References
Key articles
American Academy of Ophthalmology. Conjunctivitis preferred practice pattern. Nov 2018 [internet publication].Full text
Castillo M, Scott NW, Mustafa MZ, et al. Topical antihistamines and mast cell stabilisers for treating seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 1;(6):CD009566.Full text Abstract
Chen YY, Liu SH, Nurmatov U, et al. Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Mar 13;3(3):CD001211.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Conjunctivitis preferred practice pattern. Nov 2018 [internet publication].Full text
2. Shields T, Sloan PD. A comparison of eye problems in primary care and ophthalmology practices. Fam Med. 1991 Sep-Oct;23(7):544-6. Abstract
3. Manners T. Managing eye conditions in general practice. BMJ. 1997 Sep 27;315(7111):816-7. Abstract
4. Royal College of General Practitioners, Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Ophthalmology for general practice trainees. London: Medical Protection Society; 2001.
5. Rietveld RP, ter Riet G, Bindels PJ, et al. Do general practitioners adhere to the guideline on infectious conjunctivitis? Results of the Second Dutch National Survey of General Practice. BMC Fam Pract. 2007 Sep 16;8:54.Full text Abstract
6. Dart JK, Buckley RJ, Monnickendan M, et al. Perennial allergic conjunctivitis: definition, clinical characteristics and prevalence. A comparison with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1986;105(Pt 5):513-20. Abstract
7. Ono SJ, Abelson MB. Allergic conjunctivitis: update on pathophysiology and prospects for future treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Jan;115(1):118-22. Abstract
8. Buckley RJ. Allergic eye disease: a clinical challenge. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998 Dec;28 Suppl 6:39-43. Abstract
9. Bielory L. Differential diagnoses of conjunctivitis for clinical allergist-immunologists. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007 Feb;98(2):105-14; quiz 114-7, 152. Abstract
10. Choi SH, Bielory L. Late-phase reaction in ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Oct;8(5):438-44. Abstract
11. Meltzer EO, Farrar JR, Sennett C. Findings from an online survey assessing the burden and management of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in US patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017 May-Jun;5(3):779-89.e6.Full text Abstract
12. Stenson S, Newman R, Fedukowicz H. Laboratory studies in acute conjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmology. 1982 Aug;100(8):1275-7. Abstract
13. Weiss A, Brinser J, Nazar-Stewart V. Acute conjunctivitis in childhood. J Pediatr Med. 1993 Jan;122(1):10-4. Abstract
14. Gigliotti F, Williams WT, Hayden FG. Etiology of acute conjunctivitis in children. J Pediatr. 1981 Apr;98(4):531-6. Abstract
15. Fitch CP, Rapoza PA, Owens S. Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute conjunctivitis at an inner-city hospital. Ophthalmology. 1989 Aug;96(8):1215-20. Abstract
16. Sambursky RP, Fram N, Cohen EJ. The prevalence of adenoviral conjunctivitis at the Wills Eye Hospital emergency room. Optometry. 2007 May;78(5):236-9. Abstract
17. Azari AA, Barney NP. Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 2013 Oct 23;310(16):1721-9.Full text Abstract
18. Choi CJ, Jakobiec FA, Zakka FR, et al. Conjunctival squamous cell neoplasia associated with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 Nov/Dec;33(6):e157-60.Full text Abstract
19. Ullman S, Roussel TJ, Culbertson WW, et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 1987 May;94(5):525-31. Abstract
20. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Understanding antibiotic resistance and eye infections. Sep 2014 [internet publication].Full text
21. Kinchington PR, Turse SE, Kowalski RP, et al. Use of polymerase chain amplification reaction for the detection of adenoviruses in ocular swab specimens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 Nov;35(12):4126-34. Abstract
22. Gordon YJ, Gordon RY, Romanowski E, et al. Prolonged recovery of desiccated adenoviral serotypes 5, 8, and 19 from plastic and metal surfaces in vitro. Ophthalmology. 1993 Dec;100(12):1835-9; discussion 1839-40. Abstract
23. Azar MJ, Dhaliwal DK, Bower KS, et al. Possible consequences of shaking hands with your patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996 Jun;121(6):711-2. Abstract
24. Gupta S. Giant fornix syndrome. BMJ 2015 Dec 09;351:h6274.Full text
25. Dupuis P, Prokopich CL, Hynes A, et al. A contemporary look at allergic conjunctivitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2020;16:5.Full text Abstract
