Schistosomiasis

References

Key articles

World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia). 2022 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. WHO guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

McManus DP, Dunne DW, Sacko M, et al. Schistosomiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Aug 9;4(1):13. Abstract

Mutapi F, Maizels R, Fenwick A, et al. Human schistosomiasis in the post mass drug administration era. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Feb;17(2):e42-8.Full text  Abstract

Weerakoon KG, Gobert GN, Cai P, et al. Advances in the diagnosis of human schistosomiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Oct;28(4):939-67. Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites - Schistosomiasis: resources for health professionals. Oct 2020 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

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2. World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia). 2022 [internet publication].Full text

3. Sturrock RF. The schistosomes and their intermediate hosts. In: Mahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. London, UK: Imperial College Press; 2001:7-83.

4. World Health Organization. Schistomiasis. Jan 2022 [internet publication]Full text

5. Kokaliaris C, Garba A, Matuska M, et al. Effect of preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel on schistosomiasis among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: a spatiotemporal modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;22(1):136-49.Full text  Abstract

6. World Health Organization. WHO guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

7. World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: progress report, 2022. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ​CDC health information ​for international travel (yellow book 2024). Travel-associated infections & diseases: schistosomiasis. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

9. King CH. Disease due to Schistosoma mekongi, S intercalatum and other Schistosome species. In: Mahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. London, UK: Imperial College Press; 2001:391-412.

10. Lindblade KA. The epidemiology of cercarial dermatitis and its association with limnological characteristics of a northern Michigan lake. J Parasitol. 1998 Feb;84(1):19-23. Abstract

11. McManus DP, Dunne DW, Sacko M, et al. Schistosomiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Aug 9;4(1):13. Abstract

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites - schistosomiasis. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text

13. Salas-Coronas J, Pérez Pérez A, Roure S, et al. Consensus document for the management of schistosomiasis in primary care [in spa]. Aten Primaria. 2022 Aug;54(8):102408.Full text  Abstract

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. DPDx - laboratory identification of parasites of public health concern: schistosomiasis. Aug 2019 [internet publication].Full text

15. King CH. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis: determinants of transmission of infection. In: Mahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. London, UK: Imperial College Press; 2001:115-32.

16. Anderson RM, May RM. Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1991:467-96, 507-20.

17. Warren KS, Mahmoud AAF, Cummings P, et al. Schistosomiasis mansoni in Yemeni in California: duration of infection, presence of disease, therapeutic management. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1974 Sep;23(5):902-9. Abstract

18. Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, et al. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet. 2014 Jun 28;383(9936):2253-64. Abstract

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20. Ross AG, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC, et al. Schistosomiasis. N Engl J Med. 2002 Apr 18;346(16):1212-20. Abstract

21. Coutinho HM, Leenstra T, Acosta LP, et al. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein are associated with undernutrition in the context of Schistosoma japonicum infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Oct;75(4):720-6. Abstract

22. Leenstra T, Acosta LP, Langdon GC, et al. Schistosomiasis japonica, anemia, and iron status in children, adolescents, and young adults in Leyte, Philippines 1. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Feb;83(2):371-9.Full text  Abstract

23. Wynn TA, Thompson RW, Cheever AW, et al. Immunopathogenesis of schistosomiasis. Immunol Rev. 2004 Oct;201:156-67. Abstract

24. Kirchhoff LV, Nash TE. A case of schistosomiasis japonica: resolution of CAT-scan detected cerebral abnormalities without specific therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984 Nov;33(6):1155-8. Abstract

25. Centers for Disease Control. Acute schistosomiasis with transverse myelitis in American students returning from Kenya. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1984 Aug 10;33(31):445-7. Abstract

26. Groeneveld AE, Marszalek WW, Heyns CF. Bladder cancer in various population groups in the greater Durban area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Br J Urol. 1996 Aug;78(2):205-8. Abstract

27. Schwartz E, Kozarsky P, Wilson M, et al. Schistosome infection among river rafters on Omo River, Ethiopia. J Travel Med. 2005 Jan-Feb;12(1):3-8.Full text  Abstract

28. Amorosa V, Kremens D, Wolfe MS, et al. Schistosoma mansoni in family 5 years after safari. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Feb;11(2):339-41. Abstract

29. Salas-Coronas J, Bargues MD, Lozano-Serrano AB, et al. Evidence of autochthonous transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in Almeria (southeast Spain): an outbreak analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2021 Nov-Dec;44:102165.Full text  Abstract

30. Jordan P. Schistosomiasis: the St. Lucia project. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1985.

31. Wang Z, Lin C, Wang H, et al. Impact assessment of health education on schistosomiasis among high school students in wanzhou area of three gorges reservoir. CJEBM. 2012;12:274-7.

