References
Key articles
Gerson LB, Fidler JL, Cave DR, et al. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of small bowel bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Sep;110(9):1265-87; quiz 1288.Full text Abstract
Sengupta N, Kastenberg DM, Bruining DH, et al. The role of imaging for GI bleeding: ACG and SAR consensus recommendations. Radiology. 2024 Mar;310(3):e232298. Abstract
Triantafyllou K, Gkolfakis P, Gralnek IM, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy. 2021 Aug;53(8):850-68.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Jackson CS, Strong R. Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia: diagnosis and management. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2017 Jan;27(1):51-62. Abstract
2. Carey EJ, Leighton JA, Heigh RI, et al. A single-center experience of 260 consecutive patients undergoing capsule endoscopy for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan;102(1):89-95. Abstract
3. Bollinger E, Raines D, Saitta P. Distribution of bleeding gastrointestinal angioectasias in a Western population. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Nov 21;18(43):6235-9.Full text Abstract
4. Sami SS, Al-Araji SA, Ragunath K. Review article: gastrointestinal angiodysplasia - pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Jan;39(1):15-34. Abstract
5. Foutch PG. Angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993 Jun;88(6):807-18. Abstract
6. Annamalai G, Robertson I. Acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage: investigation and treatment. Imaging. 2004;16:264-70.
7. Clouse RE, Costigan DJ, Mills BA, et al. Angiodysplasia as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Arch Intern Med. 1985 Mar;145(3):458-61.Full text Abstract
8. Gerson LB, Fidler JL, Cave DR, et al. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of small bowel bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Sep;110(9):1265-87; quiz 1288.Full text Abstract
9. Chetcuti Zammit S, Koulaouzidis A, Sanders DS, et al. Overview of small bowel angioectasias: clinical presentation and treatment options. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Feb;12(2):125-39. Abstract
10. Foutch PG, Rex DK, Lieberman DA. Prevalence and natural history of colonic angiodysplasia among healthy asymptomatic people. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995 Apr;90(4):564-7. Abstract
11. Baer JW, Ryan S: Analysis of cecal vasculature in the search for vascular malformations. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1976 Feb;126(2):394-405.Full text Abstract
12. Wandono H. Diagnosis and treatment of hematochezia: guideline for clinical practice. Acta Med Indones. 2007 Oct-Dec;39(4):202-6.Full text Abstract
13. Tsai TJ, Chen WC, Huang YT, et al. Hemodialysis increases the risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding and angiodysplasia bleeding: A nationwide population study. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2020;2020:7206171.Full text Abstract
14. Zajjari Y, Tamzaourte M, Montasser D, et al. Gastrointestinal bleeding due to angiodysplasia in patients on hemodialysis: A single-center study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2016 Jul-Aug;27(4):748-51.Full text Abstract
15. Lin Y, Li C, Waters D, et al. Gastrointestinal bleeding in chronic kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail. 2023;45(2):2276908.Full text Abstract
16. Bush RW, Huff JW. Von Willebrand's disease and severe gastrointestinal bleeding: report of a kindred. West J Med. 1984 May;140(5):781-3.Full text Abstract
17. Franchini M, Mannucci PM. Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia and bleeding in von Willebrand disease. Thromb Haemost. 2014 Sep 2;112(3):427-31.Full text Abstract
18. Sengupta N, Kastenberg DM, Bruining DH, et al. The role of imaging for GI bleeding: ACG and SAR consensus recommendations. Radiology. 2024 Mar;310(3):e232298. Abstract
19. Saha B, Wien E, Fancher N, et al. Heyde's syndrome: a systematic review of case reports. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2022 May;9(1):e000866.Full text Abstract
20. Pate GE, Mulligan A. An epidemiological study of Heyde's syndrome: an association between aortic stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding. J Heart Valve Dis. 2004 Sep;13(5):713-6.Full text Abstract
21. Goltstein LCMJ, Rooijakkers MJP, Hoeks M, et al. Effectiveness of aortic valve replacement in Heyde syndrome: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2023 Sep 1;44(33):3168-77.Full text Abstract
22. Marie I, Antonietti M, Houivet E, et al. Gastrointestinal mucosal abnormalities using videocapsule endoscopy in systemic sclerosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Jul;40(2):189-99.Full text Abstract
23. Grooteman KV, Holleran G, Matheeuwsen M, et al. A risk assessment of factors for the presence of angiodysplasias during endoscopy and factors contributing to symptomatic bleeding and rebleeds. Dig Dis Sci. 2019 Oct;64(10):2923-32.Full text Abstract
24. Holleran G, Hall B, Hussey M, et al. Small bowel angiodysplasia and novel disease associations: a cohort study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013 Apr;48(4):433-8.Full text Abstract
25. Nishimura N, Mizuno M, Shimodate Y, et al. Risk factors for active bleeding from colonic angiodysplasia confirmed by colonoscopic observation. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2016 Dec;31(12):1869-73. Abstract
26. Diggs NG, Holub JL, Lieberman DA, et al. Factors that contribute to blood loss in patients with colonic angiodysplasia from a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 May;9(5):415-20; quiz e49.Full text Abstract
