Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

Stulberg SD, Cooperman DR, Wallensten R. The natural history of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981 Sep;63(7):1095-108. Abstract

Catterall A. The natural history of Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1971 Feb;53(1):37-53. Abstract

Salter RB, Thompson GH. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. The prognostic significance of the subchondral fracture and a two-group classification of the femoral head involvement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984 Apr;66(4):479-89. Abstract

Herring JA, Neustadt JB, Williams JJ, et al. The lateral pillar classification of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992 Mar-Apr;12(2):143-50. Abstract

Canale ST, D'Anca AF, Cotler JM, et al. Innominate osteotomy in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972 Jan;54(1):25-40. Abstract

1. Fisher RL. An epidemiological study of Legg-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972;54:769-78. Abstract

2. Molloy MK, MacMahon B. Incidence of Legg-Perthes disease (osteochondritis deformans). N Engl J Med. 1966 Nov 3;275(18):988-90. Abstract

3. Perry DC, Bruce CE, Pope D, et al. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in the UK: geographic and temporal trends in incidence reflecting differences in degree of deprivation in childhood. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 May;64(5):1673-79. Abstract

4. Margetts BM, Perry CA, Taylor JF, et al. The incidence and distribution of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in Liverpool, 1982-95. Arch Dis Child. 2001 Apr 1;84:351-4. Abstract

5. Barker DJ, Dixon E, Taylor JF. Perthes' disease of the hip in three regions in England. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978 Nov;60-B(4):478-80. Abstract

6. Mullan CJ, Thompson LJ, Cosgrove AP. The declining incidence of Legg-Calve-Perthes' disease in Northern Ireland: an epidemiological study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2017 Apr-May;37(3):e178-82. Abstract

7. Perry DC, Machin DM, Pope D, et al. Racial and geographic factors in the incidence of Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease: a systematic review. Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Feb 1;175(3):159-66.Full text  Abstract

8. Hall AJ, Barker DJ. The age distribution of Legg-Perthes disease. An analysis using Sartwell's incubation period model. Am J Epidemiol. 1984 Oct;120(4):531-6. Abstract

9. Perry DC, Skellorn PJ, Bruce CE. The lognormal age of onset distribution in Perthes' disease: an analysis from a large well-defined cohort. Bone Joint J. 2016 May;98-B(5):710-4. Abstract

10. Wynne-Davies R, Gormley J. The aetiology of Perthes' disease. Genetic, epidemiological and growth factors in 310 Edinburgh and Glasgow patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978 Feb;60(1):6-14. Abstract

11. Harper PS, Brotherton BJ, Cochin D. Genetic risks in Perthes' disease. Clin Genet. 1976 Sep;10(3):178-82. Abstract

12. Neidel J, Boddenberg B, Zander D, et al. Thyroid function in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993 Sep-Oct;13(5):592-7. Abstract

13. Kleinman RG, Bleck EE. Increased blood viscosity in patients with Legg-Perthes disease: a preliminary report. J Pediatr Orthop. 1981;1(2):131-6. Abstract

14. Gregosiewicz A, Okonski M, Stolecka D, et al. Ischemia of the femoral head in Perthes' disease: is the cause intra- or extravascular? J Pediatr Orthop. 1989 Mar-Apr;9(2):160-2. Abstract

15. Théron J. Angiography in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Radiology. 1980 Apr;135(1):81-92. Abstract

16. de Camargo FP, de Godoy RM Jr, Tovo R. Angiography in Perthes' disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984 Dec;(191):216-20. Abstract

17. Mehta JS, Conybeare ME, Hinves BL, et al. Protein C levels in patients with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: is it a true deficiency? J Pediatr Orthop. 2006 Mar-Apr;26(2):200-3. Abstract

18. Arruda VR, Belangero WD, Ozelo MC, et al. Inherited risk factors for thrombophilia among children with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999 Jan-Feb;19(1):84-7. Abstract

19. Grogan DP, Love SM, Ogden JA, et al. Chondro-osseous growth abnormalities after meningococcemia. A clinical and histopathological study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989 Jul;71(6):920-8. Abstract

20. Liu SL, Ho TC. The role of venous hypertension in the pathogenesis of Legg-Perthes disease. A clinical and experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991 Feb;73(2):194-200. Abstract

21. Glueck CJ, Freiberg RA, Crawford A, et al. Secondhand smoke, hypofibrinolysis, and Legg-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998 Jul;(352):159-67. Abstract

22. Suramo I, Puranen J, Heikkinen E, et al. Disturbed patterns of venous drainage of the femoral neck in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974 Aug;56B(3):448-53. Abstract

23. Chung SM. The arterial supply of the developing proximal end of the human femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976 Oct;58(7):961-70. Abstract

24. Trueta J. The normal vascular anatomy of the femoral head in adult man. 1953. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997 Jan;(334):6-14. Abstract

25. Ferguson AB Jr. Segmental vascular changes in the femoral head in children and adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985 Nov;(200):291-8. Abstract

26. Dahlback B, Stenflo J. A natural anticoagulant pathway: proteins C,S, C4b-binding protein and thrombomodulin. In: Bloom AL, Forbes CD, Thomas DP, et al. eds. Haemostasis and thrombosis. 3rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1994:671-97.