26. O'Callaghan RJ. The pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus eye infections. Pathogens. 2018 Jan 10;7(1):9.Full text Abstract
27. Chen R, Yang J, Zhang C, et al. Global associations of air pollution and conjunctivitis diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Sep 28;16(19):3652.Full text Abstract
28. Kumar S. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a major review. Acta Ophthalmol. 2009 Mar;87(2):133-47.Full text Abstract
29. American Academy of Ophthalmology. EyeWiki: vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text
30. Lai NS, Tsai TY, Koo M, Lu MC. Association of rheumatoid arthritis with allergic diseases: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2015 Sep-Oct;36(5):99-103. Abstract
31. Sambursky R, Trattler W, Tauber S, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the AdenoPlus test for diagnosing adenoviral conjunctivitis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013 Jan;131(1):17-22. Abstract
32. Marey HM, Mandour SS, El Morsy OA, et al. Impact of vernal keratoconjunctivitis on school children in Egypt. Semin Ophthalmol. 2017;32(5):543-49. Abstract
33. American Academy of Ophthalmology. EyeWiki: conjunctivitis. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text
34. O'Brien TP, Jeng BH, McDonald M, et al. Acute conjunctivitis: truth and misconceptions. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 Aug;25(8):1953-61. Abstract
35. Leibowitz HW, Pratt MV, Flagstad IJ, et al. Human conjunctivitis. I. Diagnostic evaluation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1976 Oct;94(10):1747-9. Abstract
36. Cheung D, Bremner J, Chan JT. Epidemic kerato-conjunctivitis: do outbreaks have to be epidemic? Eye (Lond). 2003 Apr;17(3):356-63. Abstract
37. Sambursky R, Tauber S, Schirra F, et al. The RPS adeno detector for diagnosing adenoviral conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 2006 Oct;113(10):1758-64. Abstract
38. Chien L, Llaues-Rodas R. Application of immunofluorescent staining technique to the study of pathogenesis and rapid diagnosis of viral infections. Am J Clin Pathol. 1972 Jun;57(6):829-34. Abstract
39. Van Rij G, Klepper L, Perkamp E, et al. Immune electron microscopy and a cultural test in the diagnosis of adenovirus ocular infection. Br J Ophthalmol. 1982 May;66(5):317-9. Abstract
40. Wadell G, Allard A, Hierholzer JC. Adenoviruses. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, et al., eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 7th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1999.
41. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Referral of persons with possible eye diseases or injury. Apr 2014 [internet publication].Full text
42. Adleberg JM, Wittwer C. Use of the polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of ocular disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1995 Jun;6(3):80-5. Abstract
43. Elnifro EM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE, et al. Diagnosis of viral and chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis: which laboratory test? Br J Ophthalmol. 1999 May;83(5):622-7. Abstract
44. Elnifro EM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE, et al. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of viral and chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Jun;41(7):1818-22. Abstract
45. Leibowitz HM. The red eye. N Engl J Med. 2000 Aug 3;343(5):345-51. Abstract
46. Wirbelauer C. Management of the red eye for the primary care physician. Am J Med. 2006 Apr;119(4):302-6. Abstract
48. Vafidis G. When is red eye not just conjunctivitis? Practitioner. 2002 Jul;246(1636):469-71, 474-5, 478-81. Abstract
49. Morrow GL, Abbott RL. Conjunctivitis. Am Fam Physician. 1998 Feb 15;57(4):735-46. Abstract
50. Weber CM, Eichenbaum JW. Acute red eye: differentiating viral conjunctivitis from other, less common causes. Postgrad Med J. 1997 May;101(5):185-96. Abstract
51. The College of Optometrists. Sub-conjunctival haemorrhage. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
52. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Cornea/external disease summary benchmarks. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text
53. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Pediatric eye evaluations preferred practice pattern. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text Abstract
54. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation preferred practice pattern®. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text
55. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Frequency of ocular examinations. Mar 2015 [internet publication].Full text
