Patent ductus arteriosus

References

Key articles

Baumgartner H, De Backer J, Babu-Narayan SV, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 11;42(6):563-645.Full text

Hamrick SEG, Sallmon H, Rose AT, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus of the preterm infant. Pediatrics. 2020 Nov;146(5):e20201209.Full text  Abstract

Wilson WR, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, et al. Prevention of viridans group streptococcal infective endocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 May 18;143(20):e963-78.Full text  Abstract

Stout KK, Daniels CJ, Aboulhosn JA, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Apr 2;73(12):1494-563.Full text  Abstract

John AS, Jackson JL, Moons P, et al. Advances in managing transition to adulthood for adolescents with congenital heart disease: a practical approach to transition program design: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Apr 5;11(7):e025278.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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2. Moore P, Brook MM, Heymann MA. Patent ductus arteriosus. In: Moss and Adams heart disease in infants, children and adolescents. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2001.

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9. Koch J, Hensley G, Roy L, et al. Prevalence of spontaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus in neonates at a birth weight of 1000 grams or less. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1113-1121. Abstract

10. Park J, Yoon SJ, Han J, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus treatment trends and associated morbidities in neonates. Sci Rep. 2021 May 21;11(1):10689.Full text  Abstract

11. Sood E, Newburger JW, Anixt JS, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes for individuals with congenital heart disease: updates in neuroprotection, risk-stratification, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024 Mar 26;149(13):e997-1022.Full text  Abstract

12. Moon-Grady AJ, Donofrio MT, Gelehrter S, et al. Guidelines and recommendations for performance of the fetal echocardiogram: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2023 Jul;36(7):679-723.Full text

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14. Thebaud B, Michelakis ED, Wu XC, et al. Oxygen-sensitive Kv channel gene transfer confers oxygen responsiveness to preterm rabbit and remodeled human ductus arteriosus: implications for infants with patent ductus arteriosus. Circulation. 2004;110:1372-1379.Full text  Abstract

15. Michelakis E, Rebeyka I, Bateson J, et al. Voltage-gated potassium channels in human ductus arteriosus. Lancet. 2000;356:134-137. Abstract

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20. Rudolph AM, Mayer FE, Nadas AS, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus. A clinical and hemodynamic study of patients in the first year of life. Pediatrics. 1958 Nov;22(5):892-904. Abstract

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27. Dollberg S, Lusky A, Reichman B. Patent ductus arteriosus, indomethacin and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: a population-based study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Feb;40(2):184-8. Abstract

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32. Campbell M. Natural history of patent ductus arteriosus. Br Heart J. 1968 Jan;30(1):4-13. Abstract

33. Schneider DJ, Moore JW. Patent ductus arteriosus. Circulation. 2006 Oct 24;114(17):1873-82.Full text  Abstract

34. Villamor E, van Westering-Kroon E, Gonzalez-Luis GE, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus and bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated pulmonary hypertension: a bayesian meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Nov 1;6(11):e2345299.Full text  Abstract

35. Clyman RI, Mauray F, Roman C, et al. Circulating prostaglandin E2 concentrations and patent ductus arteriosus in fetal and neonatal lambs. J Pediatr. 1980;97:455-461. Abstract

36. Nora JJ. Multifactorial inheritance hypothesis for the etiology of congenital heart diseases. The genetic-environmental interaction. Circulation. 1968;38:604-617. Abstract

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38. Mani A, Meraji SM, Houshyar R, et al. Finding genetic contributions to sporadic disease: a recessive locus at 12q24 commonly contributes to patent ductus arteriosus. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:15054-15059.Full text  Abstract

39. Bevilacqua E, Brunelli R, Anceschi MM. Review and meta-analysis: benefits and risks of multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23:244-260. Abstract

40. Schneider DJ. The patent ductus arteriosus in term infants, children, and adults. Semin Perinatol. 2012 Apr;36(2):146-53. Abstract

