Down syndrome

References

Key articles

Bull MJ, Trotter T, Santoro SL, et al. Health supervision for children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Pediatrics. 2022 May 1;149(5):e2022057010.Full text

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities: ACOG Practice Bulletin summary, number 226. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Oct;136(4):859-67.Full text

Reference articles

1. Bull MJ. Down syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 11;382(24):2344-52. Abstract

2. Christianson AL, Kromberg JG, Viljoen E. Clinical features of Black African neonates with Down's syndrome. East Afr Med J. 1995;72:306-310. Abstract

3. de Graaf G, Buckley F, Skotko BG. Estimates of the live births, natural losses, and elective terminations with Down syndrome in the United States. Am J Med Genet A. 2015 Apr;167A(4):756-67. Abstract

4. de Graaf G, Buckley F, Skotko BG. Estimation of the number of people with Down syndrome in the United States. Genet Med. 2017 Apr;19(4):439-47.Full text  Abstract

5. Hunter AGW. Down syndrome. In: Cassidy SB, Allanson JE, eds. Management of genetic syndromes, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss; 2005:191-210.

6. Roubertoux PL, Kerdelhue B. Trisomy 21: from chromosomes to mental retardation. Behav Genet. 2006;36:346-54. Abstract

7. Dunn PM. Dr Langdon Down (1828-1896) and 'mongolism'. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66:827-8.Full text  Abstract

8. Book JA, Fraccaro M, Lindsten J. Cytogenetical observations in mongolism. Acta Paediatr. 1959;48:453-68. Abstract

9. Penrose LS. Genetical aspects of mental deficiency. Proceedings of the International Copenhagen Congress on the Scientific Study of Mental Retardation. Copenhagen, 7-14 Aug 1964:165-72.

10. Gomez D, Solsona E, Guitart M, et al. Origin of trisomy 21 in Down syndrome cases from a Spanish population registry. Ann Genet. 2000;43:23-8. Abstract

11. Freeman SB, Allen EG, Oxford-Wright CL, et al. The National Down Syndrome Project: design and implementation. Public Health Rep. 2007;122:62-72.Full text  Abstract

12. Nussbaum R, McInnes R, Willard H, et al. Thompson & Thompson genetics in medicine, 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004:157-79.

13. Reeves RH, Garner CC. A year of unprecedented progress in Down syndrome basic research. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007;13:215-20. Abstract

14. Salehi A, Faizi M, Belichenko PV, et al. Using mouse models to explore genotype-phenotype relationship in Down syndrome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007;13:207-14. Abstract

15. Sherman SL, Freeman SB, Allen EG, et al. Risk factors for nondisjunction of trisomy 21. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2005;111:273-80. Abstract

16. Hook EB, Fabia JJ. Frequency of Down syndrome in livebirths by single-year maternal age interval: results of a Massachusetts study. Teratology. 1978;17:223-8. Abstract

17. Bull MJ, Trotter T, Santoro SL, et al. Health supervision for children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Pediatrics. 2022 May 1;149(5):e2022057010.Full text

18. Jones KL. Smith's recognizable patterns of human malformation, 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2006:7-11.

19. Skotko B. Mothers of children with Down syndrome reflect on their postnatal support. Pediatrics. 2005;115:64-77. Abstract

20. Skotko BG, Capone GT, Kishnani PS; Down Syndrome Diagnosis Study Group. Postnatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: synthesis of the evidence on how best to deliver the news. Pediatrics. 2009;124:e751-8. Abstract

21. Skotko BG. Prenatally diagnosed Down syndrome: mothers who continued their pregnancies evaluate their health care providers. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:670-7. Abstract

22. Skotko BG, Kishnani PS, Capone GT; Down Syndrome Diagnosis Study Group. Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: how best to deliver the news. Am J Med Genet A. 2009;149A:2361-7. Abstract

23. Melyn MA, White DT. Mental and developmental milestones of noninstitutionalized Down's syndrome children. Pediatrics. 1973;52:542-5. Abstract

24. Vicari S. Motor development and neuropsychological patterns in persons with Down syndrome. Behav Genet. 2006;36:355-64. Abstract

25. Baumer N, DePillis R, Pawlowski K, et al. Developmental milestones for children with Down syndrome. Pediatrics. 2024 Oct 1;154(4):e2023065402. Abstract

26. Dykens EM, Hodapp RM, Evans DW. Profiles and development of adaptive behavior in children with Down syndrome. Am J Ment Retard. 1994;98:580-7. Abstract

27. Nicham R, Weitzdorfer R, Hauser E, et al. Spectrum of cognitive, behavioural and emotional problems in children and young adults with Down syndrome. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2003;(67):173-91. Abstract

