Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

References

Key articles

Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021 Aug;74(2):1014-48.Full text  Abstract

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2018 Aug;69(2):406-60.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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9. Jeffries MA, Stern MA, Gunaratnam NT, et al. Unsuspected infection is infrequent in asymptomatic outpatients with refractory ascites undergoing therapeutic paracentesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Oct;94(10):2972-6. Abstract

10. Arzivian A, Duong T. The incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis-related ascites undergoing elective outpatient large-volume paracentesis. Cureus. 2023 Dec 8;15(12):e50191.Full text  Abstract

11. Cholongitas E, Papatheodoridis GV, Lahanas A, et al. Increasing frequency of Gram-positive bacteria in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Liver Int. 2005 Feb;25(1):57-61. Abstract

12. Campillo B, Richardet JP, Kheo T, et al. Nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia in cirrhotic patients: impact of isolate type on prognosis and characteristics of infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Jul 1;35(1):1-10.Full text  Abstract

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17. Alexopoulou A, Papadopoulos N, Eliopoulos DG, et al. Increasing frequency of gram-positive cocci and gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Liver Int. 2013 Aug;33(7):975-81. Abstract

18. Piano S, Romano A, Rosi S, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: the last therapeutic challenge. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Oct;24(10):1234-7. Abstract

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20. Singh N, Wagener MM, Gayowski T. Changing epidemiology and predictors of mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis at a liver transplant unit. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003 Jun;9(6):531-7.Full text  Abstract

21. Kamani L, Mumtaz K, Ahmed US, et al. Outcomes in culture positive and culture negative ascitic fluid infections in patients with viral cirrhosis: cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2008 Dec 18;8:59. Abstract

22. Espinoza-Gómez F, Newton-Sánchez O, Melnikov V, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Listeria in a patient with cirrhosis: case report [in Spanish]. Rev Med Chil. 2006 Sep;134(9):1171-4.Full text  Abstract

23. Musher DM, Nichol AC, Rueda AM. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae as a cause of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Jun;44(6):2304-6.Full text  Abstract

24. Dimopoulou A, Dimopoulou D, Christianakis E, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in a previously healthy child. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Jun;32(6):704. Abstract

25. Brautbar A, Esayag Y, Breuer GS, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Isr Med Assoc J. 2007 Mar;9(3):175-6. Abstract

26. Nathanson L. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Neisseria meningitides serogroup Z. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1993 Aug;32(8):510. Abstract

27. Lecliere S, Di Fiore F, Hervé S, et al. Spontaneous infection of ascitic fluid due to Salmonella typhimurium in a cirrhotic patient undergoing selective intestinal decontamination with norfloxacin [in French]. Presse Med. 2003 Mar 29;32(12):550-2. Abstract

28. Adhikary R, Joshi S, Venugopa RV, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by S. paratyphi A. J Assoc Physicians India. 2013 Dec;61(12):930-31. Abstract

29. Kim HM, Chon CY, Ahn SH, et al. Fatal spontaneous bacterial peritonitis by Leclercia adecarboxylata in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Clin Pract. 2008 Aug;62(8):1296-8. Abstract

30. Dalamaga M, Karmaniolas K, Pantelaki M, et al. Spontaneous peritonitis caused by Leminorella grimontii. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006 Sep;56(1):83-5. Abstract

31. Colakoglu S, Turunc T, Taskoparan M, et al. Three cases of serious infection caused by Aerococcus urinae: a patient with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and two patients with bacteremia. Infection. 2008 Jun;36(3):288-90. Abstract

32. Velayos Jiménez B, Fernández Salazar L, Aller Fuente R, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Gemella morbillorum in a patient under chronic treatment with norfloxacin [in Spanish]. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Mar;31(3):129. Abstract

33. Flores-Franco RA, Lachica-Rodriguez GN, Banuelos-Moreno L, et al. Spontaneous peritonitis attributed to actinomyces species. Ann Hepatol. 2007 Oct-Dec;6(4):276-8. Abstract

34. Gautam M, Chopra KB, Douglas DD, et al. Streptococcus salivarius bacteremia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver transplantation candidates. Liver Transpl. 2007 Nov;13(11):1582-8.Full text  Abstract