27. Gruppo R, Glueck CJ, Wall E, et al. Legg-Perthes disease in three siblings, two heterozygous and one homozygous for the factor V Leiden mutation. J Pediatr. 1998 May;132(5):885-8. Abstract

28. Szepesi K, Pósán E, Hársfalvi J, et al. The most severe forms of Perthes' disease associated with the homozygous Factor V Leiden mutation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004 Apr;86(3):426-9. Abstract

29. Glueck CJ, Glueck HI, Greenfield D, et al. Protein C and S deficiency, thrombophilia, and hypofibrinolysis: pathophysiologic causes of Legg-Perthes disease. Pediatr Res. 1994 Apr;35(4 Pt 1):383-8. Abstract

30. Zahir A, Freeman AR. Cartilage changes following a single episode of infarction of the capital femoral epiphysis in the dog. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972 Jan;54(1):125-36. Abstract

31. Perry DC, Green DJ, Bruce CE, et al. Abnormalities of vascular structure and function in children with Perthes disease. Pediatrics. 2012 Jul;130(1):e126-31. Abstract

32. Kallio P, Ryoppy S, Kunnamo I. Transient synovitis and Perthes' disease. Is there an aetiological connection? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1986 Nov;68(5):808-11. Abstract

33. Mukamel M, Litmanovitch M, Yosipovich Z, et al. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease following transient synovitis. How often? Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1985 Nov;24(11):629-31. Abstract

34. Kamiya N, Yamaguchi R, Adapala NS, et al. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease produces chronic hip synovitis and elevation of interleukin-6 in the synovial fluid. J Bone Miner Res. 2015 Jun;30(6):1009-13. Abstract

35. Kealey DW, Lappin KJ, Leslie H, et al. Endocrine profile and physical stature of children with Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. Mar-Apr 2004;24(2):161-6. Abstract

36. Harrison MH, Turner MH, Jacobs P. Skeletal immaturity in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976 Feb;58(1):37-40. Abstract

37. Burwell RG, Vernon CL, Dangerfield PH, et al. Raised somatomedin activity in the serum of young boys with Perthes' disease revealed by bioassay. A disease of growth transition? Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1986 Aug;(209):129-38. Abstract

38. Tanaka H, Tanura K, Takano K, et al. Serum somatomedin A in Perthes' disease. Acta Orthop Scand. 1984 Apr;55(2):135-40. Abstract

39. Joseph B. Serum immunoglobulin in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991 May;73(3):509-10.Full text  Abstract

40. Kitsugi T, Kasahara Y, Seto Y, et al. Normal somatomedin-C activity measured by radioimmunoassay in Perthes' disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989 Jul;(244):217-21. Abstract

41. Katz JF. Protein-bound iodine in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1955 Jul;37-A(4):842-6. Abstract

42. Westhoff B, Krauspe R, Kalke AE, et al. Urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline in Perthes' disease: a prospective, controlled comparative study in 83 children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006 Jul;88(7):967-71. Abstract

43. Weiner DS, O'Dell HW. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Observations on skeletal maturation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1970 Jan-Feb;68:44-9.

44. Garcia Mata S, Ardanaz Aicua E, Hidalgo Overjero A, et al. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease and passive smoking. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000 May-Jun;20(3):326-30. Abstract

45. Gordon JE, Schoenecker PL, Osland JD, et al. Smoking and socio-economic status in the etiology and severity of Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2004 Nov;13(6):367-70. Abstract

46. Bahmanyar S, Montgomery SM, Weiss RJ, et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and other prenatal and perinatal factors and the risk of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Pediatrics. 2008 Aug;122(2):e459-64. Abstract

47. Adams JC, Hamblen D. Outline of orthopaedics. 12th ed. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone; 1995:312-6.

48. Joseph B. Morphological changes in the acetabulum in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989 Nov;71(5):756-63.Full text  Abstract

49. Stulberg SD, Cooperman DR, Wallensten R. The natural history of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981 Sep;63(7):1095-108. Abstract

50. Barker DJ, Hall AJ. The epidemiology of Perthes' disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986 Aug;(209):89-94. Abstract

51. Wiig O, Terjesen T, Svenningsen S, et al. The epidemiology and etiology of Perthes' disease in Norway. A nationwide survey of 425 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006 Sep;88(9):1217-23. Abstract

52. Kealey WD, Moore AJ, Cook S, et al. Deprivation, urbanisation and Perthes' disease in Northern Ireland. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000 Mar;82(2):167-71. Abstract

53. Purry NA. The incidence of Perthes disease in three population groups in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1982;64(3):286-8. Abstract

54. Joseph B, Chacko V, Rao BS, et al. The epidemiology of Perthes' disease in south India. Int J Epidemiol. 1988 Sep;17(3):603-7. Abstract