27. Athanasoulis CA, Galdabini JJ, Waltman AC, et al. Angiodysplasia of the colon: a cause of rectal bleeding. Cardiovasc Radiol. 1977-1978;1:3-13. Abstract
28. Ghdes O, Gaja A, Blel A, et al. Ileal angiodysplasia presentation as a bowel obstruction: a case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2017;39:301-4.Full text Abstract
29. Baum S, Athanasoulis CA, Waltman AC, et al. Angiodysplasia of the right colon: a cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1977;129:789-94.Full text Abstract
30. Fujita H, Momoi M, Chuganji Y, et al. Increased plasma vascular endothelial growth factor levels in patients with angiodysplasia. J Intern Med. 2000 Sep;248(3):268-9.Full text Abstract
31. Veyradier A, Balian A, Wolf M, et al. Abnormal von Willebrand factor in bleeding angiodysplasias of the digestive tract. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):346-53.Full text Abstract
32. Alhumood SA, Devine DV, Lawson L, et al. Idiopathic immune-mediated acquired von Willebrand's disease in a patient with angiodysplasia: demonstration of an unusual inhibitor causing a functional defect and rapid clearance of von Willebrand factor. Am J Hematol. 1999 Feb;60(2):151-7.Full text Abstract
33. Fressinaud E, Meyer D. International survey of patients with von Willebrand disease and angiodysplasia. Thromb Haemost. 1993 Sep 1;70(3):546. Abstract
34. Karuppasamy K, Kapoor BS, Fidelman N, et al. Expert panel on interventional radiology, ACR appropriateness criteria® radiologic management of lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding: 2021 update. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2021 May 21;18(5):S139-52.Full text Abstract
35. Sengupta N, Feuerstein JD, Jairath V, et al. Management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: an updated ACG guideline. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Feb 1;118(2):208-31.Full text Abstract
36. Oakland K, Jairath V, Uberoi R, et al. Derivation and validation of a novel risk score for safe discharge after acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Sep;2(9):635-43. Abstract
37. Oakland K, Kothiwale S, Forehand T, et al. External validation of the Oakland Score to assess safe hospital discharge among adult patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e209630.Full text Abstract
38. Triantafyllou K, Gkolfakis P, Gralnek IM, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy. 2021 Aug;53(8):850-68.Full text Abstract
39. Brandt LJ, Spinnell MK. Ability of naloxone to enhance the colonoscopic appearance of normal colon vasculature and colon vascular ectasias. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Jan;49(1):79-83. Abstract
40. Raju GS, Gerson L, Das A, et al. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute medical position statement on obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology. 2007 Nov;133(5):1697-717.Full text Abstract
41. Leenhardt R, Li C, Koulaouzidis A, et al. Nomenclature and semantic description of vascular lesions in small bowel capsule endoscopy: an international Delphi consensus statement. Endosc Int Open. 2019 Mar;7(3):E372-9.Full text Abstract
42. Pennazio M, Rondonotti E, Despott EJ, et al. Small-bowel capsule endoscopy and device-assisted enteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel disorders: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline - update 2022. Endoscopy. 2023 Jan;55(1):58-95.Full text Abstract
43. Ettorre GC, Francioso G, Garribba AP, et al. Helical CT angiography in gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 Mar;168(3):727-31.Full text Abstract
44. Junquera F, Quiroga S, Saperas E, et al. Accuracy of helical computed tomographic angiography for the diagnosis of colonic angiodysplasia. Gastroenterology. 2000 Aug;119(2):293-9. Abstract
45. Chuang FJ, Lin JS, Yeung CY, et al. Intestinal angiodysplasia: an uncommon cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in children. Pediatr Neonatol. 2011 Aug;52(4):214-8.Full text Abstract
46. Robertson AR, Koulaouzidis A, Brindle WM, et al. Small bowel angioectasia as a marker of frailty and poor prognosis. Endosc Int Open. 2020 Jul;8(7):E953-8.Full text Abstract
47. Tai FWD, Chetcuti-Zammit S, Sidhu R. Small bowel angioectasia-the clinical and cost impact of different management strategies. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2023 Oct;47(8):102193. Abstract
48. Lieberman D. Gastrointestinal bleeding: initial management. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993 Dec;22(4):723-36. Abstract
49. Jensen DM, Machiado GA. Diagnosis and treatment of severe hematochezia: the role of urgent colonoscopy after purge. Gastroenterology. 1988 Dec;95(6):1569-74. Abstract
50. Tsay C, Shung D, Stemmer Frumento K, et al. Early colonoscopy does not improve outcomes of patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding: systematic review of randomized trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Jul;18(8):1696-703.e2.Full text Abstract
51. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Wireless capsule endoscopy for investigation of the small bowel. Dec 2004 [internet publication].Full text
52. Hindryckx P, Botelberge T, De Vos M, et al. Clinical impact of capsule endoscopy on further strategy and long-term clinical outcome in patients with obscure bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Jul;68(1):98-104. Abstract
53. Lefkovitz Z, Cappell MS, Kaplan M, et al. Radiology in the diagnosis and therapy of gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology Clin North Am. 2000 Jun;29(2):489-512. Abstract