41. Baumgartner H, De Backer J, Babu-Narayan SV, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 11;42(6):563-645.Full text

42. Gibson GA. Persistence of the arterial duct and its diagnosis. Edinburgh Med J. 1900;8:1-5.

43. Expert Panel on Cardiac Imaging:; Woodard PK, Ho VB, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® known or suspected congenital heart disease in the adult. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017 May;14(5s):S166-76.Full text  Abstract

44. Wasserman MA, Shea E, Cassidy C, et al. Recommendations for the adult cardiac sonographer performing echocardiography to screen for critical congenital heart disease in the newborn: from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2021 Mar;34(3):207-22.Full text  Abstract

45. Stevenson JG, Kawabori I, Guntheroth WG. Pulsed doppler echocardiographic diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus: sensitivity, specificity, limitations, and technical features. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1980;6(3):255-63. Abstract

46. Gokulakrishnan G, Kulkarni M, He S, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide for the diagnosis of haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Dec 8;12(12):CD013129. Abstract

47. Urquhart DS, Nicholl RM. How good is clinical examination at detecting a significant patent ductus arteriosus in the preterm neonate? Arch Dis Child. 2003 Jan;88(1):85-6.

48. Zanardo V, Milanesi O, Trevisanuto D, et al. Early screening and treatment of "silent" patent ductus arteriosus in prematures with RDS. J Perinat Med. 1991;19:291-295. Abstract

49. Knight DB. The treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. A review and overview of randomized trials. Semin Neonatol. 2001;6:63-73. Abstract

50. Fowlie PW, Davis PG. Prophylactic indomethacin for preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003 Nov;88(6):F464-6.Full text  Abstract

51. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: congenital or acquired heart disease. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

52. Jone PN, Ivy DD, Hauck A, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Heart Fail. 2023 Jul;16(7):e00080.Full text  Abstract

53. Hundscheid T, El-Khuffash A, McNamara PJ, et al. Survey highlighting the lack of consensus on diagnosis and treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in prematurity. Eur J Pediatr. 2022 Jun;181(6):2459-68.Full text  Abstract

54. Hamrick SEG, Sallmon H, Rose AT, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus of the preterm infant. Pediatrics. 2020 Nov;146(5):e20201209.Full text  Abstract

55. Fowlie PW, Davis PG, McGuire W. Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD000174. Abstract

56. Mitra S, Gardner CE, MacLellan A, et al. Prophylactic cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor drugs for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Apr 1;(4):CD013846.Full text  Abstract

57. Mitra S, de Boode WP, Weisz DE, et al. Interventions for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Apr 11;4(4):CD013588.Full text  Abstract

58. Little DC, Pratt TC, Blalock SE, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus in micropreemies and full-term infants: the relative merits of surgical ligation versus indomethacin treatment. J Pediatr Surg. 2003 Mar;38(3):492-6. Abstract

59. Ohlsson A, Bottu J, Govan J, et al. Effect of indomethacin on cerebral blood flow velocities in very low birth weight neonates with a patent ductus arteriosus. Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1993;20(1-2):100-6. Abstract

60. Ohlsson A, Walia R, Shah SS. Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Feb 11;2:CD003481.Full text  Abstract

61. Canadian Paediatric Society. Management of the patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

62. Al-Turkait A, Szatkowski L, Choonara I, et al. Management of patent ductus arteriosus in very preterm infants in England and Wales: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2022 Mar;6(1):e001424.Full text  Abstract

63. Backes CH, Hill KD, Shelton EL, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus: a contemporary perspective for the pediatric and adult cardiac care provider. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Sep 6;11(17):e025784.Full text  Abstract

64. Mitra S, Florez ID, Tamayo ME, et al. Association of placebo, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen with closure of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2018 Mar 27;319(12):1221-1238.Full text  Abstract