55. Sharma S, Sibinski M, Sherlock DA. A profile of Perthes' disease in Greater Glasgow: is there an association with deprivation? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005 Nov;87(11):1536-40. Abstract

56. Perry DC, Bruce CE, Pope D, et al. Perthes' disease of the hip: socioeconomic inequalities and the urban environment. Arch Dis Child. 2012 Dec;97(12):1053-7. Abstract

57. Perry DC, Bruce CE, Pope D, et al. Comorbidities in Perthes' disease: a case control study using the General Practice Research database. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012 Dec;94(12):1684-9. Abstract

58. Shaw ED, Beals RK. The hip joint in Trisomy 21. A study of its structure and associated disease. Clin Orthop. 1992;278:101-107. Abstract

59. Oshima M, Yoshihasi Y, Ito K, et al. Initial stage of Legg-Calve Perthes’ disease: comparison of three-phase scintigraphy and SPECT with MR imaging. Eur J Radiol. 1992 Sep;15(2):107-12. Abstract

60. Bos CF, Bloem JL, Bloem RM. Sequential magnetic resonance imaging in Perthes’ disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991 Mar;73(2):219-24.Full text  Abstract

61. Du J, Lu A, Dempsey M, et al. MR perfusion index as a quantitative method of evaluating epiphyseal perfusion in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and correlation with short-term radiographic outcome: a preliminary study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2013 Oct-Nov;33(7):707-13. Abstract

62. Kim HK, Wiesman KD, Kulkarni V, et al. Perfusion MRI in early stage of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease to predict lateral pillar involvement: a preliminary study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Jul 16;96(14):1152-60. Abstract

63. Catterall A. The natural history of Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1971 Feb;53(1):37-53. Abstract

64. Huhnstock S, Svenningsen S, Merckoll E, et al. Radiographic classifications in Perthes disease. Acta Orthop. 2017 Oct;88(5):522-9.Full text  Abstract

65. Salter RB, Thompson GH. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. The prognostic significance of the subchondral fracture and a two-group classification of the femoral head involvement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984 Apr;66(4):479-89. Abstract

66. Herring JA, Neustadt JB, Williams JJ, et al. The lateral pillar classification of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992 Mar-Apr;12(2):143-50. Abstract

67. Herring JA, Kim HT, Browne R. Legg-Calve Perthes disease. Part I: Classification of radiographs with use of the modified lateral pillar and Stulberg classifications. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Oct;86(10):2103-20. Abstract

68. Canale ST, D'Anca AF, Cotler JM, et al. Innominate osteotomy in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972 Jan;54(1):25-40. Abstract

69. Sinigaglia R, Bundy A, Okoro T, et al. Is conservative treatment really effective for Legg-Calve-Perthes disease? A critical review of the literature. Chirurgia Narzadow Ruchu i Ortopedia Polska. 2007 Nov-Dec;72(6):439-43.

70. Nguyen NA, Klein G, Dogbey G, et al. Operative versus nonoperative treatments for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012 Oct-Nov;32(7):697-705. Abstract

71. Saran N, Varghese R, Mulpuri K. Do femoral or salter innominate osteotomies improve femoral head sphericity in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease? A meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 Sep;470(9):2383-93. Abstract

72. Rich MM, Schoenecker PL. Management of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease using an A-frame orthosis and hip range of motion: a 25-year experience. J Pediatr Orthop. 2013 Mar;33(2):112-9. Abstract

73. Wiig O, Terjesen T, Svenningsen S. Prognostic factors and outcome of treatment in Perthes' disease: a prospective study of 368 patients with five-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008 Oct;90(10):1364-71. Abstract

74. Jasiewicz B, Zarzycka M, Zarzycki D, et al. Salter osteotomy in Perthes' disease. Late radiological results. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2004 Nov-Dec;6(6):733-9. Abstract

75. Hsu JE, Baldwin KD, Tannast M, et al. What is the evidence supporting the prevention of osteoarthritis and improved femoral coverage after shelf procedure for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 Sep;470(9):2421-30. Abstract

76. Kadhim M, Holmes L Jr, Bowen JR. The role of shelf acetabuloplasty in early and late stages of Perthes disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Child Orthop. 2012 Oct;6(5):379-90.

77. Hanna SA, Sarraf KM, Ramachandran M, et al. Systematic review of the outcome of total hip arthroplasty in patients with sequelae of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2017 Aug;137(8):1149-54. Abstract

78. Nakamura J, Kamegaya M, Saisu T, et al. Outcome of patients with Legg-Calvé-Perthes onset before 6 years of age. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015 Mar;35(2):144-50. Abstract

79. Wiig O, Huhnstock S, Terjesen T, et al. The outcome and prognostic factors in children with bilateral Perthes' disease: a prospective study of 40 children with follow-up over five years. Bone Joint J. 2016 Apr;98-B(4):569-75. Abstract

80. Heesakkers N, van Kempen R, Feith R, et al. The long-term prognosis of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: a historical prospective study with a median follow-up of forty one years. Int Orthop. 2015 May;39(5):859-63. Abstract