Depression in children

Zuckerbrot RA, Cheung A, Jensen PS, et al. Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): Part I. Practice preparation, identification, assessment, and initial management. Pediatrics. 2018 Mar;141(3):e20174081.Full text  Abstract

Walter HJ, Abright AR, Bukstein OG, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with major and persistent depressive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 21Oct 2022 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in children and young people: identification and management. Jun 2019 [internet publication].Full text

Hua LL, Lee J, Rahmandar MH, et al. Suicide and suicide risk in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2024 Jan 1;153(1):e2023064800.Full text  Abstract

Cheung AH, Zuckerbrot RA, Jensen PS, et al. Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Treatment and ongoing management. Pediatrics. 2018 Mar;141(3):e20174082.Full text  Abstract

Locher C, Koechlin H, Zion SR, et al. Efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and placebo for common psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Oct 1;74(10):1011-20.Full text  Abstract

Brent D, Emslie G, Clarke G, et al. Switching to another SSRI or to venlafaxine with or without cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression: the TORDIA randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Feb 27;299(8):901-13.Full text  Abstract

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

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3. Ghandour RM, Sherman LJ, Vladutiu CJ, et al. Prevalence and treatment of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in US children. J Pediatr. 2019 Mar;206:256-67.Full text  Abstract

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5. Albert PR. Why is depression more prevalent in women? J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2015 Jul;40(4):219-21.Full text  Abstract

6. Hankin BL, Young JF, Abela JR, et al. Depression from childhood into late adolescence: influence of gender, development, genetic susceptibility, and peer stress. J Abnorm Psychol. 2015 Nov;124(4):803-16.Full text  Abstract

7. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;62(6):593-602.Full text  Abstract

8. Lawrence D, Hafekost J, Johnson SE, et al. Key findings from the second Australian child and adolescent survey of mental health and wellbeing. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;50(9):876-86.Full text  Abstract

9. Jack RH, Hollis C, Coupland C, et al. Incidence and prevalence of primary care antidepressant prescribing in children and young people in England, 1998-2017: a population-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020 Jul 22;17(7):e1003215.Full text  Abstract

10. Wijlaars LP, Nazareth I, Petersen I. Trends in depression and antidepressant prescribing in children and adolescents: a cohort study in The Health Improvement Network (THIN). PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33181.Full text  Abstract

11. Pumariega AJ, Roth EM, Rogers KM. Depression in immigrant and minority children and youth. In: Rey JM, Birmaher B, eds. Treating child and adolescent depression. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009:321-31.

12. Pinquart M, Shen Y. Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with chronic physical illness: an updated meta-analysis. J Pediatr Psychol. 2011 May;36(4):375-84.Full text  Abstract

13. Beardslee WR, Gladstone TR, O'Connor EE. Transmission and prevention of mood disorders among children of affectively ill parents: a review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Nov;50(11):1098-109. Abstract

14. Thapar A, Collishaw S, Pine DS, et al. Depression in adolescence. Lancet. 2012 Mar 17;379(9820):1056-67.Full text  Abstract

15. Harkness KL, Alavi N, Monroe SM, et al. Gender differences in life events prior to onset of major depressive disorder: the moderating effect of age. J Abnorm Psychol. 2010 Nov;119(4):791-803.Full text  Abstract

16. Keenan K, Hipwell A, Babinski D, et al. Examining the developmental interface of cortisol and depression symptoms in young adolescent girls. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013 Oct;38(10):2291-9.Full text  Abstract

17. Owens M, Herbert J, Jones PB, et al. Elevated morning cortisol is a stratified population-level biomarker for major depression in boys only with high depressive symptoms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Mar 4;111(9):3638-43.Full text  Abstract

18. Ruttle PL, Shirtcliff EA, Serbin LA, et al. Disentangling psychobiological mechanisms underlying internalizing and externalizing behaviors in youth: longitudinal and concurrent associations with cortisol. Horm Behav. 2011 Jan;59(1):123-32.Full text  Abstract

19. Ryan ND, Birmaher B, Perel JM, et al. Neuroendocrine response to L-5-hydroxytryptophan challenge in prepubertal major depression: depressed vs normal children. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Nov;49(11):843-51. Abstract

20. Byrum CE, Ahearn EP, Krishnan KR. A neuroanatomic model for depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Feb;23(2):175-93. Abstract

21. Mayberg HS. Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997 Summer;9(3):471-81. Abstract

22. Emslie GJ, Rush AJ, Weinberg WA, et al. Children with major depression show reduced rapid eye movement latencies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 Feb;47(2):119-24. Abstract