35. Wi YM, Sohn KM, Rhee JY, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Ochrobactrum anthropi: a case report. J Korean Med Sci. 2007 Apr;22(2):377-9.Full text  Abstract

36. Farmer AD, Bruckner Holt CE, Le Roux G, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. J Infect. 2007 May;54(5):516. Abstract

37. Singh DK, Tyagi I, Saran RK, et al. Fatal spontaneous Cryptococcal peritonitis in a woman with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Acta Cytol. 2010 Sep-Oct;54(5 Suppl):1087-9. Abstract

38. Bal CK, Bhatia V, Khillan V, et al. Spontaneous cryptococcal peritonitis with fungemia in patients with decompensated cirrhosis: Report of two cases. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2014 Aug;18(8):536-9.Full text  Abstract

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40. Hwang SY, Yu SJ, Lee JH, et al. Spontaneous fungal peritonitis: a severe complication in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;33(2):259-64. Abstract

41. Ferreira AO, Martins LN, Marinho RT, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis by Brucella in a cirrhotic patient. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013:bcr2013008629.Full text  Abstract

42. Sim JS, Kim HS, Oh KJ, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with sepsis caused by Enterococcus hirae. J Korean Med Sci. 2012 Dec;27(12):1598-600.Full text  Abstract

43. Narciso-Schiavon JL, Borgonovo A, Marques PC, et al. Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum as causative agents of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Ann Hepatol. 2015 Mar-Apr;14(2):270-2Full text  Abstract

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45. Patel S, Gandhi D, Mehta V, et al. Plesiomonas shigelloides : an extremely rare cause of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2016 Mar;79(1):52-3. Abstract

46. Kaur J, Singh J, Cheema YS. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a rare manifestation of expanded dengue syndrome. Turk J Emerg Med. 2023 Jul-Sep;23(3):188-90.Full text  Abstract

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56. Bruns T, Lutz P, Stallmach A, et al. Low ascitic fluid protein does not indicate an increased risk for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in current cohorts. J Hepatol. 2015 Aug;63(2):527-8.Full text  Abstract

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61. Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021 Aug;74(2):1014-48.Full text  Abstract

62. Cohen MJ, Sahar T, Benenson S, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites, without gastro-intestinal bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD004791.Full text  Abstract

63. Segarra-Newnham M, Henneman A. Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients without gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Dec;44(12):1946-54. Abstract

64. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2018 Aug;69(2):406-60.Full text  Abstract

65. Saab S, Hernandez JC, Chi AC, et al. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis reduces spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occurrence and improves short-term survival in cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr;104(4):993-1001. Abstract

66. Loomba R, Wesley R, Bain A, et al. Role of fluoroquinolones in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Apr;7(4):487-93. Abstract

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68. Goel A, Rahim U, Nguyen LH, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: rifaximin for the prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Dec;46(11-12):1029-36.Full text  Abstract

69. Sidhu GS, Go A, Attar BM, et al. Rifaximin versus norfloxacin for prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a systematic review. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2017;4(1):e000154.Full text  Abstract

70. Facciorusso A, Papagiouvanni I, Cela M, et al. Comparative efficacy of long-term antibiotic treatments in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Liver Int. 2019 Aug;39(8):1448-58.Full text  Abstract

71. Wang W, Yang J, Liu C, et al. Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and rifaximin for the prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a network meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug;31(8):905-10. Abstract

72. Song S, Yang Y, Geng C, et al. Norfloxacin versus alternative antibiotics for prophylaxis of spontaneous bacteria peritonitis in cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2023 Aug 28;23(1):557.Full text  Abstract

73. Senzolo M, Cholongitas E, Burra P, et al. Beta-blockers protect against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients: a meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2009 Sep;29(8):1189-93. Abstract

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86. Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021;74(2):1014-48.Full text  Abstract

87. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53(3):397-417.Full text  Abstract

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126. Zhang X, Li XX, Song JW, et al. Clinical features, microbial spectrum, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Dig Liver Dis. 2023 Nov;55(11):1554-61.Full text  Abstract

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