Medulloblastoma

Franceschi E, Hofer S, Brandes AA, et al. EANO-EURACAN clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of post-pubertal and adult patients with medulloblastoma. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Dec;20(12):e715-28. Abstract

Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021 Aug 2;23(8):1231-51.Full text  Abstract

Kool M, Korshunov A, Remke M, et al. Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis of transcriptome, genetic aberrations, and clinical data of WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 medulloblastomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Apr;123(4):473-84.Full text  Abstract

Thomas A, Noël G. Medulloblastoma: optimizing care with a multidisciplinary approach. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2019 Apr 30;12:335-47.Full text  Abstract

Padovani L, Horan G, Ajithkumar T. Radiotherapy advances in paediatric medulloblastoma treatment. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2019 Mar;31(3):171-81. Abstract

Grill J, Sainte-Rose C, Jouvet A, et al. Treatment of medulloblastoma with postoperative chemotherapy alone: an SFOP prospective trial in young children. Lancet Oncol. 2005 Aug;6(8):573-80. Abstract

Rutkowski S, Bode U, Deinlein F, et al. Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy alone. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):978-86. Abstract

1. Franceschi E, Hofer S, Brandes AA, et al. EANO-EURACAN clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of post-pubertal and adult patients with medulloblastoma. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Dec;20(12):e715-28. Abstract

2. Taylor MD, Northcott PA, Korshunov A, et al. Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: the current consensus. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Apr;123(4):465-72.Full text  Abstract

3. Northcott PA, Korshunov A, Witt H, et al. Medulloblastoma comprises four distinct molecular variants. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Apr 10;29(11):1408-14.Full text  Abstract

4. Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021 Aug 2;23(8):1231-51.Full text  Abstract

5. Alston RD, Newton R, Kelsey A, et al. Childhood medulloblastoma in northwest England 1954 to 1997: incidence and survival. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003 May;45(5):308-14.Full text  Abstract

6. Agerlin N, Gjerris F, Brincker H, et al. Childhood medulloblastoma in Denmark 1960-1984: A population-based retrospective study. Childs Nerv Syst. 1999 Jan;15(1):29-36. Abstract

7. Thorne RN, Pearson AD, Nicoll JA, et al. Decline in incidence of medulloblastoma in children. Cancer. 1994 Dec 15;74(12):3240-4. Abstract

8. Chidambaram B, Santhosh V, Shankar SK. Identical twins with medulloblastoma occurring in infancy. Childs Nerv Syst. 1998 Sep;14(9):421-5. Abstract

9. McNeil DE, Coté TR, Clegg L, et al. Incidence and trends in pediatric malignancies medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor: a SEER update. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2002 Sep;39(3):190-4. Abstract

10. Pizzo P, Poplack D. Tumors of the central nervous system. In: Strother D, Pollack I, Fisher P, et al, eds. Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2002.

11. Bailey CC, Gnekow A, Wellek S, et al. Prospective randomised trial of chemotherapy given before radiotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma. International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) and the (German) Society of Paediatric Oncology (GPO): SIOP II. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1995 Sep;25(3):166-78. Abstract

12. Allen JC, Epstein F. Medulloblastoma and other primary malignant neuroectodermal tumors of the CNS. The effect of patients' age and extent of disease on prognosis. J Neurosurg. 1982 Oct;57(4):446-51. Abstract

13. Miller RW, Rubinstein JH. Tumors in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1995 Mar 13;56(1):112-5. Abstract

14. Neblett CR, Waltz TA, Anderson DE. Neurological involvement in the nevoid basal carcinoma syndrome. J Neurosurg. 1971 Nov;35(5):577-84. Abstract

15. Schroeder K, Gururangan S. Molecular variants and mutations in medulloblastoma. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2014 Feb 4;7:43-51.Full text  Abstract

16. Kool M, Korshunov A, Remke M, et al. Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis of transcriptome, genetic aberrations, and clinical data of WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 medulloblastomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Apr;123(4):473-84.Full text  Abstract

17. Grotzer MA, Hogarty MD, Janss AJ, et al. MYC messenger RNA expression predicts survival outcome in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumor/medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Aug;7(8):2425-33. Abstract

18. Lamont JM, McManamy CS, Pearson AD, et al. Combined histopathological and molecular cytogenetic stratification of medulloblastoma patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Aug 15;10(16):5482-93.Full text  Abstract