23. Emslie GJ, Rush AJ, Weinberg WA, et al. Sleep EEG features of adolescents with major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1994 Nov 1;36(9):573-81. Abstract

24. Lahmeyer HW, Poznanski EO, Bellur SN. EEG sleep in depressed adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1983 Sep;140(9):1150-3. Abstract

25. Dahl RE, Puig-Antich J, Ryan ND, et al. EEG sleep in adolescents with major depression: the role of suicidality and inpatient status. J Affect Disord. 1990 May;19(1):63-75. Abstract

26. Rao U, Hammen CL, Poland RE. Risk markers for depression in adolescents: sleep and HPA measures. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Jul;34(8):1936-45.Full text  Abstract

27. Armitage R, Hoffmann R, Emslie G, et al. Sleep microarchitecture in childhood and adolescent depression: temporal coherence. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2006 Jan;37(1):1-9. Abstract

28. Puig-Antich J, Goetz R, Hanlon C, et al. Sleep architecture and REM sleep measures in prepubertal children with major depression: a controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982 Aug;39(8):932-9. Abstract

29. Goetz RR, Puig-Antich J, Ryan N, et al. Electroencephalographic sleep of adolescents with major depression and normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987 Jan;44(1):61-8. Abstract

30. Forbes EE, Dahl RE. Neural systems of positive affect: relevance to understanding child and adolescent depression? Dev Psychopathol. 2005 Summer;17(3):827-50.Full text  Abstract

31. Maeng S, Zarate CA Jr. The role of glutamate in mood disorders: results from the ketamine in major depression study and the presumed cellular mechanism underlying its antidepressant effects. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):467-74. Abstract

32. Beesdo K, Lau JY, Guyer AE, et al. Common and distinct amygdala-function perturbations in depressed vs anxious adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Mar;66(3):275-85. Abstract

33. Forbes EE, Christopher May J, Siegle GJ, et al. Reward-related decision-making in pediatric major depressive disorder: an fMRI study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;47(10):1031-40.Full text  Abstract

34. Steingard RJ, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Hennen J, et al. Increased orbitofrontal cortex levels of choline in depressed adolescents as detected by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Dec 1;48(11):1053-61. Abstract

35. Rosenberg DR, Mirza Y, Russell A, et al. Reduced anterior cingulate glutamatergic concentrations in childhood OCD and major depression versus healthy controls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;43(9):1146-53. Abstract

36. Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y, et al. Families at high and low risk for depression: a 3-generation study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;62(1):29-36.Full text  Abstract

37. Kendler KS, Gatz M, Gardner CO, et al. Age at onset and familial risk for major depression in a Swedish national twin sample. Psychol Med. 2005 Nov;35(11):1573-9. Abstract

38. Weissman MM, Warner V, Wickramaratne P, et al. Offspring of depressed parents: 10 years later. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Oct;54(10):932-40. Abstract

39. Ramchandani P, Stein A, Evans J, et al. Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: a prospective population study. Lancet. 2005 Jun 25-Jul 1;365(9478):2201-5. Abstract

40. Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y, et al. Offspring of depressed parents: 20 years later. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;163(6):1001-8. Abstract

41. Lewis G, Neary M, Polek E, et al. The association between paternal and adolescent depressive symptoms: evidence from two population-based cohorts. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Dec;4(12):920-6.Full text  Abstract

42. McLeod BD, Weisz JR, Wood JJ. Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007 Dec;27(8):986-1003. Abstract

43. Pilowsky DJ, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y, et al. Family discord, parental depression, and psychopathology in offspring: 20-year follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;45(4):452-60. Abstract

44. Buu A, Dipiazza C, Wang J, et al. Parent, family, and neighborhood effects on the development of child substance use and other psychopathology from preschool to the start of adulthood. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2009 Jul;70(4):489-98. Abstract

45. Puig-Antich J, Goetz D, Davies M, et al. A controlled family history study of prepubertal major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 May;46(5):406-18. Abstract

46. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):386-9. Abstract

47. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee On Adolescence. Office-based care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth. Pediatrics. 2013 Jul;132(1):198-203.Full text  Abstract

48. Burton CM, Marshal MP, Chisolm DJ, et al. Sexual minority-related victimization as a mediator of mental health disparities in sexual minority youth: a longitudinal analysis. J Youth Adolesc. 2013 Mar;42(3):394-402.Full text  Abstract

49. McLaughlin KA, Hatzenbuehler ML, Xuan Z, et al. Disproportionate exposure to early-life adversity and sexual orientation disparities in psychiatric morbidity. Child Abuse Negl. 2012 Sep;36(9):645-55.Full text  Abstract

