epidemiologists, clinicians, and laboratory workers. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1998.Full text

2. Koepke R, Sobel J, Arnon SS. Global occurrence of infant botulism, 1976-2006. Pediatrics. 2008 Jul;122(1):e73-82. Abstract

3. Giménez JA, Giménez MA, DasGupta BR. Characterization of the neurotoxin isolated from a Clostridium baratii strain implicated in infant botulism. Infect Immun. 1992 Feb;60(2):518-22.Full text  Abstract

4. Suen JC, Hatheway CL, Steigerwalt AG, et al. Genetic confirmation of identities of neurotoxigenic Clostridium baratii and Clostridium butyricum implicated as agents of infant botulism. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Oct;26(10):2191-2.Full text  Abstract

5. Gottlieb SL, Kretsinger K, Tarkhashvili N, et al. Long-term outcomes of 217 botulism cases in the Republic of Georgia. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jul 15;45(2):174-80.Full text  Abstract

6. Shaffer N, Wainwright RB, Middaugh JP, et al. Botulism among Alaska natives. The role of changing food preparation and consumption practices. West J Med. 1990 Oct;153(4):390-3.Full text  Abstract

7. Gao QY, Huang YF, Wu JG, et al. A review of botulism in China. Biomed Environ Sci. 1990 Sep;3(3):326-36. Abstract

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Botulism associated with commercially canned chili sauce - Texas and Indiana, July 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007 Aug 3;56(30):767-9.Full text  Abstract

9. Sobel J, Tucker N, Sulka A, et al. Foodborne botulism in the United States, 1990-2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Sep;10(9):1606-11. Abstract

10. McLauchlin J, Grant KA, Little CL. Food-borne botulism in the United Kingdom. J Public Health (Oxf). 2006 Dec;28(4):337-42.Full text  Abstract

11. Health Protection Agency. Guidelines for action in the event of a deliberate release: botulism. 31 March 2009 [internet publication].Full text

12. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: surveillance atlas of infectious diseases - botulismFull text

13. Werner SB, Passaro D, McGee J, et al. Wound botulism in California, 1951-1998: a recent epidemic in heroin injectors. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Oct;31(4):1018-24.Full text  Abstract

14. Passaro DJ, Werner SB, McGee J, et al. Wound botulism associated with black tar heroin among injecting drug users. JAMA. 1998 Mar 18;279(11):859-63.Full text  Abstract

15. Peak CM, Rosen H, Kamali A, et al. Wound botulism outbreak among persons who use black tar heroin - San Diego County, California, 2017-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Jan 4;67(5152):1415-8.Full text  Abstract

16. Crowner BE, Brunstrom JE, Racette BA. Iatrogenic botulism due to therapeutic botulinum toxin A injection in a pediatric patient. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2007 Sep-Oct;30(5):310-3. Abstract

17. Chertow DS, Tan ET, Maslanka SE, et al. Botulism in 4 adults following cosmetic injections with an unlicensed, highly concentrated botulinum preparation. JAMA. 2006 Nov 22;296(20):2476-9.Full text  Abstract

18. Souayah N, Karim H, Kamin SS, et al. Severe botulism after focal injection of botulinum toxin. Neurology. 2006 Nov 28;67(10):1855-6. Abstract

19. Wells CL, Wilkin TD. Clostridia: sporeforming anaerobic bacilli. In: Baron S, ed. Medical Microbiology. 4th ed. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch; 1996:Chapter 18.Full text  Abstract

20. Smith LD. Botulism: the organism, its toxins, the disease. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1977.

21. Hatheway CL, Johnson EA. Clostridium: the sporebearing anaerobes. In: Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M, eds. Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections, 9th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1998:731-82.

22. Fu FN, Lomneth RB, Cai S, et al. Role of zinc in the structure and toxic activity of botulinum neurotoxin. Biochemistry. 1998 Apr 14;37(15):5267-78. Abstract

23. Lacy DB, Tepp W, Cohen AC, et al. Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity. Nat Struct Biol. 1998 Oct;5(10):898-902. Abstract

24. Hauschild AH. Clostridium botulinum. In: Doyle MP, ed. Foodborne bacterial pathogens. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1989:112-89.