19. Batra SK, McLendon RE, Koo JS, et al. Prognostic implications of chromosome 17p deletions in human medulloblastomas. J Neurooncol. 1995;24(1):39-45. Abstract

20. Gajjar A, Chintagumpala M, Ashley D, et al. Risk-adapted craniospinal radiotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue in children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma (St Jude Medulloblastoma-96): long-term results from a prospective, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol. 2006 Oct;7(10):813-20. Abstract

21. Grotzer MA, Janss AJ, Fung K, et al. TrkC expression predicts good clinical outcome in primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Mar;18(5):1027-35. Abstract

22. Sharma T, Schwalbe EC, Williamson D, et al. Second-generation molecular subgrouping of medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis of Group 3 and Group 4 subtypes. Acta Neuropathol. 2019 Aug;138(2):309-26.Full text  Abstract

23. Choux M, Lena G, Alfonsi S, et al. Medulloblastoma [in French]. Neurochirurgie. 1982;28(suppl 1):1-229. Abstract

24. Kadin ME, Rubinstein LJ, Nelson JS. Neonatal cerebellar medulloblastoma originating from the fetal external granular layer. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1970 Oct;29(4):583-600. Abstract

25. Raaf J, Kernohan JW. Relation of abnormal collections of cells in posterior medullary velum of cerebellum to origin of medulloblastoma. Arch Neurol. 1944 Sep;52(3):163-9.

26. Yachnis AT, Rorke LB, Trojanowski JQ. Cerebellar dysplasias in humans: development and possible relationship to glial and primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the cerebellar vermis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1994 Jan;53(1):61-71. Abstract

27. Packer RJ, Cogen P, Vezina G, et al. Medulloblastoma: clinical and biologic aspects. Neuro Oncol. 1999 Jul;1(3):232-50. Abstract

28. Roberts RO, Lynch CF, Jones MP, et al. Medulloblastoma: a population-based study of 532 cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1991 Mar;50(2):134-44. Abstract

29. Giangaspero F, Perilongo G, Fondelli MP, et al. Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity: a variant with favorable prognosis. J Neurosurg. 1999 Dec;91(6):971-7. Abstract

30. Goldstein AM, Yuen J, Tucker MA. Second cancers after medulloblastoma: population-based results from the United States and Sweden. Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Nov;8(6):865-71. Abstract

31. Gajjar A, Fouladi M, Walter AW, et al. Comparison of lumbar and shunt cerebrospinal fluid specimens for cytologic detection of leptomeningeal disease in pediatric patients with brain tumors. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jun;17(6):1825-8. Abstract

32. Choux M, Lena G, Alfonsi S, et al. Medulloblastoma [in French]. Neurochirurgie. 1982;28(suppl 1):1-229. Abstract

33. American College of Radiology. ACR–ASNR–SPR practice parameter for the performance and interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. 2013 [internet publication].Full text

34. Osborne AG. Diagnostic neuroradiology. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc.; 1994.

35. Marton LJ, Edwards MS, Levin VA, et al. CSF polyamines: a new and important means of monitoring patients with medulloblastoma. Cancer. 1981 Feb 15;47(4):757-60. Abstract

36. Harrison SK, Ditchfield MR, Waters K. Correlations of MRI and CSF cytology in the diagnosis of medulloblastoma spinal metastases. Pediatr Radiol. 1998 Aug;28(8):571-4. Abstract

37. Chang CH, Housepian EM, Herbert C. An operative staging system and a megavoltage radiotherapeutic technic for cerebellar medulloblastomas. Radiology. 1969 Dec;93(6):1351-9. Abstract

38. Harisiadis L, Chang CH. Medulloblastoma in children: a correlation between staging and results of treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1977 Sep-Oct;2(9-10):833-41.Full text  Abstract

39. PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Childhood medulloblastoma and other central nervous system embryonal tumors treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002.Full text  Abstract

40. Bartlett F, Kortmann R, Saran F. Medulloblastoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2013 Jan;25(1):36-45. Abstract

41. Albright AL, Wisoff JH, Zeltzer PM, et al. Effects of medulloblastoma resections on outcome in children: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Neurosurgery. 1996 Feb;38(2):265-71. Abstract