32. Garn JV, Wilkers JL, Meehan AA, et al. Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil‐transmitted helminth infection. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2022 Jun 21;(6):CD012199.Full text

33. Mutapi F, Maizels R, Fenwick A, et al. Human schistosomiasis in the post mass drug administration era. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Feb;17(2):e42-8.Full text  Abstract

34. Freer JB, Bourke CD, Durhuus GH, et al. Schistosomiasis in the first 1000 days. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Jun;18(6):e193-e203.Full text  Abstract

35. Molehin AJ, McManus DP, You H. Vaccines for human schistosomiasis: recent progress, new developments and future prospects. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 18;23(4):2255.Full text  Abstract

36. Warren KS, Mahmoud AA. Algorithms in the diagnosis and management of exotic diseases: I. schistosomiasis. J Infect Dis. 1975 May;131(5):614-20. Abstract

37. Mulvihill CA, Burnett JW. Swimmer's itch: a cercarial dermatitis. Cutis. 1990 Sep;46(3):211-3. Abstract

38. de Jesus AR, Silva A, Santana LB, et al. Clinical and immunologic evaluation of 31 patients with acute schistosomiasis mansoni. J Infect Dis. 2002 Jan 1;185(1):98-105. Abstract

39. Johnston V, Stockley JM, Dockrell D, et al. British Infection Society and the Hospital for Tropical Diseases. Fever in returned travellers presenting in the United Kingdom: recommendations for investigation and initial management. J Infect. 2009 Jul;59(1):1-18. Abstract

40. Coutinho HM, McGarvey ST, Acosta LP, et al. Nutritional status and serum cytokine profiles in children, adolescents, and young adults with Schistosoma japonicum-associated hepatic fibrosis, in Leyte, Philippines. J Infect Dis. 2005 Aug 1;192(3):528-36. Abstract

41. King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ. Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet. 2005 Apr 30-May 6;365(9470):1561-9. Abstract

42. Kjetland EF, Ndhlovu PD, Mduluza T, et al. Simple clinical manifestations of genital Schistosoma haematobium infection in rural Zimbabwean women. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Mar;72(3):311-9. Abstract

43. Corachan M, Valls ME, Gascon J, et al. Hematospermia: a new etiology of clinical interest. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994 May;50(5):580-4. Abstract

44. Peters PAS, Kazura JW. Update on diagnostic methods for schistosomiasis. In: Mahmoud AAF, ed. Balliere's clinical tropical medicine and communicable diseases: schistosomiasis. London, UK: Bailliere Tindall; 1987:419-33.

45. Savioli L, Hatz C, Dixon H, et al. Control of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium on Pemba Island: egg excretion and hematuria as indicators of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990 Sep;43(3):289-95. Abstract

46. Al-Sherbiny MM, Osman AM, Hancock K, et al. Application of immunodiagnostic assays: detection of antibodies and circulating antigens in human schistosomiasis and correlation with clinical findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999 Jun;60(6):960-6. Abstract

47. Weerakoon KG, Gobert GN, Cai P, et al. Advances in the diagnosis of human schistosomiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Oct;28(4):939-67. Abstract

48. Ochodo EA, Gopalakrishna G, Spek B, et al. Circulating antigen tests and urine reagent strips for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 11;(3):CD009579.Full text  Abstract

49. Ferrari TC. Involvement of central nervous system in the schistosomiasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2004;99(5 Suppl 1):59-62.Full text  Abstract

50. King CL. Schistosomiasis. In: Mahmoud AAF, ed. Parasitic lung diseases. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1997:135-55.

51. El-Mahgoub S. Pelvic schistosomiasis and infertility. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1982 Jun;20(3):201-6. Abstract

52. Pittella JE. Neuroschistosomiasis. Brain Pathol. 1997 Jan;7(1):649-62. Abstract

53. Gellido CL, Onesti S, Llena J, et al. Spinal schistosomiasis. Neurology. 2000 Jan 25;54(2):527. Abstract

54. Richter J, Correia Dacal AR, Vergetti Siqueira JG, et al. Sonographic prediction of variceal bleeding in patients with liver fibrosis due to Schistosoma mansoni. Trop Med Int Health. 1998 Sep;3(9):728-35. Abstract

