Fecal incontinence in children

Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M, et al. Functional disorders: children and adolescents. Gastroenterology. 2016 May;150(6):1456-68. Abstract

Levitt MA, Pena A. Anorectal malformations. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Jul 26;2:33.Full text  Abstract

Bongers ME, Tabbers MM, Benninga MA. Functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Jan;44(1):5-13.Full text  Abstract

Abrams P, Andersson KE, Apostolidis A, et al. 6th International Consultation on Incontinence. Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and faecal incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018 Sep;37(7):2271-2.Full text  Abstract

Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY, et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Feb;58(2):258-74.Full text  Abstract

1. Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M, et al. Functional disorders: children and adolescents. Gastroenterology. 2016 May;150(6):1456-68. Abstract

2. Masi P, Miele E, Staiano A. Pediatric anorectal disorders. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;37(3):709-30. Abstract

3. Wyndaele JJ, Kovindha A, Igawa Y, et al. Neurologic fecal incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(1):207-12. Abstract

4. van der Wal MF, Benninga MA, Hirasing RA. The prevalence of encopresis in a multicultural population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Mar;40(3):345-8.Full text  Abstract

5. Chung JM, Lee SD, Kang DI, et al. An epidemiologic study of voiding and bowel habits in Korean children: a nationwide multicenter study. Urology. 2010 Jul;76(1):215-9.Full text  Abstract

6. Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM, Benninga MA. Constipation-associated and nonretentive fecal incontinence in children and adolescents: an epidemiological survey in Sri Lanka. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010 Oct;51(4):472-6.Full text  Abstract

7. Levitt MA, Pena A. Anorectal malformations. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Jul 26;2:33.Full text  Abstract

8. Mills JL, Konkin DE, Milner R, et al. Long-term bowel function and quality of life in children with Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg. 2008 May;43(5):899-905. Abstract

9. Zickler CF, Richardson V. Achieving continence in children with neurogenic bowel and bladder. J Pediatr Health Care. 2004 Nov-Dec;18(6):276-83. Abstract

10. Bongers ME, Tabbers MM, Benninga MA. Functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Jan;44(1):5-13.Full text  Abstract

11. Ambartsumyan L, Nurko S. Review of organic causes of fecal incontinence in children: evaluation and treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Sep;7(7):657-67. Abstract

12. Dasgupta R, Langer JC. Evaluation and management of persistent problems after surgery for Hirschsprung disease in a child. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 Jan;46(1):13-9.Full text  Abstract

13. Benninga MA, Buller HA, Heymans HS, et al. Is encopresis always the result of constipation? Arch Dis Child. 1994 Sep;71(3):186-93.Full text  Abstract

14. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Carbohydrate and dietary fiber. In: Kleinman RE, Greer FR, eds. Pediatric Nutrition. 8th ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2020:481-508

15. Setty R, Wershil BK. In brief: fecal overflow incontinence. Pediatr Rev. 2006 Aug;27(8):e54-5. Abstract

16. Schonwald A, Rappaport L. Consultation with the specialist: encopresis: assessment and management. Pediatr Rev. 2004 Aug;25(8):278-83. Abstract

17. Abrams P, Andersson KE, Apostolidis A, et al. 6th International Consultation on Incontinence. Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and faecal incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018 Sep;37(7):2271-2.Full text  Abstract

18. Rockney RM, McQuade WH, Days AL. The plain abdominal roentgenogram in the management of encopresis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995 Jun;149(6):623-7. Abstract

19. Starreveld JS, Pols MA, Van Wijk HJ, et al. The plain abdominal radiograph in the assessment of constipation. Z Gastroenterol. 1990 Jul;28(7):335-8. Abstract

20. Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM, Benninga MA. Review article: faecal incontinence in children: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Jan;37(1):37-48.Full text  Abstract

21. Feldman T, Wershil BK. In brief: Hirschsprung disease. Pediatr Rev. 2006 Aug;27(8):e56-7. Abstract

22. Cowlam S, Vinayagam R, Khan U, et al. Blinded comparison of faecal loading on plain radiography versus radio-opaque marker transit studies in the assessment of constipation. Clin Radiol. 2008 Dec;63(12):1326-31. Abstract

23. Sharma A, Poddar U, Yaccha SK. Time to recognize atypical celiac disease in Indian children. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2007 Nov-Dec;26(6):269-73. Abstract

24. Noviello C, Cobellis G, Papparella A, et al. Role of anorectal manometry in children with severe constipation. Colorectal Dis. 2009 Jun;11(5):480-4. Abstract

25. Schizas AM, Emmanuel AV, Williams AB, et al. Anal canal vector volume manometry. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011 Jun;54(6):759-68. Abstract

