Medulloblastoma

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Franceschi E, Hofer S, Brandes AA, et al. EANO-EURACAN clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of post-pubertal and adult patients with medulloblastoma. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Dec;20(12):e715-28. Abstract

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3. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: pediatric central nervous system cancers [internet publication].Full text

4. Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021 Aug 2;23(8):1231-51.Full text  Abstract

5. Ostrom QT, Price M, Ryan K, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: pediatric brain tumor foundation childhood and adolescent primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2014-2018. Neuro Oncol. 2022 Sep 6;24(suppl 3):iii1-38.Full text  Abstract

6. Partap S, Curran EK, Propp JM, et al. Medulloblastoma incidence has not changed over time: a CBTRUS study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009 Dec;31(12):970-1. Abstract

7. Khanna V, Achey RL, Ostrom QT, et al. Incidence and survival trends for medulloblastomas in the United States from 2001 to 2013. J Neurooncol. 2017 Dec;135(3):433-41. Abstract

8. Stiller CA, Bayne AM, Chakrabarty A, et al. Incidence of childhood CNS tumours in Britain and variation in rates by definition of malignant behaviour: population-based study. BMC Cancer. 2019 Feb 11;19(1):139.Full text  Abstract

9. Chidambaram B, Santhosh V, Shankar SK. Identical twins with medulloblastoma occurring in infancy. Childs Nerv Syst. 1998 Sep;14(9):421-5. Abstract

10. Scheurlen W, Sörensen N, Roggendorf W, et al. Molecular analysis of medulloblastomas occurring simultaneously in monozygotic twins. Eur J Pediatr. 1996 Oct;155(10):880-4. Abstract

11. Bailey CC, Gnekow A, Wellek S, et al. Prospective randomised trial of chemotherapy given before radiotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma. International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) and the (German) Society of Paediatric Oncology (GPO): SIOP II. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1995 Sep;25(3):166-78. Abstract

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15. Carta R, Del Baldo G, Miele E, et al. Cancer predisposition syndromes and medulloblastoma in the molecular era. Front Oncol. 2020 Oct 29;10:566822.Full text  Abstract

16. Schroeder K, Gururangan S. Molecular variants and mutations in medulloblastoma. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2014 Feb 4;7:43-51.Full text  Abstract

17. Kool M, Korshunov A, Remke M, et al. Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis of transcriptome, genetic aberrations, and clinical data of WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 medulloblastomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Apr;123(4):473-84.Full text  Abstract

18. Grotzer MA, Hogarty MD, Janss AJ, et al. MYC messenger RNA expression predicts survival outcome in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumor/medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Aug;7(8):2425-33. Abstract

19. Lamont JM, McManamy CS, Pearson AD, et al. Combined histopathological and molecular cytogenetic stratification of medulloblastoma patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Aug 15;10(16):5482-93.Full text  Abstract

20. Batra SK, McLendon RE, Koo JS, et al. Prognostic implications of chromosome 17p deletions in human medulloblastomas. J Neurooncol. 1995;24(1):39-45. Abstract

21. Gajjar A, Chintagumpala M, Ashley D, et al. Risk-adapted craniospinal radiotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue in children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma (St Jude Medulloblastoma-96): long-term results from a prospective, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol. 2006 Oct;7(10):813-20. Abstract

22. Grotzer MA, Janss AJ, Fung K, et al. TrkC expression predicts good clinical outcome in primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Mar;18(5):1027-35. Abstract

23. Sharma T, Schwalbe EC, Williamson D, et al. Second-generation molecular subgrouping of medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis of Group 3 and Group 4 subtypes. Acta Neuropathol. 2019 Aug;138(2):309-26.Full text  Abstract

24. Choux M, Lena G, Alfonsi S, et al. Medulloblastoma [in French]. Neurochirurgie. 1982;28(suppl 1):1-229. Abstract

25. Franceschi E, Hofer S, Brandes AA, et al. EANO-EURACAN clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of post-pubertal and adult patients with medulloblastoma. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Dec;20(12):e715-28. Abstract

26. Kadin ME, Rubinstein LJ, Nelson JS. Neonatal cerebellar medulloblastoma originating from the fetal external granular layer. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1970 Oct;29(4):583-600. Abstract

27. Raaf J, Kernohan JW. Relation of abnormal collections of cells in posterior medullary velum of cerebellum to origin of medulloblastoma. Arch Neurol. 1944 Sep;52(3):163-9.