28. American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Five things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2021 ​[internet publication].Full text

29. Van Cleve SN, Cohen WI. Part I: clinical practice guidelines for children with Down syndrome from birth to 12 years. J Pediatr Health Care. 2006;20:47-54. Abstract

30. Peterson JK, Clarke S, Gelb BD, et al. Trisomy 21 and congenital heart disease: impact on health and functional outcomes from birth through adolescence: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024 Oct;13(19):e036214.Full text  Abstract

31. Bermudez BEBV, de Oliveira CM, de Lima Cat MN, et al. Gastrointestinal disorders in Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2019 Aug;179(8):1426-31. Abstract

32. Loffredo CA, Hirata J, Wilson PD, et al. Atrioventricular septal defects: possible etiologic differences between complete and partial defects. Teratology. 2001;63:87-93. Abstract

33. Shott SR, Joseph A, Heithaus D. Hearing loss in children with Down syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2001;61:199-205. Abstract

34. Van Cleve SN, Cannon S, Cohen WI. Part II: clinical practice guidelines for adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome: 12 to 21 years. J Pediatr Health Care. 2006;20:198-205. Abstract

35. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities: ACOG Practice Bulletin summary, number 226. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Oct;136(4):859-67.Full text

36. NHS England. Screening for Down’s syndrome, Edwards’ syndrome and Patau’s syndrome. Dec 2024 [internet publication].Full text

37. Wapner R, Thom E, Simpson JL, et al. First-trimester screening for trisomies 21 and 18. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1405-13.Full text  Abstract

38. Spencer K, Spencer CE, Power M, et al. Screening for chromosomal abnormalities in the first trimester using ultrasound and maternal serum biochemistry in a one-stop clinic: a review of three years prospective experience. BJOG. 2003;110:281-6.Full text  Abstract

39. Alldred SK, Takwoingi Y, Guo B, et al. First trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD011975.Full text  Abstract

40. Alldred SK, Takwoingi Y, Guo B, et al. First trimester ultrasound tests alone or in combination with first trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 15;3(3):CD012600.Full text  Abstract

41. Alldred SK, Takwoingi Y, Guo B, et al. First and second trimester serum tests with and without first trimester ultrasound tests for Down's syndrome screening. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 15;3(3):CD012599.Full text  Abstract

42. Malone FD, Canick JA, Ball RH, et al. First-trimester or second-trimester screening, or both, for Down's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2001-11.Full text  Abstract

43. Smith-Bindman R, Hosmer W, Feldstein VA, et al. Second-trimester ultrasound to detect fetuses with Down syndrome: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2001;285:1044-55. Abstract

44. Dungan JS, Klugman S, Darilek S, et al. Noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS) for fetal chromosome abnormalities in a general-risk population: an evidence-based clinical guideline of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Genet Med. 2023 Feb;25(2):100336.Full text  Abstract

45. Smith M, Visootsak J. Noninvasive screening tools for Down syndrome: a review. Int J Womens Health. 2013;5:125-31.Full text  Abstract

46. Porreco RP, Garite TJ, Maurel K, et al. Noninvasive prenatal screening for fetal trisomies 21, 18, 13 and the common sex chromosome aneuploidies from maternal blood using massively parallel genomic sequencing of DNA. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211:365.Full text  Abstract

47. Badeau M, Lindsay C, Blais J, et al. Genomics-based non-invasive prenatal testing for detection of fetal chromosomalaneuploidy in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 10;11:CD011767.Full text  Abstract

48. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 640: cell-free DNA screening for fetal aneuploidy. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126:e31-7. Abstract

49. Gregg AR, Skotko BG, Benkendorf JL, et al. Noninvasive prenatal screening for fetal aneuploidy, 2016 update: a position statement of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Genet Med. 2016 Oct;18(10):1056-65.Full text  Abstract

50. Winders PC. Gross motor skills in children with Down syndrome: a guide for parents and professionals. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House; 1997:1-4.

51. Kumin L. Speech and language skills in children with Down syndrome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil. 1996;2:109-15.