55. Bedwani R, Renganathan E, El Kwhsky F, et al. Schistosomiasis and the risk of bladder cancer in Alexandria, Egypt. Br J Cancer. 1998 Apr;77(7):1186-9. Abstract

56. King CH, Keating CE, Muruka JF, et al. Urinary tract morbidity in schistosomiasis haematobia: associations with age and intensity of infection in an endemic area of Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988 Oct;39(4):361-8. Abstract

57. Ross AG, Vickers D, Olds GR, et al. Katayama syndrome. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007 Mar;7(3):218-24. Abstract

58. Gendrel D, Kombila M, Beaudoin-Leblevec G, et al. Nontyphoidal salmonellal septicemia in Gabonese children infected with Schistosoma intercalatum. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Jan;18(1):103-5. Abstract

59. Lambertucci JR, Rayes AA, Serufo JC, et al. Schistosomiasis and associated infections. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1998;93(suppl 1):135-9. Abstract

60. Lengeler C, Utzinger J, Tanner M. Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80(3):235-42.Full text  Abstract

61. Swai B, Poggensee G, Mtweve S, et al. Female genital schistosomiasis as an evidence of a neglected cause for reproductive ill-health: a retrospective histopathological study from Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 23;6:134.Full text  Abstract

62. Richter J, Hatz C, Campagne G, et al. Ultrasound in schistosomiasis: a practical guide to the standardized use of ultrasonography for the assessment of schistosomiasis-related morbidity. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000.

63. van Velthuysen ML, Florquin S. Glomerulopathy associated with parasitic infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000 Jan;13(1):55-66.Full text  Abstract

64. Forsyth DM, Bradley DJ, McMahon J. Death attributed to kidney failure in communities with endemic urinary schistosomiasis. Lancet. 1970 Aug 29;2(7670):472-3. Abstract

65. Grech M, Busuttil G, Gauci CD, et al. Urinary schistosomiasis: a case of late presentation. BMJ Case Rep. 2022 Mar 1;15(3):e246966. Abstract

66. Gordon MA, Zijlstra EE, Naus CW, et al. Schistosomiasis does not contribute to death or recurrence of nontyphoid Salmonella bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected Malawian adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Dec 15;37(12):e177-9. Abstract

67. Moore TA, McCarthy JS. Toxocariasis and larva migrans syndromes. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases, principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1209-16.

68. King CH, Magak P, Salam EA, et al. Measuring morbidity in schistosomiasis mansoni: relationship between image pattern, portal vein diameter and portal branch thickness in large-scale surveys using new WHO coding guidelines for ultrasound in schistosomiasis. Trop Med Int Health. 2003 Feb;8(2):109-17.Full text  Abstract

69. King CH. Ultrasound monitoring of structural urinary tract disease in Schistosoma haematobium infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2002;97(suppl 1):149-52.Full text  Abstract

70. Means AR, Burns P, Sinclair D, et al. Antihelminthics in helminth-endemic areas: effects on HIV disease progression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 14;4:CD006419.Full text  Abstract

71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites - Schistosomiasis: resources for health professionals. Oct 2020 [internet publication].Full text

72. Hailegebriel T, Nibret E, Munshea A. Efficacy of praziquantel for the treatment of human schistosomiasis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trop Med. 2021;2021:2625255.Full text  Abstract

73. Hatz C, Mayombana C, de Savigny D, et al. Ultrasound scanning for detecting morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium and its resolution following treatment with different doses of praziquantel. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990 Jan-Feb;84(1):84-8. Abstract

74. Danso-Appiah A, Olliaro PL, Donegan S, et al. Drugs for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;(2):CD000528.Full text  Abstract

75. King CH, Mahmoud AA. Drugs five years later: praziquantel. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Feb 15;110(4):290-6. Abstract

76. Liu R, Dong HF, Guo Y, et al. Efficacy of praziquantel and artemisinin derivatives for the treatment and prevention of human schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:201.Full text  Abstract

77. N'Goran EK, Odiere MR, Assandé Aka R, et al. Efficacy, safety, and palatability of arpraziquantel (L-praziquantel) orodispersible tablets in children aged 3 months to 6 years infected with Schistosoma in Côte d'Ivoire and Kenya: an open-label, partly randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Mar 6;S1473-3099(23)00048-8.Full text  Abstract

78. Utzinger J, Xiao SH, Tanner M, et al. Artemisinins for schistosomiasis and beyond. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Feb;8(2):105-16. Abstract