28. Yachnis AT, Rorke LB, Trojanowski JQ. Cerebellar dysplasias in humans: development and possible relationship to glial and primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the cerebellar vermis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1994 Jan;53(1):61-71. Abstract

29. Packer RJ, Cogen P, Vezina G, et al. Medulloblastoma: clinical and biologic aspects. Neuro Oncol. 1999 Jul;1(3):232-50. Abstract

30. Roberts RO, Lynch CF, Jones MP, et al. Medulloblastoma: a population-based study of 532 cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1991 Mar;50(2):134-44. Abstract

31. Giangaspero F, Perilongo G, Fondelli MP, et al. Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity: a variant with favorable prognosis. J Neurosurg. 1999 Dec;91(6):971-7. Abstract

32. Goldstein AM, Yuen J, Tucker MA. Second cancers after medulloblastoma: population-based results from the United States and Sweden. Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Nov;8(6):865-71. Abstract

33. Harrison SK, Ditchfield MR, Waters K. Correlations of MRI and CSF cytology in the diagnosis of medulloblastoma spinal metastases. Pediatr Radiol. 1998 Aug;28(8):571-4. Abstract

34. Gajjar A, Fouladi M, Walter AW, et al. Comparison of lumbar and shunt cerebrospinal fluid specimens for cytologic detection of leptomeningeal disease in pediatric patients with brain tumors. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jun;17(6):1825-8. Abstract

35. American College of Radiology. ACR–ASNR–SPR practice parameter for the performance and interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. 2013 [internet publication].Full text

36. White CL, Kinross KM, Moore MK, et al. Implementation of DNA methylation array profiling in pediatric central nervous system tumors: the AIM BRAIN project: an Australian and New Zealand children's haematology/oncology group study. J Mol Diagn. 2023 Oct;25(10):709-28.Full text  Abstract

37. Chang CH, Housepian EM, Herbert C. An operative staging system and a megavoltage radiotherapeutic technic for cerebellar medulloblastomas. Radiology. 1969 Dec;93(6):1351-9. Abstract

38. Harisiadis L, Chang CH. Medulloblastoma in children: a correlation between staging and results of treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1977 Sep-Oct;2(9-10):833-41.Full text  Abstract

39. Bartlett F, Kortmann R, Saran F. Medulloblastoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2013 Jan;25(1):36-45. Abstract

40. Albright AL, Wisoff JH, Zeltzer PM, et al. Effects of medulloblastoma resections on outcome in children: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Neurosurgery. 1996 Feb;38(2):265-71. Abstract

41. Padovani L, Horan G, Ajithkumar T. Radiotherapy advances in paediatric medulloblastoma treatment. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2019 Mar;31(3):171-81. Abstract

42. St. Clair WH, Adams JA, Bues M, et al. Advantage of protons compared to conventional X-ray or IMRT in the treatment of a pediatric patient with medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Mar 1;58(3):727-34. Abstract

43. Ashley DM, Merchant TE, Strother D, et al. Induction chemotherapy and conformal radiation therapy for very young children with nonmetastatic medulloblastoma: Children's Oncology Group study P9934. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 10;30(26):3181-6.Full text  Abstract

44. Geyer JR, Sposto R, Jennings M, et al. Multiagent chemotherapy and deferred radiotherapy in infants with malignant brain tumors: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 20;23(30):7621-31.Full text  Abstract

45. Duffner PK, Horowitz ME, Krischer JP, et al. The treatment of malignant brain tumors in infants and very young children: an update of the Pediatric Oncology Group experience. Neuro Oncol. 1999 Apr;1(2):152-61. Abstract

46. Grill J, Sainte-Rose C, Jouvet A, et al. Treatment of medulloblastoma with postoperative chemotherapy alone: an SFOP prospective trial in young children. Lancet Oncol. 2005 Aug;6(8):573-80. Abstract

47. Rutkowski S, Bode U, Deinlein F, et al. Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy alone. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):978-86. Abstract

48. McManamy CS, Pears J, Weston CL, et al. Nodule formation and desmoplasia in medulloblastomas - defining the nodular/desmoplastic variant and its biological behavior. Brain Pathol. 2007 Apr;17(2):151-64. Abstract

49. Chi SN, Gardner SL, Levy AS, et al. Feasibility and response to induction chemotherapy intensified with high-dose methotrexate for young children with newly diagnosed high-risk disseminated medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Dec 15;22(24):4881-7.Full text  Abstract

50. Sung KW, Yoo KH, Cho EJ, et al. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue in children with newly diagnosed high-risk or relapsed medulloblastoma or supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Apr;48(4):408-15. Abstract

51. Gandola L, Massimino M, Cefalo G, et al. Hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy in the Milan strategy for metastatic medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 1;27(4):566-71.Full text  Abstract