50. Stewart SM, Rao U, White P. Depression and diabetes in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005 Oct;17(5):626-31. Abstract

51. Goodwin RD, Messineo K, Bregante A, et al. Prevalence of probable mental disorders among pediatric asthma patients in an inner-city clinic. J Asthma. 2005 Oct;42(8):643-7. Abstract

52. Ballard CG, Davis R, Cullen PC, et al. Prevalence of postnatal psychiatric morbidity in mothers and fathers. Br J Psychiatry. 1994 Jun;164(6):782-8. Abstract

53. Xie RH, He G, Koszycki D, et al. Prenatal social support, postnatal social support, and postpartum depression. Ann Epidemiol. 2009 Sep;19(9):637-43. Abstract

54. Deal LW, Holt VL. Young maternal age and depressive symptoms: results from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. Am J Public Health. 1998 Feb;88(2):266-70.Full text  Abstract

55. Barnett B, Morgan M. Postpartum psychiatric disorder: who should be admitted and to which hospital? Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1996 Dec;30(6):709-14. Abstract

56. Fitzpatrick KM, Piko BF, Wright DR, et al. Depressive symptomatology, exposure to violence, and the role of social capital among African American adolescents. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2005 Apr;75(2):262-74. Abstract

57. Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ. Tests of causal links between alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Mar;66(3):260-6. Abstract

58. Rao U. Links between depression and substance abuse in adolescents: neurobiological mechanisms. Am J Prev Med. 2006 Dec;31(6 suppl 1):S161-74. Abstract

59. Hetrick SE, Cox GR, Witt KG, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), third-wave CBT and interpersonal therapy (IPT) based interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 9;(8):CD003380.Full text  Abstract

60. Christensen H, Pallister E, Smale S, et al. Community-based prevention programs for anxiety and depression in youth: a systematic review. J Prim Prev. 2010 Jun;31(3):139-70. Abstract

61. Calear AL, Christensen H. Review of internet-based prevention and treatment programs for anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Med J Aust. 2010 Jun 7;192(11 suppl):S12-4. Abstract

62. Whittaker R, Merry S, Stasiak K, et al. MEMO - a mobile phone depression prevention intervention for adolescents: development process and postprogram findings on acceptability from a randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2012 Jan 24;14(1):e13. Abstract

63. Chun TH, Mace SE, Katz ER, et al. Evaluation and management of children and adolescents with acute mental health or behavioral problems. Part I: common clinical challenges of patients with mental health and/or behavioral emergencies. Pediatrics. 2016 Sep;138(3):e20161570.Full text  Abstract

64. Zuckerbrot RA, Cheung A, Jensen PS, et al. Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): Part I. Practice preparation, identification, assessment, and initial management. Pediatrics. 2018 Mar;141(3):e20174081.Full text  Abstract

65. US Preventive Services Task Force., Mangione CM, Barry MJ, et al. Screening for depression and suicide risk in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022 Oct 18;328(15):1534-42.Full text  Abstract

66. Walter HJ, Abright AR, Bukstein OG, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with major and persistent depressive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 21Oct 2022 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

67. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in children and young people: identification and management. Jun 2019 [internet publication].Full text

68. Hua LL, Lee J, Rahmandar MH, et al. Suicide and suicide risk in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2024 Jan 1;153(1):e2023064800.Full text  Abstract

69. American Academy of Pediatrics. ​Conducting a brief suicide safety assessment. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

70. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Means matter: lethal means counseling. [internet publication].Full text

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73. Reynolds WM. Reynolds child depression scale. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1987.

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76. Messer SC, Angold A, Loeber R, et al. The development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents: factor composition and structure across development. Int J Meth Psychiatr Res. 1995;5:251-62.

77. Katon W, Russo J, Richardson L, et al. Anxiety and depression screening for youth in a primary care population. Ambul Pediatr. 2008 May-Jun;8(3):182-8.Full text  Abstract

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79. Kovacs, M. Children’s depression inventory. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems, Inc; 1992.

