Enuresis

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. Text Revision, (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

European Association of Urology. Guidelines on paediatric urology. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

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Nevéus T, Eggert P, Evans J, et al. Evaluation of and treatment for monosymptomatic enuresis: a standardization document from the International Children's Continence Society. J Urol. 2010 Feb;183(2):441-7.Full text  Abstract

Nevéus T, Eggert P, Evans J, et al. Evaluation of and treatment for monosymptomatic enuresis: a standardization document from the International Children's Continence Society. J Urol. 2010 Feb;183(2):441-7. Abstract

Caldwell PH, Codarini M, Stewart F, et al. Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 May 4;5(5):CD002911.Full text  Abstract

Longstaffe S, Moffat M, Whalen J. Behavioral and self-esteem changes after six months of enuresis treatment: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2000;105:935-940. Abstract

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. Text Revision, (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

2. Norgaard JP, van Gool JD, Norgaard JP, et al. Standardization and definitions in lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. International Children's Continence Society. Br J Urol. 1998;81(suppl 3):1-16. Abstract

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6. Hirasing RA, van Leerdam FJ, Bolk-Bennink L, et al. Enuresis nocturna in adults. Scan J Urol Nephrol. 1997 Dec;31(6):533-6. Abstract

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8. Lackgreen G, Hjalmas K, van Gool J, et al. Nocturnal enuresis: a suggestion for a European treatment strategy. Acta Paediatr. 1999;88:679-690. Abstract

9. Rittig S, Knudsen UB, Sorensen S, et al. Abnormal diurnal rhythm of plasma vasopressin and urinary output in patients with enuresis. Am J Physiol. 1989;256:664-671. Abstract

10. Oredsson AF, Jorgensen TM. Changes in nocturnal bladder capacity during treatment with the bell and pad for monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 1998;160:166-169. Abstract

11. Yeung CK, Chiu HN, Sit FK. Bladder dysfunction in children with refractory monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 1999;162:1049-1055. Abstract

12. Yeung CK, Sit FK, To LK, et al: Reduction in nocturnal functional bladder capacity is a common factor in the pathogenesis of refractory nocturnal enuresis. BJU Int. 2002;90:302-307. Abstract

13. Norgaard JP, Hansen JH, Wildschotz G, et al. Sleep cystometries in children with nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 1989;141:1156-1159. Abstract

14. Ornitz EM, Russell AT, Hanna GL, et al. Prepulse inhibition of startle and the neurobiology of primary nocturnal enuresis. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:1455-1466. Abstract

15. Wolfish N. Sleep arousal function in enuretic males. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1999;202:24-26. Abstract

16. Kovacevic L, Jurewicz M, Dabaja A, et al. Enuretic children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: should they see otolaryngology first? J Pediatr Urol. 2013;9:145-150. Abstract

17. von Gontard A, Schaumburg H, Hollman E, et al. The genetics of enuresis: A review. J Urol. 2001;166:2438-2443. Abstract

18. Basha S, Bialowas C, Ende K, et al. Effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy in the resolution of nocturnal enuresis secondary to obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:1101-1103. Abstract

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20. Alexopoulos EI, Kostadima E, Pagonari I, et al. Association between primary nocturnal enuresis and habitual snoring in children. Urology. 2006;68:406-409. Abstract

21. Robson WL, Jackson HP, Blackhurst D, et al. Enuresis in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. South Med J. 1997;90:503-505. Abstract

22. Hagglof B, Andren O, Bergstrom E, et al. Self-esteem before and after treatment in children with nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1997;183:79-82. Abstract

23. Hagglof B, Andren O, Bergstrom E, et al. Self-esteem in children with nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence: improvement of self-esteem after treatment. Eur Urol. 1998;33(suppl 3):16-19. Abstract

24. Longstaffe S, Moffat M, Whalen J. Behavioral and self-esteem changes after six months of enuresis treatment: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2000;105:935-940. Abstract

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26. Hansen MN, Rittig S, Siggaard C, et al. Intra-individual variability in nighttime urine production and functional bladder capacity estimated by home recordings in patients with nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 2001;166:2452-2455. Abstract