26. Koppen IJ, von Gontard A, Chase J, et al. Management of functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children: recommendations from the International Children's Continence Society. J Pediatr Urol. 2016 Feb;12(1):56-64.Full text  Abstract

27. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY, et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Feb;58(2):258-74.Full text  Abstract

28. The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. Constipation. Mar 2020 [internet publication].Full text

29. Bischoff A, Levitt MA, Pena A. Bowel management for the treatment of pediatric fecal incontinence. Pediatr Surg Int. 2009 Dec;25(12):1027-42.Full text  Abstract

30. Piccoli de Mello P, Eifer DA, Daniel de Mello E. Use of fibers in childhood constipation treatment: systematic review with meta-analysis. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2018 Sep - Oct;94(5):460-70.Full text  Abstract

31. Brazzelli M, Griffiths PV, Cody JD, et al. Behavioural and cognitive interventions with or without other treatments for the management of faecal incontinence in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;(12):CD002240.Full text  Abstract

32. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA warns of possible harm from exceeding recommended dose of over-the-counter sodium phosphate products to treat constipation. Jan 2014 [internet publication].Full text

33. Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MA. Pathophysiology of pediatric fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2004 Jan;126(1 Suppl 1):S33-40. Abstract

34. Mousa HM, van den Berg MM, Caniano DA, et al. Cecostomy in children with defecation disorders. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Jan;51(1):154-60. Abstract

35. Wong AL, Kravarusic D, Wong SL. Impact of cecostomy and antegrade colonic enemas on management of fecal incontinence and constipation: ten years of experience in pediatric population. J Pediatr Surg. 2008 Aug;43(8):1445-51. Abstract

36. Voskuijl WP, van Ginkel R, Taminiau JA, et al. Loperamide suppositories in an adolescent with childhood-onset functional non-retentive fecal soiling. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003 Aug;37(2):198-200.Full text  Abstract

37. Deutekom M, Dobben A. Plugs for containing faecal incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 20;(7):CD005086.Full text  Abstract

38. Tack J, van Outryve M, Beyens G, et al. Prucalopride (Resolor) in the treatment of severe chronic constipation in patients dissatisfied with laxatives. Gut. 2009 Mar;58(3):357-65. Abstract

39. Mugie SM, Korczowski B, Bodi P, et al. Prucalopride is no more effective than placebo for children with functional constipation. Gastroenterology. 2014 Dec;147(6):1285-95.e1.Full text  Abstract

40. US National Library of Medicine. Clinicaltrials.gov. A study of prucalopride for functional constipation in children and teenagers. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

41. Owen RT. Lubiprostone: a novel treatment for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Drugs Today (Barc). 2008 Sep;44(9):645-52. Abstract

42. Benninga MA, Hussain SZ, Sood MR, et al. Lubiprostone for pediatric functional constipation: randomized, controlled, double-blind study with long-term extension. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Mar;20(3):602-10.e5.Full text  Abstract

43. Irani K, Rodriguez L, Doody DP, et al. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic constipation in children with internal anal sphincter dysfunction. Pediatr Surg Int. 2008 Jul;24(7):779-83. Abstract

44. Kajbafzadeh AM, Ahmadi H, Montaser-Kouhsari L, et al. Intravesical electromotive botulinum toxin type A administration--part II: clinical application. Urology. 2011 Feb;77(2):439-45.Full text  Abstract

45. Halleran DR, Lu PL, Ahmad H, et al. Anal sphincter botulinum toxin injection in children with functional anorectal and colonic disorders: a large institutional study and review of the literature focusing on complications. J Pediatr Surg. 2019 Nov;54(11):2305-10.Full text  Abstract

46. Youssef NN, Pensabene L, Barksdale E Jr, et al. Is there a role for surgery beyond colonic aganglionosis and anorectal malformation in children with intractable constipation? J Pediatr Surg. 2004 Jan;39(1):73-7. Abstract

47. Emmanuel A. Review of the efficacy and safety of transanal irrigation for neurogenic bowel dysfunction. Spinal Cord. 2010 Sep;48(9):664-73. Abstract

48. Patel S, Hopson P, Bornstein J, et al. Impact of transanal irrigation device in the management of children with fecal incontinence and constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020 Sep;71(3):292-7.Full text  Abstract

49. Voskuijl WP, Reitsma JB, van Ginkel R, et al. Longitudinal follow-up of children with functional nonretentive fecal incontinence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Jan;4(1):67-72.Full text  Abstract

50. Kovacic K, Sood MR, Mugie S, et al. A multicenter study on childhood constipation and fecal incontinence: effects on quality of life. J Pediatr. 2015 Jun;166(6):1482-7. Abstract

51. Nield LS, Kamat D. Prevention, diagnosis, and management of diaper dermatitis. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007 Jul;46(6):480-6. Abstract