Strabismus

US Preventive Services Task Force. Vision in children ages 6 months to 5 years: screening. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Full text

Sprunger DT, Lambert SR, Hercinovic A, et al. Esotropia and exotropia preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P179-221.Full text  Abstract

Hutchinson AK, Morse CL, Hercinovic A, et al. Pediatric eye evaluations preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P222-70.Full text  Abstract

Dagi LR, Velez FG, Holmes JM, et al. Adult strabismus preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2024 Apr;131(4):P306-403.Full text

Cruz OA, Repka MX, Hercinovic A, et al. Amblyopia preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P136-78.Full text  Abstract

1. US Preventive Services Task Force. Vision in children ages 6 months to 5 years: screening. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Full text

2. Sprunger DT, Lambert SR, Hercinovic A, et al. Esotropia and exotropia preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P179-221.Full text  Abstract

3. Govindan M, Mohney BG, Diehl NN, et al. Incidence and types of childhood exotropia: a population-based study. Ophthalmology. 2005 Jan;112(1):104-8. Abstract

4. Greenberg AE, Mohney BG, Diehl NN, et al. Incidence and types of childhood esotropia: a population-based study. Ophthalmology. 2007 Jan;114(1):170-4. Abstract

5. Tollefson MM, Mohney BG, Diehl NN, et al. Incidence and types of childhood hypertropia: a population-based study. Ophthalmology. 2006 Jul;113(7):1142-5. Abstract

6. Yu CB, Fan DS, Wong VW, et al. Changing patterns of strabismus: a decade of experience in Hong Kong. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 Aug;86(8):854-6.Full text  Abstract

7. van Splunder J, Stilma JS, Bernsen RM, et al. Prevalence of ocular diagnoses found on screening 1539 adults with intellectual disabilities. Ophthalmology. 2004 Aug;111(8):1457-63. Abstract

8. O'Connor AR, Stephenson T, Johnson A, et al. Long-term ophthalmic outcome of low birth weight children with and without retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics. 2002 Jan;109(1):12-8. Abstract

9. Mohney BG. Common forms of childhood strabismus in an incidence cohort. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Sep;144(3):465-7. Abstract

10. Matsuo T, Matsuo C. The prevalence of strabismus and amblyopia in Japanese elementary school children. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2005 Feb;12(1):31-6. Abstract

11. Çorak Eroğlu F, Oto S, Şahin Fİ, et al. The role of heredity and the prevalence of strabismus in families with accommodative, partial accommodative, and infantile esotropia. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2020 Jun 27;50(3):143-50.Full text  Abstract

12. Ye XC, Pegado V, Patel MS, et al. Strabismus genetics across a spectrum of eye misalignment disorders. Clin Genet. 2014 Aug;86(2):103-11.Full text  Abstract

13. Paul TO, Hardage LK. The heritability of strabismus. Ophthalmic Genet. 1994 Mar;15(1):1-18. Abstract

14. Maconachie GD, Gottlob I, McLean RJ. Risk factors and genetics in common comitant strabismus: a systematic review of the literature. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013 Sep;131(9):1179-86.Full text  Abstract

15. Kok JH, Prick L, Merckel E, et al. Visual function at 11 years of age in preterm-born children with and without fetal brain sparing. Pediatrics. 2007 Jun;119(6):e1342-50. Abstract

16. Holmstrom G, el Azazi M, Kugelberg U. Ophthalmological follow up of preterm infants: a population based, prospective study of visual acuity and strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999 Feb;83(2):143-50.Full text  Abstract

17. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: orbits, vision and visual loss [internet publication].Full text

18. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Adult strabismus summary benchmarks 2023​. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

19. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Pediatric ophthalmology/strabismus summary benchmarks - 2023. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

20. Donahue SP, Baker CN, Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, et al. Procedures for the evaluation of the visual system by pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2016 Jan;137(1):e20153597.Full text  Abstract

21. Jacobs DS, Afshari NA, Bishop RJ, et al. Refractive errors preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P1-60.Full text  Abstract

22. Taylor K, Elliott S. Interventions for strabismic amblyopia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 23;(7):CD006461.Full text  Abstract

23. Gov.UK (National Screening Committee). Child screening programme: vision defects. Aug 2019 [internet publication].Full text

24. Public Health England. Child vision screening. Apr 2019 [internet publication].​Full text

25. Hutchinson AK, Morse CL, Hercinovic A, et al. Pediatric eye evaluations preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P222-70.Full text  Abstract

26. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Vision Screening for Infants and Children - 2022. Oct 2022 [internet publication].​Full text

27. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Referral of persons with possible eye diseases or injury - 2014. Apr 2014 [internet publication].​Full text

