Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- bone pain
- pleural effusion
- palpable mass after treatment of the primary tumour
Other diagnostic factors
- shortness of breath
- anorexia
- weight loss
- neurological pain or weakness, headaches, seizures
Risk factors
- female sex
- age >50 years
- family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer
- breast cancer susceptibility genes
- tumour >5 cm in diameter
- high number of positive nodes (e.g., >10)
- lymphovascular invasion
- unfavourable 70-gene signature
- high-risk 21-gene signature
- high-risk PAM50 gene expression signature
- minimal residual disease (MRD)
- bone metastasis and lung metastasis gene signatures
- Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer)
- CHEK2 mutations
- ATM mutations
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- FBC
- LFTs
- calcium
- CT (of chest and abdomen)
- bone scan
Investigations to consider
- MRI (focused on area of concern; e.g., bone, brain)
- PET scan
- biopsy of metastatic lesion
- genetic testing
- multi-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan
- pleural cytology
- biomarkers
Treatment algorithm
hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, without visceral crisis: post-menopausal
hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, without visceral crisis: pre-menopausal
hormone receptor-positive, HER2-positive, without visceral crisis: post-menopausal
hormone receptor-positive, HER2-positive, without visceral crisis: pre-menopausal
hormone receptor-negative, HER2-positive, without visceral crisis
PD-L1-negative, triple-negative (hormone receptor-negative, HER2-negative), without visceral crisis
PD-L1-positive, triple-negative (hormone receptor-negative, HER2-negative), without visceral crisis
hormone receptor-positive or negative, HER2-negative, with visceral crisis
hormone receptor-positive or negative, HER2-positive, with visceral crisis
Contributors
Authors
Edward Sauter, MD, PhD
Medical and Program Officer
Division of Cancer Prevention
National Cancer Institute
Rockville
MD
Disclosures
ES declares that he has no competing interests.
Wajeeha Razaq, MD
Breast Cancer Site Chair
University Oklahoma School of Medicine
Oklahoma City
OK
Disclosures
WS declares that she has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Edward Sauter and Dr Wajeeha Razaq would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Puja Nistala, Dr Donald Doll, Dr Carl E. Freter and Dr Michael Perry, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
PN, DD, CEF and MP declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Alan Neville, MD
Professor
Assistant Dean
Undergraduate Program
McMaster University
Hamilton
Ontario
Canada
Disclosures
AN declares that he has no competing interests.
Gianfilippo Bertelli, MD, PhD, FRCP (Edin)
Consultant
Honorary Senior Lecturer in Medical Oncology
South West Wales Cancer Centre
Swansea
UK
Disclosures
GB has received honoraria for participation in advisory boards (AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, GSK, Cephalon, Amgen, Sanofi, Aventis), speaker's fees (AstraZeneca, Novartis, Sanofi, Aventis), and hospitality at conferences (AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Aventis).
Christos Vaklavas, MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Hematology/Oncology
Department of Medicine
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham
AL
Disclosures
CV declares that University of Alabama at Birmingham has received research support from Pfizer, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, and Incyte.
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- Lung cancer
- Osteosarcoma
- Breast sarcoma
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