56. Castillo M, Scott NW, Mustafa MZ, et al. Topical antihistamines and mast cell stabilisers for treating seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 1;(6):CD009566.Full text Abstract
57. Bonini S, Gramiccioni C, Bonini M, et al. Practical approach to diagnosis and treatment of ocular allergy: a 1-year systematic review. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Oct;7(5):446-9. Abstract
58. Bielory L, Katelaris CH, Lightman S, et al. Treating the ocular component of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and related eye disorders. MedGenMed. 2007 Aug 15;9(3):35.Full text Abstract
59. Abelson MB, Gomes PJ. Olopatadine 0.2% ophthalmic solution: the first ophthalmic antiallergy agent with once-daily dosing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008 Apr;4(4):453-61. Abstract
60. Gonzalez-Estrada A, Reddy K, Dimov V, et al. Olopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017 Aug;18(11):1137-43. Abstract
61. Kam KW, Chen LJ, Wat N, et al. Topical olopatadine in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017 Oct;25(5):663-77. Abstract
62. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Olopatadine for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis: a review of the clinical efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Mar 2012 [internet publication].Full text
63. Schechter BA. Ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% as a treatment for allergic conjuctivitis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008 Apr;4(4):507-11. Abstract
64. Gong L, Sun X, Qu J, et al. Loteprednol etabonate suspension 0.2% administered QID compared with olopatadine solution 0.1% administered BID in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: a multicenter, randomized, investigator-masked, parallel group study in Chinese patients. Clin Ther. 2012 Jun;34(6):1259-72. Abstract
65. Oner V, Türkcü FM, Taş M, et al. Topical loteprednol etabonate 0.5 % for treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: efficacy and safety. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2012 Jul;56(4):312-8. Abstract
66. Liu RF, Wu XX, Wang X, et al. Efficacy of olopatadine hydrochloride 0.1%, emedastine difumarate 0.05%, and loteprednol etabonate 0.5% for Chinese children with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: a randomized vehicle-controlled study. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2017 Apr;7(4):393-8.Full text Abstract
67. Wartna JB, Bohnen AM, Elshout G, et al. Symptomatic treatment of pollen-related allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: randomized controlled trial. Allergy. 2017 Apr;72(4):636-44. Abstract
68. Mantelli F, Santos MS, Petitti T, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials on topical treatments for vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007 Dec;91(12):1656-61.Full text Abstract
69. Swamy BN, Chilov M, McClellan K, et al. Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in allergic conjunctivitis: meta-analysis of randomized trial data. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2007 Sep-Oct;14(5):311-9. Abstract
70. Takamura E, Uchio E, Ebihara N, et al; Japanese Society of Allergology. Japanese guidelines for allergic conjunctival diseases 2017. Allergol Int. 2017 Apr;66(2):220-9.Full text Abstract
71. Berger WE, Granet DB, Kabat AG. Diagnosis and management of allergic conjunctivitis in pediatric patients. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2017 Jan 1;38(1):16-27. Abstract
72. Chen YY, Liu SH, Nurmatov U, et al. Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Mar 13;3(3):CD001211.Full text Abstract
73. Rose P. Management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: a systematic review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Aug;8(12):1903-21. Abstract
74. Denis F, Chaumeil C, Goldschmidt P, et al. Microbiological efficacy of 3-day treatment with azithromycin 1.5% eye-drops for purulent bacterial conjunctivitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2008 Nov-Dec;18(6):858-68. Abstract
75. Abelson MB, Heller W, Shapiro AM, et al; AzaSite Clinical Study Group. Clinical cure of bacterial conjunctivitis with azithromycin 1%: vehicle-controlled, double-masked clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Jun;145(6):959-65. Abstract
76. Protzko E, Bowman L, Abelson M, et al; AzaSite Clinical Study Group. Phase 3 safety comparisons for 1.0% azithromycin in polymeric mucoadhesive eye drops versus 0.3% tobramycin eye drops for bacterial conjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Aug;48(8):3425-9.Full text Abstract