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28. Nevéus T, Eggert P, Evans J, et al. Evaluation of and treatment for monosymptomatic enuresis: a standardization document from the International Children's Continence Society. J Urol. 2010 Feb;183(2):441-7.Full text  Abstract

29. Yeung CK, Sreedhar B, Leung VT, et al. Ultrasound bladder measurements in patients with primary nocturnal enuresis: a urodynamic and treatment outcome correlation. J Urol. 2004;171:2589-2594. Abstract

30. O'Regan S, Yazbeck S, Hamberger B, et al. Constipation a commonly unrecognized cause of enuresis. Am J Dis Child. 1986;140:260-261. Abstract

31. Nguyen LN, Randhawa H, Nadeau G, et al. Canadian Urological Association best practice report: diagnosis and management of nocturia. Can Urol Assoc J. 2022 Jul;16(7):E336-49.Full text  Abstract

32. Nevéus T, Eggert P, Evans J, et al. Evaluation of and treatment for monosymptomatic enuresis: a standardization document from the International Children's Continence Society. J Urol. 2010 Feb;183(2):441-7. Abstract

33. Kruse S, Hellstrom AL, Hjalmas K. Daytime bladder dysfunction in therapy-resistant nocturnal enuresis. A pilot study in urotherapy. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1999 Feb;33(1):49-52. Abstract

34. Caldwell PH, Nankivell G, Sureshkumar P. Simple behavioural interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 19;(7):CD003637.Full text  Abstract

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36. Oredsson AF, Jorgensen TM. Changes in nocturnal bladder capacity during treatment with the bell and pad for monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 1998 Jul;160(1):166-9. Abstract

37. Caldwell PH, Codarini M, Stewart F, et al. Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 May 4;5(5):CD002911.Full text  Abstract

38. Evans J, Malmsten B, Maddocks A, et al.; UK Study Group. Randomized comparison of long-term desmopressin and alarm treatment for bedwetting. J Pediatr Urol. 2011 Feb;7(1):21-9. Abstract

39. Kruse S, Hellstrom AL, Hanson E, et al. Treatment of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis with desmopressin: predictive factors. BJU Int. 2001 Oct;88(6):572-6. Abstract

40. Rushton HG, Belman AB, Zaontz MR, et al. The influence of small functional bladder capacity and other predictors on the response to desmopressin in the management of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 1996 Aug;156(2 Pt 2):651-5. Abstract

41. Glazener CM, Evans JH. Desmopressin for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002112.Full text  Abstract

42. Hjalmas K, Hanson E, Hellstrom AL, et al. Long-term treatment with desmopressin in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: an open multicentre study. Swedish Enuresis Trial (SWEET) Group. BJU. 1998 Nov;82(5):704-9. Abstract

43. Nevéus T, Läckgren G, Tuvemo T, et al. Desmopressin resistant enuresis: pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations. J Urol. 1999 Dec;162(6):2136-40. Abstract

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47. Caldwell PH, Sureshkumar P, Wong WC. Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jan 20;2016(1):CD002117.Full text  Abstract

48. Hussiny M, Hashem A, Soltan MA, et al. The safety and efficacy of fluoxetine for the treatment of refractory primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Urol. 2022 Nov;208(5):1126-34. Abstract

49. The International Children's Continence Society (ICCS): Hjalmas K, Arnold T, Bower W, et al. Nocturnal enuresis: an international evidence based management strategy. J Urol. 2004 Jun;171(6 Pt 2):2545-61. Abstract

50. Huang T, Shu X, Huang YS, et al. Complementary and miscellaneous interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(2):CD005230. Abstract

51. Canadian Paediatric Society. Management of primary nocturnal enuresis. Jan 2013 (reaffirmed 2016) [internet publication].Full text

52. Vande Walle J, Rittig S, Bauer S, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics; European Society for Paediatric Urology; European Society for Paediatric Nephrology; International Children’s Continence Society. Practical consensus guidelines for the management of enuresis. Eur J Pediatr. 2012 Jun;171(6):971-83.Full text  Abstract

53. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Bedwetting in under 19s. Oct 2010 (reaffirmed 2018) [internet publication].Full text

54. Longstaffe S, Moffat M, Whalen J. Behavioral and self-esteem changes after six months of enuresis treatment: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2000;105:935-940. Abstract