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Dyssomnias in children

Última revisão: 17 Aug 2025
Última atualização: 05 Feb 2025

Resumo

Definição

Anamnesis y examen

Principales factores de diagnóstico

  • snoring, gasping, choking while asleep (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • night sweats (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • breathing through an open mouth (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • sleeping with hyperextended neck (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • restless sleep and periodic limb movements (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • secondary nocturnal enuresis (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • hypertension (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • inability to fall asleep (sleep association disorder)
  • cataplexy (narcolepsy)
  • hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations (narcolepsy)
  • sleep paralysis (narcolepsy)
  • erratic sleep schedule (delayed sleep-wake phase disorder)
Todos los datos

Otros factores de diagnóstico

  • excessive daytime sleepiness
  • difficulty awakening in the morning
  • sleepwalking or talking (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • sleep attacks (narcolepsy)
  • refusal to sleep in own bedroom (chronic insomnia disorder)
Todos los datos

Factores de riesgo

  • craniofacial abnormalities (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • adenotonsillar hypertrophy (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • macroglossia (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • gastroesophageal reflux (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • allergic rhinitis (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • environmental tobacco smoke exposure (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • obesity (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • hypotonia (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • alcohol (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • medications (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • Down syndrome (obstructive sleep apnea)
  • evening light exposure (delayed sleep-wake phase disorder)
  • inconsistent parenting style or unrealistic sleep expectations (chronic insomnia disorder)
  • age <6 years (chronic insomnia disorder or obstructive sleep apnea)
  • adolescent age (delayed sleep-wake phase disorder)
  • distractions in bedroom (delayed sleep-wake phase disorder)
  • traumatic or stressful life events (chronic insomnia disorder)
Todos los datos

Pruebas diagnósticas

Primeras pruebas diagnósticas para solicitar

  • sleep diary
  • polysomnogram (PSG)
  • multiple sleep latency test
Todos los datos

Pruebas diagnósticas que deben considerarse

  • lateral neck films
  • nasal endoscopy
  • overnight oximetry
  • actigraphy
  • audiovisual recording
  • HLA typing
Todos los datos

Pruebas emergentes

  • pneumogram
  • cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin levels

Algoritmo de tratamiento

En curso

obstructive sleep apnea

chronic insomnia disorder

delayed sleep-wake phase disorder

narcolepsy

Colaboradores

Autores

Dennis Rosen, MD

Associate Medical Director

Center for Pediatric Sleep Disorders

Boston Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics

Harvard Medical School

Boston

MA

Divulgaciones

DR declares that he has no competing interests.

Revisores por pares

Paul Gringras, MB, ChB, MSc, MRCPCH

Consultant in Paediatric Neurodisability

Evelina Children's Hospital

St Thomas' Hospital

London

UK

Divulgaciones

PG is lead applicant on the ongoing MENDS trial, which is concerned with the use of melatonin in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and impaired sleep.

Leila Kheirandish Gozal, MD

Associate Professor of Pediatrics

Division of Pediatric Pulmonary & Sleep Medicine

University of Chicago

Chicago

IL

Divulgaciones

LKG is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

Referencias

Nuestros equipos internos de evidencia y editoriales colaboran con colaboradores expertos internacionales y revisores pares para garantizar que brindemos acceso a la información más clínicamente relevante posible.

Artículos principales

American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders – third edition, text revision (ICSD-3-TR). Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2023.

Macias MI, Malhotra S. Behavioral insomnia of childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 Apr 15;203(8):P20-P21.Texto completo  Resumen

Ishman SL, Maturo S, Schwartz S, et al. Expert consensus statement: management of pediatric persistent obstructive sleep apnea after adenotonsillectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023 Feb;168(2):115-30.Texto completo  Resumen

Morgenthaler TI, Owens J, Alessi C, et al. Practice parameters for behavioral treatment of bedtime problems and night wakings in infants and young children. Sleep. 2006 Oct;29(10):1277-81.Texto completo  Resumen

Marcus CL, Moore RH, Rosen CL, et al; Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial (CHAT). A randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jun 20;368(25):2366-76.Texto completo  Resumen

Artículos de referencia

Una lista completa de las fuentes a las que se hace referencia en este tema está disponible para los usuarios con acceso a todo BMJ Best Practice.
  • Diferenciales

    • Primary snoring
    • Central sleep apnea
    • Anxiety
    Más Diferenciales
  • Guías de práctica clínica

    • Management of pediatric persistent obstructive sleep apnea after adenotonsillectomy: expert consensus statement
    • Age and weight considerations for the use of continuous positive airway pressure therapy in pediatric populations: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement
    Más Guías de práctica clínica
  • Folletos para el paciente

    Insomnia

    Sleep apnea in adults (obstructive)

    Más Folletos para el paciente
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