52. Taylor RE, Howman AJ, Wheatley K, et al. Hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (HART) with maintenance chemotherapy for metastatic (M1-3) medulloblastoma - a safety/feasibility study. Radiother Oncol. 2014 Apr;111(1):41-6. Abstract

53. Kortmann RD, Kühl J, Timmermann B, et al. Postoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy as compared to immediate radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma in childhood: results of the German prospective randomized trial HIT '91. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jan 15;46(2):269-79. Abstract

54. Taylor RE, Bailey CC, Robinson KJ, et al. Impact of radiotherapy parameters on outcome in the International Society of Paediatric Oncology/United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group PNET-3 study of preradiotherapy chemotherapy for M0-M1 medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Mar 15;58(4):1184-93. Abstract

55. von Hoff K, Hinkes B, Gerber NU, et al. Long-term outcome and clinical prognostic factors in children with medulloblastoma treated in the prospective randomised multicentre trial HIT'91. Eur J Cancer. 2009 May;45(7):1209-17. Abstract

56. Wisoff JH, Boyett JM, Berger MS, et al. Current neurosurgical management and the impact of the extent of resection in the treatment of malignant gliomas of childhood: a report of the Children's Cancer Group trial no. CCG-945. J Neurosurg. 1998 Jul;89(1):52-9. Abstract

57. Jakacki RI, Burger PC, Zhou T, et al. Outcome of children with metastatic medulloblastoma treated with carboplatin during craniospinal radiotherapy: a Children's Oncology Group Phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jul 20;30(21):2648-53.Full text  Abstract

58. Cohen KJ, Munjapara V, Aguilera D, et al. A pilot study omitting radiation in the treatment of children with newly diagnosed wnt-activated medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2023 Dec 15;29(24):5031-7.Full text  Abstract

59. Tarbell NJ, Friedman H, Polkinghorn WR, et al. High-risk medulloblastoma: a pediatric oncology group randomized trial of chemotherapy before or after radiation therapy (POG 9031). J Clin Oncol. 2013 Aug 10;31(23):2936-41.Full text  Abstract

60. Leary SES, Packer RJ, Li Y, et al. Efficacy of carboplatin and isotretinoin in children with high-risk medulloblastoma: a randomized clinical trial from the children's oncology group. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Sep 1;7(9):1313-21.Full text  Abstract

61. Vivekanandan S, Breene R, Ramanujachar R, et al. The UK experience of a treatment strategy for pediatric metastatic medulloblastoma comprising intensive induction chemotherapy, hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy and response directed high dose myeloablative chemotherapy or maintenance chemotherapy (Milan strategy). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015 Dec;62(12):2132-9. Abstract

62. Massimino M, Barretta F, Dossena C, et al. Long-term outcome of the Milano-hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy strategy for high-risk medulloblastoma, including the impact of molecular subtype. Neuro Oncol. 2025 Jan 12;27(1):209-18.Full text  Abstract

63. Marschke RF, Borad MJ, McFarland RW, et al. Findings from the phase I clinical trials of CX-4945, an orally available inhibitor of CK2. J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 20;29(15):3087.

64. Juraschka K, Taylor MD. Medulloblastoma in the age of molecular subgroups: a review. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2019 Oct 1;24(4):353-63.Full text  Abstract

65. Menyhárt O, Giangaspero F, Győrffy B. Molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets in non-WNT/non-SHH (group 3 and group 4) medulloblastomas. J Hematol Oncol. 2019 Mar 15;12(1):29.Full text  Abstract

66. El Doussouki M, Gajjar A, Chamdine O. Molecular genetics of medulloblastoma in children: diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications. 25 Jan 2019 [internet publication].Full text

67. Iv M, Zhou M, Shpanskaya K, et al. MR imaging-based radiomic signatures of distinct molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019 Jan;40(1):154-61.Full text  Abstract

68. Lee MJ, Hatton BA, Villavicencio EH, et al. Hedgehog pathway inhibitor saridegib (IPI-926) increases lifespan in a mouse medulloblastoma model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012 May 15;109(20):7859-64.Full text  Abstract

69. Gerber NU, Mynarek M, von Hoff K, et al. Recent developments and current concepts in medulloblastoma. Cancer Treat Rev. 2014 Apr;40(3):356-65. Abstract

70. Samkari A, White JC, Packer RJ. Medulloblastoma: toward biologically based management. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2015 Mar;22(1):6-13. Abstract

71. Vázquez M, Bachmann N, Pica A, et al. Early outcome after craniospinal irradiation with pencil beam scanning proton therapy for children, adolescents and young adults with brain tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2023 Feb;70(2):e30087. Abstract