65. Yeung T, Shahroor M, Jain A, et al. Efficacy and safety of high versus standard dose ibuprofen for patent ductus arteriosus treatment in preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2022;15(3):501-10. Abstract

66. Neumann R, Schulzke SM, Bührer C. Oral ibuprofen versus intravenous ibuprofen or intravenous indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neonatology. 2012;102(1):9-15. Abstract

67. Erdeve O, Yurttutan S, Altug N, et al. Oral versus intravenous ibuprofen for patent ductus arteriosus closure: a randomised controlled trial in extremely low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2012 Jul;97(4):F279-83. Abstract

68. Evans P, O'Reilly D, Flyer JN, et al. Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jan 15;1:CD013133.Full text  Abstract

69. Herrera C, Holberton J, Davis P. Prolonged versus short course of indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD003480.Full text  Abstract

70. Attridge JT, Kaufman DA, Lim DS, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations to guide treatment of patent ductus arteriosus. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009 May;94(3):F178-82. Abstract

71. Hundscheid T, Jansen EJS, Onland W, et al. Conservative management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants - A systematic review and meta-analyses assessing differences in outcome measures between randomized controlled trials and cohort studies. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:626261.Full text  Abstract

72. Mitra S, Scrivens A, von Kursell AM, et al. Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 10;12:CD013278.Full text  Abstract

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74. Hundscheid T, Onland W, Kooi EMW, et al. Expectant management or early ibuprofen for patent ductus arteriosus. N Engl J Med. 2023 Mar 16;388(11):980-90.Full text  Abstract

75. Vanhaesebrouck S, Zonnenberg I, Vandervoort P, et al. Conservative treatment for patent ductus arteriosus in the preterm. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007 Jul;92(4):F244-7. Abstract

76. Bell EF, Acarregui MJ. Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD000503.Full text  Abstract

77. Gross RE, Hubbard JP. Surgical ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus: a report of first successful case. JAMA. 1939;112:729-731. Abstract

78. Koehne PS, Bein G, Alexi-Meskhishvili V, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus in very low birthweight infants: complications of pharmacological and surgical treatment. J Perinat Med. 2001;29(4):327-34. Abstract

79. Demir T, Oztunc F, Cetin G, et al. Patency or recanalization of the arterial duct after surgical double ligation and transfixion. Cardiol Young. 2007 Feb;17(1):48-50. Abstract

80. Lee LC, Tillet A, Tulloh R. Outcome following patent ductus arteriosus ligation in premature infants: a retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2006 May 11;6:15.Full text  Abstract

81. Malviya M, Ohlsson A, Shah S. Surgical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(3):CD003951.Full text  Abstract

82. Clyman R, Cassady G, Kirklin JK, et al. The role of patent ductus arteriosus ligation in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: reexamining a randomized controlled trial. J Ped. 2009 Jun;154(6):873-6. Abstract

83. Mosalli R, Alfaleh K. Prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus for prevention of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD006181. Abstract

84. Yee WH, Scotland J; Evidence-based Practice for Improving Quality (EPIQ) Evidence Review Group. Does primary surgical closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in infants <1500 g or ≤32 weeks' gestation reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis? Paediatr Child Health. 2012 Mar;17(3):125-8.Full text  Abstract

85. Laborde F, Folliguet TA, Etienne PY, et al. Video-thoracoscopic surgical interruption of patent ductus arteriosus. Routine experience in 332 pediatric cases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997 Jun;11(6):1052-5. Abstract

86. Sathanandam S, Gutfinger D, Morray B, et al. Consensus guidelines for the prevention and management of periprocedural complications of transcatheter patent ductus arteriosus closure with the amplatzer piccolo occluder in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatr Cardiol. 2021 Aug;42(6):1258-74.Full text  Abstract

87. Grifka RG. Transcatheter closure of the patent ductus arteriosus. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2004 Apr;61(4):554-70.