52. Lemons CJ, Fuchs D. Phonological awareness of children with Down syndrome: its role in learning to read and the effectiveness of related interventions. Res Dev Disabil. 2010;31:316-30. Abstract

53. Wehman P, Hill M, Hill JW, et al. Competitive employment for persons with mental retardation: a follow-up six years later. Ment Retard. 1985;23:274-81. Abstract

54. Salman M. Systematic review of the effect of therapeutic dietary supplements and drugs on cognitive function in subjects with Down syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2002;6:213-9. Abstract

55. Livingstone N, Hanratty J, McShane R, et al. Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(10):CD011546.Full text  Abstract

56. American College of Medical Genetics. Statement on nutritional supplements and piracetam for children with Down syndrome. 1996. http://www.acmg.net (last accessed 24 Jul 2017).Full text

57. National Down Syndrome Society. Vitamin therapy position statement. http://www.ndss.org (last accessed 24 Jul 2017).Full text

58. Fernandez F, Morishita W, Zuniga E, et al. Pharmacotherapy for cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Down syndrome. Nat Neurosci. 2007;10:411-3. Abstract

59. Wiseman FK. Cognitive enhancement therapy for a model of Down syndrome. Sci Transl Med. 2009;18;1:7ps9. Abstract

60. Goeldner C, Kishnani PS, Skotko BG, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial to explore the effects of a GABA(A)-α5 NAM (basmisanil) on intellectual disability associated with Down syndrome. J Neurodev Disord. 2022 Feb 5;14(1):10.Full text  Abstract

61. Tsou AY, Bulova P, Capone G, et al; Global Down Syndrome Foundation Medical Care Guidelines for Adults with Down Syndrome Workgroup. Medical care of adults with Down syndrome: a clinical guideline. JAMA. 2020 Oct 20;324(15):1543-56. Abstract

62. Tunstall O, Bhatnagar N, James B, et al; British Society for Haematology. Guidelines for the investigation and management of transient leukaemia of Down syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2018 Jul;182(2):200-11.Full text  Abstract

63. Baird PA, Sadovnick AD. Life expectancy in Down syndrome adults. Lancet. 1988;2:1354-6. Abstract

64. Yang Q, Rasmussen SA, Friedman JM. Mortality associated with Down's syndrome in the USA from 1983 to 1997: a population-based study. Lancet. 2002;359:1019-25. Abstract

65. Rasmussen SA, Wong LY, Correa A, et al. Survival in infants with Down syndrome, Metropolitan Atlanta, 1979-1998. J Pediatr. 2006;148:806-12. Abstract

66. Bittles AH, Bower C, Hussain R, et al. The four ages of Down syndrome. Eur J Public Health. 2007;17:221-5. Abstract

67. Glasson EJ, Jacques A, Wong K, et al. Improved survival in Down syndrome over the last 60 years and the impact of perinatal factors in recent decades. J Pediatr. 2016;169:214-20.Full text  Abstract

68. Wang Y, Liu G, Canfield MA, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in survival of United States children with birth defects: a population-based study. J Pediatr. 2015;166:819-26.Full text  Abstract

69. Shott SR. Down syndrome: common otolaryngologic manifestations. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2006;142C:131-40. Abstract

70. Shott SR, Amin R, Chini B, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea: should all children with Down syndrome be tested? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;132:432-6.Full text  Abstract

71. Trois MS, Capone GT, Lutz JA, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in adults with Down syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5:317-23.Full text  Abstract

72. Zigman WB, Lott IT. Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: neurobiology and risk. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007;13:237-46. Abstract

73. Santoro JD, Patel L, Kammeyer R, et al. Assessment and diagnosis of Down syndrome regression disorder: International Expert Consensus. Front Neurol. 2022 Jul 15;13:940175.Full text  Abstract

74. Rubenstein E, Tewolde S, Michals A, et al. Alzheimer dementia among individuals with Down syndrome. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Sep 3;7(9):e2435018.Full text  Abstract

75. Cronk C, Crocker AC, Pueschel SM, et al. Growth charts for children with Down syndrome: 1 month to 18 years of age. Pediatrics. 1988;81:102-10. Abstract

76. DiGuiseppi C, Hepburn S, Davis JM, et al. Screening for autism spectrum disorders in children with Down syndrome: population prevalence and screening test characteristics. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2010;31:181-91. Abstract

77. Capone G, Goyal P, Ares W, et al. Neurobehavioral disorders in children, adolescents, and young adults with Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2006;142C:158-72. Abstract

78. Hitzler JK, Zipursky A. Origins of leukaemia in children with Down syndrome. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5:11-20. Abstract

79. Goldberg-Stern H, Strawsburg RH, Patterson B, et al. Seizure frequency and characteristics in children with Down syndrome. Brain Dev. 2001;23:375-8. Abstract

80. Hasle H, Friedman JM, Olsen JH, et al. Low risk of solid tumors in persons with Down syndrome. Genet Med. 2016 Nov;18(11):1151-57.Full text  Abstract

81. Zemel BS, Pipan M, Stallings VA, et al. Growth charts for children with Down Syndrome in the United States. Pediatrics. 2015;136:e1204-11.Full text  Abstract

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