25. Arnon S. Infant botulism. In: Feigen RD, Cherry JD, eds. Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1998:570-577.

26. Black JD, Dolly JO. Interaction of 125I-labeled botulinum neurotoxins with nerve terminals. II. Autoradiographic evidence for its uptake into motor nerves by receptor-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Biol. 1986;103:535-544.Full text  Abstract

27. Simpson LL. Peripheral actions of the botulinum toxins. In: Simpson LL, ed. Botulinum neurotoxin and tetanus toxin. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1989:153-178.

28. Blasi J, Binz T, Yamasaki S, et al. Inhibition of neurotransmitter release by clostridial neurotoxins correlates with specific proteolysis of synaptosomal proteins. J Physiol Paris. 1994;88:235-241. Abstract

29. Schiavo G, Benfenati F, Poulain B, et al. Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature. 1992;359:832-835. Abstract

30. Nowakowski JL, Courtney BC, Bing QA, et al. Production of an expression system for a synaptobrevin fragment to monitor cleavage by botulinum neurotoxin B. J Protein Chem. 1998;17:453-462. Abstract

31. Schiavo G, Santucci A, Dasgupta BR, et al. Botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A and E cleave SNAP-25 at distinct COOH-terminal peptide bonds. FEBS Lett. 1993;335:99-103. Abstract

32. Sheth AN, Wiersma P, Atrubin D, et al. International outbreak of severe botulism with prolonged toxemia caused by commercial carrot juice. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Nov 15;47(10):1245-51. Abstract

33. Kalka-Moll WM, Aurbach U, Schaumann R, et al. Wound botulism in injection drug users. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Jun;13(6):942-3. Abstract

34. Brett MM, Hallas G, Mpamugo O. Wound botulism in the UK and Ireland. J Med Microbiol. 2004 Jun;53(Pt 6):555-61.Full text  Abstract

35. Update zu einer Haufung von Wundbotulismus bei injizierenden Drogenkonsumenten in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Epidemiologisches Bulletin. 2005;(48):453.

36. Arnon S. Infant botulism. In: Feigen RD, Cherry JD, eds. Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1998:570-7.

37. Aureli P, Fenicia L, Pasolini B, et al. Two cases of type E infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum in Italy. J Infect Dis. 1986 Aug;154(2):207-11. Abstract

38. Partikian A, Mitchell WG. Iatrogenic botulism in a child with spastic quadriparesis. J Child Neurol. 2007 Oct;22(10):1235-7. Abstract

39. Shelley EB, O'Rourke D, Grant K, et al. Infant botulism due to C. butyricum type E toxin: a novel environmental association with pet terrapins. Epidemiol Infect. 2015 Feb;143(3):461-9. Abstract

40. Morris JG Jr, Snyder JD, Wilson R, et al. Infant botulism in the United States: an epidemiologic study of cases occurring outside of California. Am J Public Health. 1983;73:1385-1388.Full text  Abstract

41. Rao AK, Sobel J, Chatham-Stephens K, et al. Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Botulism, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 May 7;70(2):1-30.Full text  Abstract

42. Shapiro RL, Hatheway C, Swerdlow DL. Botulism in the United States: a clinical and epidemiologic review. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Aug 1;129(3):221-8. Abstract

43. Hughes JM, Blumenthal JR, Merson MH, et al. Clinical features of types A and B food-borne botulism. Ann Intern Med. 1981 Oct;95(4):442-5. Abstract

44. Cherington M. Botulism: update and review. Semin Neurol. 2004 Jun;24(2):155-63. Abstract

45. Istre GR, Compton R, Novotny T, et al. Infant botulism: three cases in a small town. Am J Dis Child. 1986 Oct;140(10):1013-4. Abstract

46. Long SS. Botulism in infancy. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1984 May-Jun;3(3):266-71. Abstract

47. Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, et al. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1059-70. Abstract

48. Notermans S, Nagel J. Assays for botulinum and tetanus toxins. In: Simpson LL, ed. Botulinum neurotoxin and tetanus toxin. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1989:319-31.