88. Wilson WR, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, et al. Prevention of viridans group streptococcal infective endocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 May 18;143(20):e963-78.Full text  Abstract

89. Butera G, De Rosa G, Chessa M, et al. Transcatheter closure of persistent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer duct occluder in very young symptomatic children. Heart. 2004 Dec;90(12):1467-70.Full text  Abstract

90. Masura J, Walsh KP, Thanopoulous B, et al. Catheter closure of moderate- to large-sized patent ductus arteriosus using the new Amplatzer duct occluder: immediate and short-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Mar 15;31(4):878-82. Abstract

91. Masura J, Tittel P, Gavora P, et al. Long-term outcome of transcatheter patent ductus arteriosus closure using Amplatzer duct occluders. Am Heart J. 2006 Mar;151(3):755.e7-755.e10. Abstract

92. Magee AG, Huggon IC, Seed PT, et al. Transcatheter coil occlusion of the arterial duct; results of the European Registry. Eur Heart J. 2001 Oct;22(19):1817-21.Full text  Abstract

93. Al-Ata J, Arfi AM, Hussain A, et al. The efficacy and safety of the Amplatzer ductal occluder in young children and infants. Cardiol Young. 2005 Jun;15(3):279-85. Abstract

94. Fischer G, Stieh J, Uebing A, et al. Transcatheter closure of persistent ductus arteriosus in infants using the Amplatzer duct occluder. Heart. 2001 Oct;86(4):444-7.Full text  Abstract

95. Fisher RG, Moodie DS, Sterba R, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus in adults--long-term follow-up: nonsurgical versus surgical treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Aug;8(2):280-4. Abstract

96. Marelli A, Beauchesne L, Colman J, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society 2022 guidelines for cardiovascular interventions in adults with congenital heart disease. Can J Cardiol. 2022 Jul;38(7):862-96.Full text  Abstract

97. Hong TE, Hellenbrand WE, Hijazi ZM, et al. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus in adults using the Amplatzer duct occluder: initial results and follow-up. Indian Heart J. 2002 Jul-Aug;54(4):384-9. Abstract

98. Pas D, Missault L, Hollanders G, et al. Persistent ductus arteriosus in the adult: clinical features and experience with percutaneous closure. Acta Cardiol. 2002 Aug;57(4):275-8. Abstract

99. Yilmaz AT, Yorulmaz FM, Ozturk OY, et al. Ligation in adult persistent ductus arteriosus. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1991 Sep-Oct;32(5):575-80. Abstract

100. Gupta S, Subhedar NV, Bell JL, et al. Trial of selective early treatment of patent ductus arteriosus with ibuprofen. N Engl J Med. 2024 Jan 25;390(4):314-25.Full text  Abstract

101. Katsaras DN, Katsaras GN, Chatziravdeli VI, et al. Comparative safety and efficacy of paracetamol versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in neonates with patent ductus arteriosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Jul;88(7):3078-100.Full text  Abstract

102. Jasani B, Mitra S, Shah PS. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Dec 15;12:CD010061.Full text  Abstract

103. Stout KK, Daniels CJ, Aboulhosn JA, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Apr 2;73(12):1494-563.Full text  Abstract

104. Sellmer A, Bjerre JV, Schmidt MR, et al. Morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates with patent ductus arteriosus on day 3. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2013 Nov;98(6):F505-10. Abstract

105. Noori S, McCoy M, Friedlich P, et al. Failure of ductus arteriosus closure is associated with increased mortality in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2009 Jan;123(1):e138-44. Abstract

106. Brooks JM, Travadi JN, Patole SK, et al. Is surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus necessary? The Western Australian experience of conservative management. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90:F235-9. Abstract

107. Bancalari E, Claure N, Gonzalez A. Patent ductus arteriosus and respiratory outcome in premature infants. Biol Neonate. 2005;88(3):192-201. Abstract

108. Gentle SJ, Travers CP, Clark M, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus and development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Apr 1;207(7):921-8. Abstract