80. Richardson LP, McCauley E, Grossman DC, et al. Evaluation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item for detecting major depression among adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010 Dec;126(6):1117-23.Full text  Abstract

81. COMMITTEE ON PRACTICE AND AMBULATORY MEDICINE, BRIGHT FUTURES PERIODICITY SCHEDULE WORKGROUP. 2023 Recommendations for Preventive Pediatric Health Care. Pediatrics. 2023 Apr 1;151(4):e2023061451.Full text  Abstract

82. Saidinejad M, Duffy S, Wallin D, et al. The management of children and youth with pediatric mental and behavioral health emergencies. Pediatrics. 2023 Sep 1;152(3):e2023063255.Full text  Abstract

83. Horowitz LM, Bridge JA, Teach SJ, et al. Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ): a brief instrument for the pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012 Dec;166(12):1170-6.Full text  Abstract

84. Gipson PY, Agarwala P, Opperman KJ, et al. Columbia-suicide severity rating scale: predictive validity with adolescent psychiatric emergency patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015 Feb;31(2):88-94.Full text  Abstract

85. Siu AL; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for depression in children and adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Mar 1;164(5):360-6.Full text  Abstract

86. Cheung AH, Zuckerbrot RA, Jensen PS, et al. Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Treatment and ongoing management. Pediatrics. 2018 Mar;141(3):e20174082.Full text  Abstract

87. Hughes CW, Emslie GJ, Crismon ML, et al. Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project: update from Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Medication Treatment of Childhood Major Depressive Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;46(6):667-86. Abstract

88. Emslie GJ, Kennard BD, Mayes TL, et al. Fluoxetine versus placebo in preventing relapse of major depression in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Apr;165(4):459-67.Full text  Abstract

89. Kroll L, Harrington R, Jayson D, et al. Pilot study of continuation cognitive-behavioral therapy for major depression in adolescent psychiatric patients. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Sep;35(9):1156-61. Abstract

90. Cheung A, Kusumakar V, Kutcher S, et al. Maintenance study for adolescent depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008 Aug;18(4):389-94. Abstract

91. Birmaher B, Brent D, AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;46(11):1503-26. Abstract

92. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Doraiswamy PM, et al. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosom Med. 2007 Sep-Oct;69(7):587-96.Full text  Abstract

93. Strohle A, Hofler M, Pfister H, et al. Physical activity and prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med. 2007 Nov;37(11):1657-66. Abstract

94. Axelsdóttir B, Biedilae S, Sagatun Å, et al. Review: exercise for depression in children and adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2021 Nov;26(4):347-56. Abstract

95. Oberste M, Medele M, Javelle F, et al. Physical activity for the treatment of adolescent depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2020 Mar 19;11:185.Full text  Abstract

96. Kennard B, Silva S, Vitiello B, et al. Remission and residual symptoms after short-term treatment in the Treatment of Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;45(12):1404-11. Abstract

97. Weisz JR, Kuppens S, Eckshtain D, et al. Performance of evidence-based youth psychotherapies compared with usual clinical care: a multilevel meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;70(7):750-61.Full text  Abstract

98. Beardslee WR, Brent DA, Weersing VR, et al. Prevention of depression in at-risk adolescents: longer-term effects. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Nov;70(11):1161-70.Full text  Abstract

99. Asarnow JR, Rozenman M, Wiblin J, et al. Integrated medical-behavioral care compared with usual primary care for child and adolescent behavioral health: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Oct;169(10):929-37.Full text  Abstract

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101. Goodyer IM, Dubicka B, Wilkinson P, et al. A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy in adolescents with major depression treated by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: the ADAPT trial. Health Technol Assess. 2008 May;12(14):iii-iv, ix-60. Abstract

102. Cox GR, Callahan P, Churchill R, et al. Psychological therapies versus antidepressant medication, alone and in combination for depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 30;2014(11):CD008324.Full text  Abstract

103. March JS, Silva S, Petrycki S, et al. The treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS): long-term effectiveness and safety outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;64(10):1132-43.Full text  Abstract

104. Calati R, Pedrini L, Alighieri S, et al. Is cognitive behavioural therapy an effective complement to antidepressants in adolescents? A meta-analysis. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2011 Dec;23(6):263-71. Abstract

105. Boaden K, Tomlinson A, Cortese S, et al. Antidepressants in children and adolescents: meta-review of efficacy, tolerability and suicidality in acute treatment. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:717.Full text  Abstract

106. Hetrick SE, McKenzie JE, Bailey AP, et al. New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 24;5(5):CD013674.Full text  Abstract

107. Zhou X, Teng T, Zhang Y, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants, psychotherapies, and their combination for acute treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Jul;7(7):581-601.Full text  Abstract

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109. Locher C, Koechlin H, Zion SR, et al. Efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and placebo for common psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Oct 1;74(10):1011-20.Full text  Abstract

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127. Brent D, Emslie G, Clarke G, et al. Switching to another SSRI or to venlafaxine with or without cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression: the TORDIA randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Feb 27;299(8):901-13.Full text  Abstract

128. Emslie GJ, Findling RL, Yeung PP, et al. Venlafaxine ER for the treatment of pediatric subjects with depression: results of two placebo-controlled trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;46(4):479-88. Abstract

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