72. Tran S, Lim PS, Bojaxhiu B, et al. Clinical outcomes and quality of life in children and adolescents with primary brain tumors treated with pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020 Dec;67(12):e28465. Abstract

73. Walbert T, Harrison RA, Schiff D, et al. SNO and EANO practice guideline update: anticonvulsant prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors. Neuro Oncol. 2021 Nov 2;23(11):1835-44.Full text  Abstract

74. Roth P, Pace A, Le Rhun E, et al. Neurological and vascular complications of primary and secondary brain tumours: EANO-ESMO clinical practice guidelines for prophylaxis, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Feb;32(2):171-82.Full text

75. Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Finlay JL, et al. Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the Children's Cancer Group 921 randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Mar;17(3):832-45. Abstract

76. Packer RJ, Goldwein J, Nicholson HS, et al. Treatment of children with medulloblastomas with reduced-dose craniospinal radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: A Children's Cancer Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jul;17(7):2127-36. Abstract

77. Packer RJ, Sutton LN, Elterman R, et al. Outcome for children with medulloblastoma treated with radiation and cisplatin, CCNU, and vincristine chemotherapy. J Neurosurg. 1994 Nov;81(5):690-8. Abstract

78. Miralbell R, Fitzgerald TJ, Laurie F, et al. Radiotherapy in pediatric medulloblastoma: quality assessment of Pediatric Oncology Group Trial 9031. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Apr 1;64(5):1325-30. Abstract

79. Michalski JM, Janss AJ, Vezina LG, et al. Children's oncology group phase III trial of reduced-dose and reduced-volume radiotherapy with chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Aug 20;39(24):2685-97.Full text  Abstract

80. Salloum R, Chen Y, Yasui Y, et al. Late morbidity and mortality among medulloblastoma survivors diagnosed across three decades: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Mar 20;37(9):731-40.Full text  Abstract

81. Lafay-Cousin L, Dufour C. High-dose chemotherapy in children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Feb 7;14(3):837.Full text  Abstract

82. Rutkowski S, von Hoff K, Emser A, et al. Survival and prognostic factors of early childhood medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Nov 20;28(33):4961-8.Full text  Abstract

83. Lazow MA, Palmer JD, Fouladi M, et al. Medulloblastoma in the modern era: review of contemporary trials, molecular advances, and updates in management. Neurotherapeutics. 2022 Oct;19(6):1733-51.Full text  Abstract

84. Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Bouffet E, et al. Risk stratification of childhood medulloblastoma in the molecular era: the current consensus. Acta Neuropathol. 2016 Jun;131(6):821-31.Full text  Abstract

85. Ellison DW, Onilude OE, Lindsey JC, et al. beta-Catenin status predicts a favorable outcome in childhood medulloblastoma: the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group Brain Tumour Committee. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 1;23(31):7951-7. Abstract

86. Gerber NU, von Hoff K, von Bueren AO, et al. A long duration of the prediagnostic symptomatic interval is not associated with an unfavourable prognosis in childhood medulloblastoma. Eur J Cancer. 2012 Sep;48(13):2028-36. Abstract

87. O'Halloran K, Phadnis S, Friedman GK, et al. Effective re-induction regimen for children with recurrent medulloblastoma. Neurooncol Adv. 2024 May 10;6(1):vdae070.Full text  Abstract

88. Peyrl A, Chocholous M, Sabel M, et al. Sustained survival benefit in recurrent medulloblastoma by a metronomic antiangiogenic regimen: a nonrandomized controlled trial. JAMA Oncol. 2023 Dec 1;9(12):1688-95.Full text  Abstract

89. Shiba Y, Motomura K, Taniguchi R, et al. Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab, irinotecan, and temozolomide combination for relapsed or refractory pediatric central nervous system embryonal tumor: a single-institution study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023 Mar 10:1-9.Full text  Abstract

90. Ellenberg L, McComb JG, Siegel SE, et al. Factors affecting intellectual outcome in pediatric brain tumor patients. Neurosurg. 1987 Nov;21(5):638-44. Abstract

91. Chevignard M, Câmara-Costa H, Doz F, et al. Core deficits and quality of survival after childhood medulloblastoma: a review. Neurooncol Pract. 2017 Jun;4(2):82-97.Full text  Abstract

92. Taylor LP, Besbris JM, Graf WD, et al. Clinical guidance in neuropalliative care: an AAN position statement. Neurology. 2022 Mar 8;98(10):409-16.Full text  Abstract

93. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Brain tumours (primary) and brain metastases in over 16s. Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text