42. Thomas A, Noël G. Medulloblastoma: optimizing care with a multidisciplinary approach. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2019 Apr 30;12:335-47.Full text  Abstract

43. Padovani L, Horan G, Ajithkumar T. Radiotherapy advances in paediatric medulloblastoma treatment. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2019 Mar;31(3):171-81. Abstract

44. Ashley DM, Merchant TE, Strother D, et al. Induction chemotherapy and conformal radiation therapy for very young children with nonmetastatic medulloblastoma: Children's Oncology Group study P9934. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 10;30(26):3181-6.Full text  Abstract

45. Geyer JR, Sposto R, Jennings M, et al. Multiagent chemotherapy and deferred radiotherapy in infants with malignant brain tumors: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 20;23(30):7621-31.Full text  Abstract

46. Duffner PK, Horowitz ME, Krischer JP, et al. The treatment of malignant brain tumors in infants and very young children: an update of the Pediatric Oncology Group experience. Neuro Oncol. 1999 Apr;1(2):152-61. Abstract

47. Grill J, Sainte-Rose C, Jouvet A, et al. Treatment of medulloblastoma with postoperative chemotherapy alone: an SFOP prospective trial in young children. Lancet Oncol. 2005 Aug;6(8):573-80. Abstract

48. Rutkowski S, Bode U, Deinlein F, et al. Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy alone. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):978-86. Abstract

49. McManamy CS, Pears J, Weston CL, et al. Nodule formation and desmoplasia in medulloblastomas - defining the nodular/desmoplastic variant and its biological behavior. Brain Pathol. 2007 Apr;17(2):151-64. Abstract

50. Chi SN, Gardner SL, Levy AS, et al. Feasibility and response to induction chemotherapy intensified with high-dose methotrexate for young children with newly diagnosed high-risk disseminated medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Dec 15;22(24):4881-7.Full text  Abstract

51. Sung KW, Yoo KH, Cho EJ, et al. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue in children with newly diagnosed high-risk or relapsed medulloblastoma or supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Apr;48(4):408-15. Abstract

52. Gandola L, Massimino M, Cefalo G, et al. Hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy in the Milan strategy for metastatic medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 1;27(4):566-71.Full text  Abstract

53. Taylor RE, Howman AJ, Wheatley K, et al. Hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (HART) with maintenance chemotherapy for metastatic (M1-3) medulloblastoma - a safety/feasibility study. Radiother Oncol. 2014 Apr;111(1):41-6. Abstract

54. Kortmann RD, Kühl J, Timmermann B, et al. Postoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy as compared to immediate radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma in childhood: results of the German prospective randomized trial HIT '91. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jan 15;46(2):269-79. Abstract

55. Taylor RE, Bailey CC, Robinson KJ, et al. Impact of radiotherapy parameters on outcome in the International Society of Paediatric Oncology/United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group PNET-3 study of preradiotherapy chemotherapy for M0-M1 medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Mar 15;58(4):1184-93. Abstract

56. von Hoff K, Hinkes B, Gerber NU, et al. Long-term outcome and clinical prognostic factors in children with medulloblastoma treated in the prospective randomised multicentre trial HIT'91. Eur J Cancer. 2009 May;45(7):1209-17. Abstract

57. Wisoff JH, Boyett JM, Berger MS, et al. Current neurosurgical management and the impact of the extent of resection in the treatment of malignant gliomas of childhood: a report of the Children's Cancer Group trial no. CCG-945. J Neurosurg. 1998 Jul;89(1):52-9. Abstract

58. Jakacki RI, Burger PC, Zhou T, et al. Outcome of children with metastatic medulloblastoma treated with carboplatin during craniospinal radiotherapy: a Children's Oncology Group Phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jul 20;30(21):2648-53.Full text  Abstract

59. Tarbell NJ, Friedman H, Polkinghorn WR, et al. High-risk medulloblastoma: a pediatric oncology group randomized trial of chemotherapy before or after radiation therapy (POG 9031). J Clin Oncol. 2013 Aug 10;31(23):2936-41.Full text  Abstract

60. Vivekanandan S, Breene R, Ramanujachar R, et al. The UK experience of a treatment strategy for pediatric metastatic medulloblastoma comprising intensive induction chemotherapy, hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy and response directed high dose myeloablative chemotherapy or maintenance chemotherapy (Milan strategy). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015 Dec;62(12):2132-9. Abstract

61. Marschke RF, Borad MJ, McFarland RW, et al. Findings from the phase I clinical trials of CX-4945, an orally available inhibitor of CK2. J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 20;29(15):3087.