49. Dowell VR Jr, McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL, et al. Coproexamination for botulinal toxin and Clostridium botulinum: a new procedure for laboratory diagnosis of botulism. JAMA. 1977 Oct 24;238(17):1829-32. Abstract

50. Gutmann L, Bodensteiner J, Gutierrez A. Electrodiagnosis of botulism. J Pediatr. 1992 Nov;121(5 Pt 1):835. Abstract

51. Roman MG, Humber JY, Hall PA, et al. Amplified immunoassay ELISA-ELCA for measuring Clostridium botulinum type E neurotoxin in fish fillets. J Food Prot. 1994 Nov;57(11):985-90.Full text  Abstract

52. Shone C, Wilton-Smith P, Appleton N, et al. Monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for type A Clostridium botulinum toxin is comparable to the mouse bioassay. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 Jul;50(1):63-7.Full text  Abstract

53. Del Torre M, Stecchini ML, Peck MW. Investigation of the ability of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum to multiply and produce toxin in fresh Italian pasta. J Food Prot. 1998 Aug;61(8):988-93. Abstract

54. Rodriguez A, Dezfulian M. Rapid identification of Clostridium botulinum and botulinal toxin in food. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 1997;42(2):149-51. Abstract

55. Lindström M, Korkeala H. Laboratory diagnostics of botulism. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Apr;19(2):298-314.Full text  Abstract

56. Sobel J. Botulism. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 15;41(8):1167-73.Full text  Abstract

57. Sharma SK, Whiting RC. Methods for detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin in foods. J Food Prot. 2005 Jun;68(6):1256-63. Abstract

58. Pascuzzi RM, Fleck JD. Acute peripheral neuropathy in adults: Guillain-Barre syndrome and related disorders. Neurol Clin. 1997 Aug;15(3):529-47. Abstract

59. Oh SJ, Kim DE, Kuruoglu R, et al. Electrophysiological and clinical correlations in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1996 Jul;19(7):903-6. Abstract

60. Francisco AM, Arnon SS. Clinical mimics of infant botulism. Pediatrics. 2007 Apr;119(4):826-8. Abstract

61. Health Canada. Botulism - guide for healthcare professionals. July 2020 [internet publication].Full text

62. World Health Organization. Foodborne disease outbreaks: guidelines for investigation and control. 2008 [internet publication].Full text

63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Investigational heptavalent botulinum antitoxin (HBAT) to replace licensed botulinum antitoxin AB and investigational botulinum antitoxin E. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Mar 19;59(10):299.Full text  Abstract

64. Arnon SS, Schechter R, Maslanka SE, et al. Human botulism immune globulin for the treatment of infant botulism. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 2;354(5):462-71.Full text  Abstract

65. Chalk CH, Benstead TJ, Pound JD, et al. Medical treatment for botulism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Apr 17;(4):CD008123.Full text  Abstract

66. Santos JI, Swensen P, Glasgow LA. Potentiation of Clostridium botulinum toxin aminoglycoside antibiotics: clinical and laboratory observations. Pediatrics. 1981 Jul;68(1):50-4. Abstract

67. Gangarosa EJ, Donadio JA, Armstrong RW, et al. Botulism in the United States, 1899-1969. Am J Epidemiol. 1971;93:93-101. Abstract

68. Varma JK, Katsitadze G, Moiscrafishvili M, et al. Signs and symptoms predictive of death in patients with foodborne botulism - Republic of Georgia, 1980-2002. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:357-362.Full text  Abstract

69. Glauser TA, Maguire HC, Sladky JT. Relapse of infant botulism. Ann Neurol. 1990;28:187-189. Abstract

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