28. Dagi LR, Velez FG, Holmes JM, et al. Adult strabismus preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2024 Apr;131(4):P306-403.Full text

29. Cruz OA, Repka MX, Hercinovic A, et al. Amblyopia preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P136-78.Full text  Abstract

30. Weakley DR Jr, Holland DR. Effect of ongoing treatment of amblyopia on surgical outcome in esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1997 Sep-Oct;34(5):275-8. Abstract

31. Pang Y, Gnanaraj L, Gayleard J, et al. Interventions for intermittent exotropia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Sep 13;(9):CD003737.Full text  Abstract

32. Piano M, O'Connor AR. Conservative management of intermittent distance exotropia: a review. Am Orthopt J. 2011;61:103-16. Abstract

33. Barrett BT. A critical evaluation of the evidence supporting the practice of behavioural vision therapy. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2009 Jan;29(1):4-25. Abstract

34. The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Strabismus surgery for adults in the United Kingdom: indications, evidence base and benefits. Aug 2017 [internet publication].Full text

35. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Adjustable sutures in the treatment of strabismus; a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Full text

36. Mehner L, Ng SM, Singh J. Interventions for infantile esotropia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 16;1(1):CD004917. Abstract

37. Bradbury JA, Taylor RH. Severe complications of strabismus surgery. J AAPOS. 2013 Feb;17(1):59-63.Full text  Abstract

38. Bort-Martí AR, Rowe FJ, Ruiz Sifre L, et al. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of strabismus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Mar 14;3(3):CD006499. Abstract

39. Gardner R, Dawson EL, Adams GG, et al. Long-term management of strabismus with multiple repeated injections of botulinum toxin. J AAPOS. 2008 Dec;12(6):569-75. Abstract

40. Ripley L, Rowe FJ. Use of botulinum toxin in small-angle heterotropia and decompensating heterophoria: a review of the literature. Strabismus. 2007 Jul-Sep;15(3):165-71. Abstract

41. Scott AB, Alexander DE, Miller JM. Bupivacaine injection of eye muscles to treat strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007 Feb;91(2):146-8. Abstract

42. Miller JM, Scott AB, Danh KK, et al. Bupivacaine injection remodels extraocular muscles and corrects comitant strabismus. Ophthalmology. 2013 Aug 2;120(12):2733-40. Abstract

43. Debert I, Miller JM, Danh KK, et al. Pharmacologic injection treatment of comitant strabismus. J AAPOS. 2016 Apr;20(2):106-11.Full text  Abstract

44. Hopker LM, Modelli R, Allemann N. Bupivacaine injection combined with recession of antagonist rectus muscle to treat sensory strabismus. Strabismus. 2019 Feb 7;27(1):6-10. Abstract

45. Fawcett SL, Birch EE. Risk factors for abnormal binocular vision after successful alignment of accommodative esotropia. J AAPOS. 2003 Aug;7(4):256-62. Abstract

46. Romanchuk KG, Dotchin SA, Zurevinsky J. The natural history of surgically untreated intermittent exotropia - looking into the distant future. J AAPOS. 2006 Jun;10(3):225-31. Abstract

47. Buck D, Powell CJ, Rahi J, et al. The improving outcomes in intermittent exotropia study: outcomes at 2 years after diagnosis in an observational cohort. BMC Ophthalmol. 2012 Jan 18;12:1.Full text  Abstract

48. Baker JD. Twenty-year follow-up of surgery for intermittent exotropia. J AAPOS. 2008 Jun;12(3):227-32. Abstract

49. Buck D, Powell CJ, Sloper JJ, et al. Surgical intervention in childhood intermittent exotropia: current practice and clinical outcomes from an observational cohort study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 Oct;96(10):1291-5. Abstract

50. Schmucker C, Kleijnen J, Grosselfinger R, et al. Effectiveness of early in comparison to late(r) treatment in children with amblyopia or its risk factors: a systematic review. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2010 Jan-Feb;17(1):7-17. Abstract

51. Jackson S, Harrad RA, Morris M, et al. The psychosocial benefits of corrective surgery for adults with strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Jul;90(7):883-8. Abstract

52. Mojon-Azzi SM, Mojon DS. Strabismus and employment: the opinion of headhunters. Acta Ophthalmol. 2009 Nov;87(7):784-8. Abstract

53. Mojon-Azzi SM, Potnik W, Mojon DS. Opinions of dating agents about strabismic subjects' ability to find a partner. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008 Jun;92(6):765-9. Abstract

54. Mohney BG, McKenzie JA, Capo JA, et al. Mental illness in young adults who had strabismus as children. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):1033-8. Abstract