54. Kadir S. Diagnostic angiography. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1986:361.
55. Leitman IM, Paull DE, Shires GT III. Evaluation and management of massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Ann Surg. 1989 Feb;209(2):175-80.Full text Abstract
56. Nath RL, Sequeira JC, Weitzman AF, et al. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: diagnostic approach and management conclusions. Am J Surg. 1981 Apr;141(4):478-81. Abstract
57. Whitaker SC, Gregson RH. The role of angiography in the investigation of acute or chronic gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Clin Radiol. 1993 Jun;47(6):382-8. Abstract
58. Zuckerman DA, Bocchini TP, Birnbaum EH. Massive hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract in adults: diagnostic imaging and intervention. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993 Oct;161(4):703-11.Full text Abstract
59. Gupta H, Luna E, Kingsley S, et al. Detection of gastrointestinal bleeding by radionuclide scintigraphy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1984 Jan;79(1):26-31. Abstract
60. Bentley DE, Richardson JD. The role of tagged red blood cell imaging in the localization of gastrointestinal bleeding. Arch Surg. 1991 Jul;126(7):821-4. Abstract
61. Bunker SR, Lull RJ, Tenasescu DR, et al. Scintigraphy of gastrointestinal hemorrhage: superiority of 99mTc red blood cells over 99mTc sulphur colloid. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984 Sep;143(3):543-8.Full text Abstract
62. Bunker SR, Brown JM, McAuley RJ, et al. Detection of gastrointestinal bleeding sites: use of in vitro technetium Tc99m-labeled RBCs. JAMA. 1982 Feb 12;247(6):789-92. Abstract
63. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Coelho-Prabhu N, Forbes N, et al. Adverse events associated with EGD and EGD-related techniques. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Sep;96(3):389-401.e1.Full text Abstract
64. Storm AC, Fishman DS, Buxbaum JL, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on informed consent for GI endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Feb;95(2):207-15.Full text Abstract
65. Olmos JA, Marcolongo M, Pogorelsky V, et al. Long-term outcome of argon plasma ablation therapy for bleeding in 100 consecutive patients with colonic angiodysplasia. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Oct;49(10):1507-16.Full text Abstract
66. Olmos JA, Marcolongo M, Pogorelsky V, et al. Argon plasma coagulation for prevention of recurrent bleeding from GI angiodysplasias. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004 Dec;60(6):881-6.Full text Abstract
67. Pichon Riviere A, Augustovski F, Garcia Marti S, et al. Argon plasma usefulness for the treatment of gastrointestinal lesions. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS); 2005.
68. Gkolfakis P, Fostier R, Tziatzios G, et al. Efficacy of pharmacologic treatment for treating gastrointestinal angiodysplasias-related bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Oct 1;34(10):1021-30. Abstract
69. Brown C, Subramanian V, Wilcox CM, et al. Somatostatin analogues in the treatment of recurrent bleeding from gastrointestinal vascular malformations: an overview and systematic review of prospective observational studies. Dig Dis Sci. 2010 Aug;55(8):2129-34. Abstract
70. Swanson E, Mahgoub A, MacDonald R, et al. Medical and endoscopic therapies for angiodysplasia and gastric antral vascular ectasia: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Apr;12(4):571-82.Full text Abstract
71. Goltstein LCMJ, Grooteman KV, Bernts LHP, et al. Standard of care versus octreotide in angiodysplasia-related bleeding (the OCEAN study): a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2024 Apr;166(4):690-703.Full text Abstract
72. Frago S, Alcedo J, Martín Pena-Galo E, et al. Long-term results with lanreotide in patients with recurrent gastrointestinal angiodysplasias bleeding or obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Benefits in efficacy and procedures consumption. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2018 Dec;53(12):1496-502. Abstract
73. Hawks MK, Svarverud JE. Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician. 2020 Feb 15;101(4):206-12.Full text Abstract
74. Jackson CS, Gerson LB. Management of gastrointestinal angiodysplastic lesions (GIADs): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Apr;109(4):474-83.Full text Abstract
75. Goltstein LCMJ, Grooteman KV, Rocco A, et al. Effectiveness and predictors of response to somatostatin analogues in patients with gastrointestinal angiodysplasias: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Nov;6(11):922-32.Full text Abstract
76. Samaha E, Rahmi G, Landi B, et al. Long-term outcome of patients treated with double balloon enteroscopy for small bowel vascular lesions. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Feb;107(2):240-6. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer