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Williams ACC, Fisher E, Hearn L, et al. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 12;(8):CD007407.Full text  Abstract

Cruccu G, Garcia-Larrea L, Hansson P, et al. EAN guidelines on central neurostimulation therapy in chronic pain conditions. Eur J Neurol. 2016 Oct;23(10):1489-99.Full text  Abstract

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23. Grotle M, Brox JI, Veierod MB, et al. Clinical course and prognostic factors in acute low back pain: patients consulting primary care for the first time. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Apr 15;30(8):976-82. Abstract

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28. Aigner M, Bach M. Clinical utility of DSM-IV pain disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1999 Sep-Oct;40(5):353-7. Abstract

29. Sansone RA, Whitecar P, Meier BP, et al. The prevalence of borderline personality among primary care patients with chronic pain. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2001 Jul-Aug;23(4):193-7. Abstract

30. Fietta P, Fietta P, Manganelli P. Fibromyalgia and psychiatric disorders. Acta Biomed. 2007 Aug;78(2):88-95. Abstract

31. Manchikanti L, Fellows B, Pampati V, et al. Comparison of psychological status of chronic pain patients and the general population. Pain Physician. 2002 Jan;5(1):40-8.Full text  Abstract

32. John U, Hanke M, Meyer C, et al. Tobacco smoking in relation to pain in a national general population survey. Prev Med. 2006 Dec;43(6):477-81. Abstract

33. Perski O, Garnett C, Shahab L, et al. Associations between smoking status and bodily pain in a cross-sectional survey of UK respondents. Addict Behav. 2020 Mar;102:106229.Full text  Abstract

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37. Harden RN, Bruehl S, Stanton-Hicks M, et al. Proposed new diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Med. 2007 May-Jun;8(4):326-31. Abstract

38. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010 May;62(5):600-10.Full text  Abstract

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41. Reid MC, Engles-Horton LL, Weber MB, et al. Use of opioid medications for chronic noncancer pain syndromes in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2002 Mar;17(3):173-9.Full text  Abstract

42. Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, et al. CDC Clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain - United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2022 Nov 4;71(3):1-95.Full text  Abstract

43. Charlton R. Optimal management of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2012;8:173-9.Full text  Abstract

44. Jensen MC, Brant-Zawadzki MN, Obuchowski N, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jul 14;331(2):69-73.Full text  Abstract

45. Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS, et al. Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990 Mar;72(3):403-8. Abstract

46. Borenstein DG, O'Mara JW Jr, Boden SD, et al. The value of magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine to predict low-back pain in asymptomatic subjects: a seven-year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 Sep;83-A(9):1306-11. Abstract

47. Buttgereit F, Dejaco C, Matteson EL, et al. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a systematic review. JAMA. 2016 Jun 14;315(22):2442-58. Abstract

48. Cantini F, Niccoli L, Storri L, et al. Are polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis the same disease? Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Apr;33(5):294-301. Abstract

49. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriteness Criteria® chronic hip pain. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

50. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: low back pain. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

51. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: headache. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

52. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: cervical neck pain or cervical radiculopathy. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

53. Harden RN, Oaklander AL, Burton AW, et al; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association. Complex regional pain syndrome: practical diagnostic and treatment guidelines, 4th edition. Pain Med. 2013 Feb;14(2):180-229.Full text  Abstract

54. Cohen SP, Vase L, Hooten WM. Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances. Lancet. 2021 May 29;397(10289):2082-97. Abstract

55. American Chronic Pain Association; Stanford Medicine. ACPA and Stanford resource guide to chronic pain management: an integrated guide to medical, interventional, behavioral, pharmacologic and rehabilitation therapies. 2021 edition. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

56. World Health Organization. Guidelines on the management of chronic pain in children. December 2020 [internet publication].Full text

57. American Geriatrics Society. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Aug;57(8):1331-46. Abstract

58. Geneen LJ, Moore RA, Clarke C, et al. Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 24;(4):CD011279.Full text  Abstract

59. Williams ACC, Fisher E, Hearn L, et al. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 12;(8):CD007407.Full text  Abstract

60. Fisher E, Law E, Dudeney J, et al. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Sep 29;(9):CD003968.Full text  Abstract

61. Fisher E, Law E, Dudeney J, et al. Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Apr 2;(4):CD011118.Full text  Abstract

62. Buhrman M, Syk M, Burvall O, et al. Individualized guided internet-delivered cognitive-behavior therapy for chronic pain patients with comorbid depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2015 Jun;31(6):504-16. Abstract

63. Scott NA, Guo B, Barton PM, et al. Trigger point injections for chronic non-malignant musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review. Pain Med. 2009 Jan;10(1):54-69.Full text  Abstract

64. Cummings TM, White AR. Needling therapies in the management of myofascial trigger point pain: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001 Jul;82(7):986-92.Full text  Abstract

65. Tantanatip A, Chang KV. Myofascial pain syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan.Full text  Abstract

66. Malanga GA, Gwynn MW, Smith R, et al. Tizanidine is effective in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome. Pain Physician. 2002 Oct;5(4):422-32. Abstract

67. Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020 Feb;72(2):149-62.Full text  Abstract

68. Fraenkel L, Bathon JM, England BR, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 Jul;73(7):1108-23.Full text  Abstract

69. Derry S, Bell RF, Straube S, et al. Pregabalin for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 23;(1):CD007076.Full text  Abstract

70. Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 9;(6):CD007938.Full text  Abstract

71. Mathieson S, Lin CC, Underwood M, et al. Pregabalin and gabapentin for pain. BMJ. 2020 Apr 28;369:m1315. Abstract

72. Onakpoya IJ, Thomas ET, Lee JJ, et al. Benefits and harms of pregabalin in the management of neuropathic pain: a rapid review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ Open. 2019 Jan 21;9(1):e023600.Full text  Abstract

73. Derry S, Rice AS, Cole P, et al. Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 13;(1):CD007393.Full text  Abstract

74. Derry S, Moore RA. Topical capsaicin (low concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD010111.Full text  Abstract

75. Daly AE, Bialocerkowski AE. Does evidence support physiotherapy management of adult complex regional pain syndrome type one? A systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2009 Apr;13(4):339-53. Abstract

76. Cruccu G, Garcia-Larrea L, Hansson P, et al. EAN guidelines on central neurostimulation therapy in chronic pain conditions. Eur J Neurol. 2016 Oct;23(10):1489-99.Full text  Abstract

77. Knotkova H, Hamani C, Sivanesan E, et al. Neuromodulation for chronic pain. Lancet. 2021 May 29;397(10289):2111-24. Abstract

78. O'Connell NE, Marston L, Spencer S, et al. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 16;(3):CD008208.Full text  Abstract

79. Gibson W, Wand BM, O'Connell NE. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 14;(9):CD011976.Full text  Abstract

80. Ju ZY, Wang K, Cui HS, et al. Acupuncture for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 2;(12):CD012057.Full text  Abstract

81. McFarlane GJ, Kronisch C, Dean LE, et al. EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Feb;76(2):318-28.Full text  Abstract

82. Bidonde J, Busch AJ, Schachter CL, et al. Aerobic exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD012700.Full text  Abstract

83. Bidonde J, Busch AJ, Schachter CL, et al. Mixed exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 May 24;(5):CD013340.Full text  Abstract

84. Busch AJ, Webber SC, Richards RS, et al. Resistance exercise training for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 20;(12):CD010884.Full text  Abstract

85. Bidonde J, Busch AJ, Webber SC, et al. Aquatic exercise training for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 28;(10):CD011336.Full text  Abstract

86. Rossi P, Jensen R, Nappi G, et al. A narrative review on the management of medication overuse headache: the steep road from experience to evidence. J Headache Pain. 2009 Dec;10(6):407-17.Full text  Abstract

87. Alstadhaug KB, Ofte HK, Kristoffersen ES. Preventing and treating medication overuse headache. Pain Rep. 2017 Jul;2(4):e612.Full text  Abstract

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90. Chou R, Hartung D, Turner J, et al. Opioid treatments for chronic pain [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Apr. Report No: 20-EHC011.Full text  Abstract

91. Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, et al. The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Feb 17;162(4):276-86.Full text  Abstract

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102. Herndon CM, Hutchison RW, Berdine HJ, et al. Management of chronic nonmalignant pain with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Joint opinion statement of the Ambulatory Care, Cardiology, and Pain and Palliative Care Practice and Research Networks of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy. 2008 Jun;28(6):788-805. Abstract

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105. Wang L, Hong PJ, May C, et al. Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer related pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2021 Sep 8;374:n1034.Full text  Abstract

106. Mücke M, Phillips T, Radbruch L, et al. Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 7;3(3):CD012182.Full text  Abstract

107. Mao JJ, Ismaila N, Bao T, et al. Integrative medicine for pain management in oncology: Society for Integrative Oncology-ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Sep 19;JCO2201357.Full text  Abstract

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111. Valat J, Goupille P, Rozenberg S, et al. Acute low back pain: predictive index of chronicity from a cohort of 2487 subjects. Joint Bone Spine. 2000;67(5):456-61. Abstract

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115. Gerwin RD. Classification, epidemiology, and natural history of myofascial pain syndrome. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2001 Oct;5(5):412-20. Abstract

116. White KP, Harth M. Classification, epidemiology, and natural history of fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2001 Aug;5(4):320-9. Abstract

117. Pöyhiä R, Da Costa D, Fitzcharles MA. Pain and pain relief in fibromyalgia patients followed for three years. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Aug;45(4):355-61.Full text  Abstract

118. McWilliams LA, Cox BJ, Enns MW. Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: an examination in a nationally representative sample. Pain. 2003 Nov;106(1-2):127-33. Abstract

119. Ossipov MH, Lai J, Vanderah TW, et al. Induction of pain facilitation by sustained opioid exposure: relationship to opioid antinociceptive tolerance. Life Sci. 2003 Jun 27;73(6):783-800. Abstract