Astigmatism

Jacobs DS, Afshari NA, Bishop RJ, et al. Refractive errors preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P1-60.Full text  Abstract

Read SA, Collins MJ, Carney LG. A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis. Clin Exp Optom. 2007 Jan;90(1):5-19. Abstract

Gwiazda J, Grice K, Held R, et al. Astigmatism and the development of myopia in children. Vision Res. 2000;40(8):1019-26. Abstract

Hutchinson AK, Morse CL, Hercinovic A, et al. Pediatric eye evaluations preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P222-70.Full text  Abstract

Jacobs DS, Lee JK, Shen TT, et al. Refractive surgery preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P61-135.Full text  Abstract

1. Jacobs DS, Afshari NA, Bishop RJ, et al. Refractive errors preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P1-60.Full text  Abstract

2. Hashemi H, Fotouhi A, Yekta A, et al. Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2018 Mar;30(1):3-22.Full text  Abstract

3. Zhang J, Wu Y, Sharma B, et al. Epidemiology and burden of astigmatism: a systematic literature review. Optom Vis Sci. 2023 Mar 1;100(3):218-31.Full text  Abstract

4. Vitale S, Ellwein L, Cotch MF, et al. Prevalence of refractive error in the United States, 1999-2004. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Aug;126(8):1111-9.Full text  Abstract

5. Howland HC, Sayles N. Photokeratometric and photorefractive measurements of astigmatism in infants and young children. Vision Res. 1985;25(1):73-81. Abstract

6. Friling R, Weinberger D, Kremer I, et al. Keratometry measurements in preterm and full term newborn infants. Br J Ophthalmol 2004 Jan;88(1):8-10.Full text  Abstract

7. Atkinson J, Braddick O, French J. Infant astigmatism: its disappearance with age. Vision Res. 1980;20(11):891-3. Abstract

8. Gwiazda J, Scheinman M, Mohindra I, et al. Astigmatism in children: changes in axis and amount from birth to six years. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1984 Jan;25(1):88-92.Full text  Abstract

9. Satterfield DS. Prevalence and variation of astigmatism in a military population. J Am Optom Assoc. 1989 Jan;60(1):14-8. Abstract

10. Huang J, Maguire MG, Ciner E, et al. Risk factors for astigmatism in the Vision in Preschoolers Study. Optom Vis Sci. 2014 May;91(5):514-21.Full text  Abstract

11. McKean-Cowdin R, Varma R, Cotter SA, et al. Risk factors for astigmatism in preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies. Ophthalmology. 2011 Oct;118(10):1974-81.Full text  Abstract

12. Tong L, Saw SM, Lin Y, et al. Incidence and progression of astigmatism in Singaporean children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Nov;45(11):3914-8.Full text  Abstract

13. Fan DS, Rao SK, Cheung EY, et al. Astigmatism in Chinese preschool children: prevalence, change, and effect on refractive development. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jul;88(7):938-41.Full text  Abstract

14. Thorn F, Cruz AA, Machado AJ, et al. Refractive status of indigenous people in the northwestern Amazon region of Brazil. Optom Vis Sci. 2005 Apr;82(4):267-72. Abstract

15. Ferraz FH, Corrente JE, Opromolla P, et al. Refractive errors in a Brazilian population: age and sex distribution. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2015 Jan;35(1):19-27. Abstract

16. Schellini SA, Durkin SR, Hoyama E, et al. Prevalence of refractive errors in a Brazilian population: the Botucatu eye study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2009 Mar-Apr;16(2):90-7. Abstract

17. Wixson RJ. Refraction pedigrees. 2. The cornea. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1965 Oct;42(10):615-8. Abstract

18. Teikari JM, O'Donnell JJ. Astigmatism in 72 twin pairs. Cornea. 1989 Dec;8(4):263-6. Abstract

19. Da Cunha RP, Moreira JB. Ocular findings in Down's syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996 Aug;122(2):236-44. Abstract

20. Wang FM, Millman AL, Sidoti PA, et al. Ocular findings in Treacher Collins syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990 Sep 15;110(3):280-6. Abstract

21. Read SA, Collins MJ, Carney LG. The influence of eyelid morphology on normal corneal shape. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Jan;48(1):112-9.Full text  Abstract

22. Nardi M, Rizzo S, Pellegrini G, et al. Effects of strabismus surgery on corneal topography. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1997 Jul-Aug;34(4):244-6. Abstract