79. Utzinger J, Keiser J, Shuhua X, et al. Combination chemotherapy of schistosomiasis in laboratory studies and clinical trials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 May;47(5):1487-95.Full text  Abstract

80. Hua HY, Liang YS, Zhang Y, et al. The sensitivity of artesunate against Schistosoma japonicum decreased after 10 years of use in China. Parasitol Res. 2010 Sep;107(4):873-8. Abstract

81. Obonyo CO, Muok EM, Mwinzi PN. Efficacy of artesunate with sulfalene plus pyrimethamine versus praziquantel for treatment of Schistosoma mansoni in Kenyan children: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Sep;10(9):603-11. Abstract

82. Pérez del Villar L, Burguillo FJ, López-Abán J, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of artemisinin based therapies for the treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45867.Full text  Abstract

83. Utzinger J, N'Goran EK, N'Dri A, et al. Oral artemether for prevention of Schistosoma mansoni infection: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000 Apr 15;355(9212):1320-5. Abstract

84. Hou XY, McManus DP, Gray DJ, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of safety and efficacy of combined praziquantel and artemether treatment for acute schistosomiasis japonica in China. Bull World Health Organ. 2008 Oct;86(10):788-95.Full text  Abstract

85. Inyang-Etoh PC, Ejezie GC, Useh MF, et al. Efficacy of a combination of praziquantel and artesunate in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Jan;103(1):38-44. Abstract

86. Kramer CV, Zhang F, Sinclair D, et al. Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(8):CD000053.Full text  Abstract

87. King CH, Muchiri E, Ouma JH, et al. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. IV. Impact of repeated annual chemotherapy on prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection in an endemic area of Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1991 Oct;45(4):498-508. Abstract

88. Abdel-Salam E, Ehsan A. Cystoscopic picture of Schistosoma haematobium in Egyptian children correlated to intensity of infection and morbidity. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1978 Jul;27(4):774-8. Abstract

89. Barrou B, Bitker MO, Boyer C, et al. Results of renal transplantation in patients with Schistosoma infection. J Urol. 1997 Apr;157(4):1232-5. Abstract

90. Abdel-Wahab MF, Ramzy I, Esmat G, et al. Ultrasound for detecting Schistosoma haematobium urinary tract complications: comparison with radiographic procedures. J Urol. 1992 Aug;148(2 Pt 1):346-50. Abstract

91. Christie JD, Crouse D, Kelada AB, et al. Patterns of Schistosoma haematobium egg distribution in the human lower urinary tract. III. Cancerous lower urinary tracts. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986 Jul;35(4):759-64. Abstract

92. el-Bolkainy MN, Chu EW, Ghoneim MA, et al. Cytologic detection of bladder cancer in a rural Egyptian population infested with schistosomiasis. Acta Cytol. 1982 May-Jun;26(3):303-10. Abstract

93. Badalament RA. Is the role of cystoscopy in the detection of bladder cancer really declining? J Urol. 1998 Feb;159(2):399-400. Abstract

94. Coutinho HM, Acosta LP, McGarvey ST, et al. Nutritional status improves after treatment of Schistosoma japonicum-infected children and adolescents. J Nutr. 2006 Jan;136(1):183-8.Full text  Abstract

95. King CH, Dangerfield-Cha M. The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis. Chronic Illn. 2008 Mar;4(1):65-79. Abstract

96. AbouZahr C, Vaughan JP. Assessing the burden of sexual and reproductive ill-health: questions regarding the use of disability-adjusted life years. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78(5):655-66. Abstract

97. Khalaf I, Shokeir A, Shalaby M. Urologic complications of genitourinary schistosomiasis. World J Urol. 2012 Feb;30(1):31-8. Abstract

98. Elmasalme FN, Raheem MA, Badawy A, et al. Rectosigmoid bilharzioma causing intestinal obstruction. J Pediatr Surg. 1997 Apr;32(4):631-3. Abstract

99. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 21-2001. A 31-year-old man with an apparent seizure and a mass in the right parietal lobe. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jul 12;345(2):126-31. Abstract

100. Lambertucci JR, Silva LC, do Amaral RS. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of schistosomal myeloradiculopathy. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2007 Sep-Oct;40(5):574-81.Full text  Abstract

101. Assaré RK, Tian-Bi YN, Yao PK, et al. Sustaining control of Schistosomiasis mansoni in Western Côte d'Ivoire: results from a SCORE study, one year after initial praziquantel administration. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Jan 20;10(1):e0004329.Full text  Abstract

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