62. Juraschka K, Taylor MD. Medulloblastoma in the age of molecular subgroups: a review. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2019 Oct 1;24(4):353-63.Full text  Abstract

63. Menyhárt O, Giangaspero F, Győrffy B. Molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets in non-WNT/non-SHH (group 3 and group 4) medulloblastomas. J Hematol Oncol. 2019 Mar 15;12(1):29.Full text  Abstract

64. El Doussouki M, Gajjar A, Chamdine O. Molecular genetics of medulloblastoma in children: diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications. 25 Jan 2019 [internet publication].Full text

65. Iv M, Zhou M, Shpanskaya K, et al. MR imaging-based radiomic signatures of distinct molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019 Jan;40(1):154-61.Full text  Abstract

66. Lee MJ, Hatton BA, Villavicencio EH, et al. Hedgehog pathway inhibitor saridegib (IPI-926) increases lifespan in a mouse medulloblastoma model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012 May 15;109(20):7859-64.Full text  Abstract

67. Gerber NU, Mynarek M, von Hoff K, et al. Recent developments and current concepts in medulloblastoma. Cancer Treat Rev. 2014 Apr;40(3):356-65. Abstract

68. Samkari A, White JC, Packer RJ. Medulloblastoma: toward biologically based management. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2015 Mar;22(1):6-13. Abstract

69. St. Clair WH, Adams JA, Bues M, et al. Advantage of protons compared to conventional X-ray or IMRT in the treatment of a pediatric patient with medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Mar 1;58(3):727-34. Abstract

70. Yock TI, Yeap BY, Ebb DH, et al. Long-term toxic effects of proton radiotherapy for paediatric medulloblastoma: a phase 2 single-arm study. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Mar;17(3):287-98. Abstract

71. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: central nervous system cancers [internet publication].Full text

72. Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Finlay JL, et al. Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the Children's Cancer Group 921 randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Mar;17(3):832-45. Abstract

73. Packer RJ, Goldwein J, Nicholson HS, et al. Treatment of children with medulloblastomas with reduced-dose craniospinal radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: A Children's Cancer Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jul;17(7):2127-36. Abstract

74. Packer RJ, Sutton LN, Elterman R, et al. Outcome for children with medulloblastoma treated with radiation and cisplatin, CCNU, and vincristine chemotherapy. J Neurosurg. 1994 Nov;81(5):690-8. Abstract

75. Miralbell R, Fitzgerald TJ, Laurie F, et al. Radiotherapy in pediatric medulloblastoma: quality assessment of Pediatric Oncology Group Trial 9031. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Apr 1;64(5):1325-30. Abstract

76. Salloum R, Chen Y, Yasui Y, et al. Late morbidity and mortality among medulloblastoma survivors diagnosed across three decades: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Mar 20;37(9):731-40.Full text  Abstract

77. Rutkowski S, von Hoff K, Emser A, et al. Survival and prognostic factors of early childhood medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Nov 20;28(33):4961-8.Full text  Abstract

78. Ellison DW, Onilude OE, Lindsey JC, et al. beta-Catenin status predicts a favorable outcome in childhood medulloblastoma: the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group Brain Tumour Committee. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 1;23(31):7951-7. Abstract

79. Gerber NU, von Hoff K, von Bueren AO, et al. A long duration of the prediagnostic symptomatic interval is not associated with an unfavourable prognosis in childhood medulloblastoma. Eur J Cancer. 2012 Sep;48(13):2028-36. Abstract

80. Ellenberg L, McComb JG, Siegel SE, et al. Factors affecting intellectual outcome in pediatric brain tumor patients. Neurosurg. 1987 Nov;21(5):638-44. Abstract

81. Taylor LP, Besbris JM, Graf WD, et al. Clinical guidance in neuropalliative care: an AAN position statement. Neurology. 2022 Mar 8;98(10):409-16.Full text  Abstract

82. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Brain tumours (primary) and brain metastases in over 16s. January 2021 [internet publication].Full text