23. Nathan J, Kiely PM, Crewther SG, et al. Astigmatism occurring in association with pediatric eye disease. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1986 Jul;63(7):497-504. Abstract

24. Read SA, Collins MJ, Carney LG. A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis. Clin Exp Optom. 2007 Jan;90(1):5-19. Abstract

25. Grjibovski AM, Magnus P, Midelfart A, et al. Epidemiology and heritability of astigmatism in Norwegian twins: an analysis of self-reported data. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2006 Aug;13(4):245-52. Abstract

26. Gwiazda J, Grice K, Held R, et al. Astigmatism and the development of myopia in children. Vision Res. 2000;40(8):1019-26. Abstract

27. Meek KM, Newton RH. Organization of collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma in relation to mechanical properties and surgical practice. J Refract Surg. 1999 Nov-Dec;15(6):695-9. Abstract

28. Sheoran K, Arya SK, Bansal RK, et al. Surgically induced astigmatism and posterior corneal curvature changes following phacoemulsification. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2022 Feb;70(2):406-12.Full text  Abstract

29. Copeland JC: Streak retinoscopy. In: Sloane AE, ed. Manual of refraction, 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown; 1979.

30. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Frequency of ocular examinations - 2015. Mar 2015 [internet publication].Full text

31. Hutchinson AK, Morse CL, Hercinovic A, et al. Pediatric eye evaluations preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P222-70.Full text  Abstract

32. Gwiazda J, Mohindra I, Brill S, et al. The development of visual acuity in infant astigmats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985 Dec;26(12):1717-23.Full text  Abstract

33. Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Ophthalmology. American Association of Certified Orthoptists, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, American Academy of Ophthalmology. Eye examination in infants, children, and young adults by pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2003 Apr;111(4 pt 1):902-7. Abstract

34. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation PPP 2020. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text

35. Fledelius HC. Ophthalmic changes from age of 10 to 18 years. A longitudinal study of sequels to low birth weight. I. Refraction. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1980 Dec;58(6):889-98. Abstract

36. Lawless M, Coster DJ, Phillips AJ, et al. Keratoconus: diagnosis and management. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1989 Feb;17(1):33-60. Abstract

37. Seitz B, Langenbucher A, Szentmary N, et al. Corneal curvature after penetrating keratoplasty before and after suture removal: a comparison between keratoconus and Fuchs' dystrophy. Ophthalmologica. 2006;220(5):302-6. Abstract

38. Solomon A, Siganos CS, Frucht-Pery J. Corneal dynamics after single interrupted suture removal following penetrating keratoplasty. J Refract Surg. 1999 Jul-Aug;15(4):475-80. Abstract

39. Sano M, Hiraoka T, Ueno Y, et al. Influence of posterior corneal astigmatism on postoperative refractive astigmatism in pseudophakic eyes after cataract surgery. BMC Ophthalmol. 2016 Dec 1;16(1):212.Full text  Abstract

40. Corbett MC, Rosen ES, O'Brart DPS. Corneal topography: principles and applications. London, UK: BMJ Books; 1999.

41. Naseri A, McLeod SD, Lietman T. Evaluating the human optical system: corneal topography and wavefront analysis. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2001 Jun;14(2):269-73. Abstract

42. Jacobs DS, Lee JK, Shen TT, et al. Refractive surgery preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P61-135.Full text  Abstract

43. Rubin ML. Optics for clinicians. Gainesville, FL: Triad Publishing Company; 1977:136.

44. Tasman W, Jaeger EA. Duane's ophthalmology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW); 2007.

45. US Preventive Services Task Force. Vision in children ages 6 months to 5 years: screening. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Full text

46. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Vision screening for infants and children - 2022​. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

47. US Preventive Services Task Force. Impaired visual acuity in older adults: screening. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

48. Gov.UK (UK National Screening Committee). ​Child screening programme: vision defects. Aug 2019 [inteernet publication].Full text

49. Public Health England. Guidance: child vision screening​. Apr 2019 [Internet publication].Full text

50. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Referral of persons with possible eye diseases or injury - 2014​. Apr 2014 [internet publication].Full text

51. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Eye screening for children. Mar 2021[internet publication].Full text

52. Blum HL, Peters HB, Bettman JW. Vision screening for elementary schools: the Orinda Study. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1959.

53. Gwiazda J, Thorn F, Bauer J, et al. Emmetropization and the progression of manifest refraction in children followed from infancy to puberty. Clin Vis Sci. 1993;8:337.