109. Wu TW, Noori S. Recognition and management of neonatal hemodynamic compromise. Pediatr Neonatol. 2021 Feb;62 Suppl 1:S22-9.Full text  Abstract

110. Majed B, Bateman DA, Uy N, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus is associated with acute kidney injury in the preterm infant. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019 Jun;34(6):1129-39. Abstract

111. Sung SI, Lee MH, Ahn SY, et al. Effect of nonintervention vs oral ibuprofen in patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Aug 1;174(8):755-63.Full text  Abstract

112. El-Khuffash A, Bussmann N, Breatnach CR, et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of early targeted patent ductus arteriosus treatment using a risk based severity score (The PDA RCT). J Pediatr. 2021 Feb;229:127-33. Abstract

113. Clyman RI, Liebowitz M, Kaempf J, et al. PDA-TOLERATE trial: an exploratory randomized controlled trial of treatment of moderate-to-large patent ductus arteriosus at 1 week of age. J Pediatr. 2019 Feb;205:41-8.e6. Abstract

114. Mirea L, Sankaran K, Seshia M, et al. Treatment of patent ductus arteriosus and neonatal mortality/morbidities: adjustment for treatment selection bias. J Pediatr. 2012 Oct;161(4):689-94.e1. Abstract

115. Madan JC, Kendrick D, Hagadorn JI, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus therapy: impact on neonatal and 18-month outcome. Pediatrics. 2009 Feb;123(2):674-81. Abstract

116. Kabra NS, Schmidt B, Roberts RS, et al. Neurosensory impairment after surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low birth weight infants: results from the Trial of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Preterms. J Pediatr. 2007 Mar;150(3):229-34, 234.e1. Abstract

117. Chorne N, Leonard C, Piecuch R, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus and its treatment as risk factors for neonatal and neurodevelopmental morbidity. Pediatrics. 2007 Jun;119(6):1165-74. Abstract

118. Thilen U, Astrom-Olsson K. Does the risk of infective endarteritis justify routine patent ductus arteriosus closure? Eur Heart J. 1997;18:503-506.Full text  Abstract

119. Balzer DT, Spray TL, McMullin D, et al. Endarteritis associated with a clinically silent patent ductus arteriosus. Am Heart J. 1993;125:1192-1193. Abstract

120. Parthenakis FI, Kanakaraki MK, Vardas PE. Images in cardiology: silent patent ductus arteriosus endarteritis. Heart. 2000;84:619.Full text  Abstract

121. Yan C, Zhao S, Jiang S, et al. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension in adults. Heart. 2007 Apr;93(4):514-8. Abstract

122. Dyamenahalli U, Smallhorn JF, Geva T, et al. Isolated ductus arteriosus aneurysm in the fetus and infant: a multi-institutional experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Jul;36(1):262-9. Abstract

123. Jan SL, Hwang B, Fu YC, et al. Isolated neonatal ductus arteriosus aneurysm. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Jan 16;39(2):342-7. Abstract

124. Mitchell RS, Seifert FC, Miller DC, et al. Aneurysm of the diverticulum of the ductus arteriosus in the adult. Successful surgical treatment in five patients and review of the literature. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Sep;86(3):400-8. Abstract

125. McFaul RC, Keane JF, Nowicki ER, et al. Aortic thrombosis in the neonate. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1981 Mar;81(3):334-7. Abstract

126. Kovacs AH, Brouillette J, Ibeziako P, et al. Psychological outcomes and interventions for individuals with congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2022 Aug;15(8):e000110.Full text  Abstract

127. Hancock HS, Ansong AK, Massarella D, et al. Clinical practice algorithm for the follow-up of unrepaired and repaired patent ductus arteriosus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Oct 31.Full text

128. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis: antimicrobial prophylaxis against infective endocarditis in adults and children undergoing interventional procedures. Sep 2015 [internet publication]​.Full text

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