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Astigmatism

Last reviewed: 22 Nov 2024
Last updated: 21 Sep 2023

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • blurred vision
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • asthenopia (eye strain)
  • distorted retinal reflex
  • Munson sign
Full details

Risk factors

  • positive family history
  • presence of myopia
  • Native American, African-American, East Asian, Hispanic, or indigenous Brazilian ethnicity
  • eye trauma or surgery
  • genetic syndromes
  • eyelid pathology
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • retinoscopy
Full details

Tests to consider

  • keratometry
  • corneal topography
  • wavefront analysis technology
  • anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT)
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

borderline astigmatism in patients ages ≥1 year

regular astigmatism

irregular astigmatism

Contributors

Authors

Erez Bakshi, MD

Department of Ophthalmology

Assaf Harofeh Medical Center

Tel Aviv University

Israel

Disclosures

EB declares that he has no competing interests.

David Zadok, MD

Principal Investigator

Department of Ophthalmology

Assaf Harofeh Medical Center

Tel Aviv University

Israel

Disclosures

DZ declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Michael P. Ehrenhaus, MD

Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology

Cornea External Disease and Refractive Surgery Local Director

Long Island College Hospital Eye Center

Brooklyn

NY

Disclosures

MPE declares that he has no competing interests.

Gus Gazzard, MA, MBBChir, MD, FRCOphth

Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon

King's College Hospital

Honorary Research Fellow

Institute of Ophthalmology

London

UK

Disclosures

GG declares that he has no competing interests.

Richard Davidson, MD

Assistant Professor

Department of Ophthalmology

Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute

University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine

Denver

CO

Disclosures

RD serves on the speakers bureaux for Alcan Inc and Allergan Inc. The work for these companies does not conflict with the review or nature of this topic.

Robert Chang, MD

Associate Professor of Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology Research/Clinical Trials

Stanford University

Palo Alto

CA

Disclosures

RC declares that he has no competing interests.

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