54. Williams RA, Fender DH. The synchrony of binocular saccadic eye movements. Vision Res. 1977 Feb;17(2):303-6. Abstract

55. Fulton AB. Screening preschool children to detect visual and ocular disorders. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992 Nov;110(11):1553-4. Abstract

56. Huang D, Schallhorn SC, Sugar A, et al. Phakic intraocular lens implantation for the correction of myopia: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2009 Nov;116(11):2244-58. Abstract

57. Kahuam-López N, Navas A, Castillo-Salgado C, et al. Laser‐assisted in‐situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with a mechanical microkeratome compared to LASIK with a femtosecond laser for LASIK in adults with myopia or myopic astigmatism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 7;(4):CD012946.Full text  Abstract

58. Li S-M, Kang M-T, Wang N-L, et al. Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 18;(12):CD012687.Full text  Abstract

59. Hofling-Lima AL, Branco BC, Romano AC, et al. Corneal infections after implantation of intracorneal ring segments. Cornea. 2004 Aug;23(6):547-9. Abstract

60. Wollensak G. Crosslinking treatment of progressive keratoconus: new hope. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2006 Aug;17(4):356-60. Abstract

61. Ng SM, Ren M, Lindsley KB, et al. Transepithelial versus epithelium-off corneal crosslinking for progressive keratoconus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 23;3(3):CD013512.Full text  Abstract

62. Cennamo G, Intravaja A, Boccuzzi D, et al. Treatment of keratoconus by topography-guided customized photorefractive keratectomy: two-year follow-up study. J Refract Surg. 2008 Feb;24(2):145-9. Abstract

63. Kremer I, Shochot Y, Kaplan A, et al. Three year results of photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy for mild and atypical keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1998 Dec;24(12):1581-8. Abstract

64. Alpins N, Stamatelatos G. Customized photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy using combined topographic and refractive data for myopia and astigmatism in eyes with forme fruste and mild keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007 Apr;33(4):591-602. Abstract

65. Núñez MX, Henriquez MA, Escaf LJ, et al. Consensus on the management of astigmatism in cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019 Feb 11;13:311-24.Full text  Abstract

66. Bansal AK. Photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy for correction of astigmatism after keratoplasty. J Refract Surg. 1999 Mar-Apr;15(2 Suppl):S243-5. Abstract

67. Rajan MS, O'Brart DP, Patel P, et al. Topography-guided customized laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy for the treatment of postkeratoplasty astigmatism. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006 Jun;32(6):949-57. Abstract

68. Maheshwari S. Pterygium-induced corneal refractive changes. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2007 Sep-Oct;55(5):383-6.Full text  Abstract

69. Cosar CB, Rapuano CJ, Cohen EJ, et al. Chalazion as a cause of decreased vision after LASIK. Cornea. 2001 Nov;20(8):890-2. Abstract

70. Robb RM. Refractive errors associated with hemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit in infancy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977 Jan;83(1):52-8. Abstract

71. Artola A, Ayala MJ, Claramonte P, et al. Photorefractive keratectomy for residual myopia after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999 Nov;25(11):1456-60. Abstract

72. Norouzi H, Rahmati-Kamel M. Laser in situ keratomileusis for correction of induced astigmatism from cataract surgery. J Refract Surg. 2003 Jul-Aug;19(4):416-24. Abstract

73. Akura J, Matsuura K, Hatta S, et al. A new concept for the correction of astigmatism: full-arc, depth-dependent astigmatic keratotomy. Ophthalmology. 2000 Jan;107(1):95-104. Abstract

74. Patel AS, Markovitz BJ, DelMonte DW, et al. Astigmatism correction at the time of cataract surgery. Oct 2021 [internet publication].Full text

75. Jackson ML, Virgili G, Shepherd JD, et al. Vision rehabilitation preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P271-335.Full text  Abstract

76. Tuft SJ, Moodaley LC, Gregory WM, et al. Prognostic factors for the progression of keratoconus. Ophthalmology. 1994 Mar;101(3):439-47. Abstract

77. Mitchell DE, Freeman RD, Millodot M, et al. Meridional amblyopia: evidence for modification of the human visual system by early visual experience. Vision Res. 1973 Mar;13(3):535-58. Abstract

78. Donahue SP, Arthur B, Neely DE, et al. Guidelines for automated preschool vision screening: a 10-year, evidence-based update. J AAPOS. 2013 Feb;17(1):4-8. Abstract