77. American Academy of Ophthalmology. EyeWiki: bacterial conjunctivitis. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text
78. Mah F. Bacterial conjunctivitis in pediatrics and primary care. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006 May;53 Suppl 1:7-10; quiz 11, 13-5. Abstract
79. Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2001 Jun;51(467):473-7. Abstract
80. Alfonso E, Crider J. Ophthalmic infections and their anti-infective challenges. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005 Nov;50 Suppl 1:S1-6. Abstract
81. Silverstein BE, Morris TW, Gearinger LS, et al. Besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Clin Ophthalmol. 2012;6:1987-96.Full text Abstract
82. Karpecki P, Depaolis M, Hunter JA, et al. Besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% in patients with bacterial conjunctivitis: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, 5-day efficacy and safety study. Clin Ther. 2009 Mar;31(3):514-26. Abstract
83. McDonald MB, Protzko EE, Brunner LS, et al. Efficacy and safety of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% compared with moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.5% for treating bacterial conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 2009 Sep;116(9):1615-23.e1. Abstract
84. Tepedino ME, Heller WH, Usner DW, et al. Phase III efficacy and safety study of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 May;25(5):1159-69. Abstract
85. Sanfilippo CM, Allaire CM, DeCory HH. Besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% compared with gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3% for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates. Drugs R D. 2017 Mar;17(1):167-75.Full text Abstract
86. O'Brien TP. Besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension, 0.6%: a novel topical fluoroquinolone for bacterial conjunctivitis. Adv Ther. 2012 Jun;29(6):473-90. Abstract
87. Haimovici R, Roussel TJ. Treatment of gonococcal conjunctivitis with single-dose intramuscular ceftriaxone. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989 May 15;107(5):511-4. Abstract
88. Kaufman HE. Ganciclovir: a promising topical antiviral gel for herpetic keratitis. Expert Rev Ophthal. 2009;4(4):367-75.Full text
89. Colin J. Ganciclovir ophthalmic gel, 0.15%: a valuable tool for treating ocular herpes. Clin Ophthalmol. 2007 Dec;1(4):441-53.Full text Abstract
90. Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J, et al. Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 1;44 Suppl 1:S1-26.Full text Abstract
91. The College of Optometrists. Ophthalmia neonatorum. Oct 2018 [internet publication].Full text
92. Recommendations for the prevention of neonatal ophthalmia. Paediatr Child Health. 2002 Sep;7(7):480-3.Full text Abstract
93. Matejcek A, Goldman RD. Treatment and prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum. Can Fam Physician. 2013 Nov;59(11):1187-90.Full text Abstract
94. Mahvan TD, Buckley WA, Hornecker JR. Alcaftadine for the prevention of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis. Ann Pharmacother. 2012 Jul-Aug;46(7-8):1025-32. Abstract
95. D'Cruz OJ, Uckun FM. Stampidine: a selective oculo-genital microbicide. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Jul;56(1):10-9. Abstract
96. Gordon YJ, Romanowski EG, McDermott AM. A review of antimicrobial peptides and their therapeutic potential as anti-infective drugs. Curr Eye Res. 2005 Jul;30(7):505-15. Abstract
97. Monnerat N, Bossart W, Thiel MA. Povidone-iodine for treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis: an in vitro study [in German]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2006 May;223(5):349-52. Abstract
98. Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Valenton M, et al. A controlled trial of povidone-iodine to treat infectious conjunctivitis in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002 Nov;134(5):681-8. Abstract
99. Yazar H, Yarbag A, Balci M, et al. The effects of povidone iodine (pH 4.2) on patients with adenoviral conjunctivitis. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016 Aug;66(8):968-70. Abstract
100. Pelletier JS, Stewart K, Trattler W, et al. A combination povidone-iodine 0.4%/dexamethasone 0.1% ophthalmic suspension in the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. Adv Ther. 2009 Aug;26(8):776-83. Abstract
101. Epstein SP, Pashinsky YY, Gershon D, et al. Efficacy of topical cobalt chelate CTC-96 against adenovirus in a cell culture model and against adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis in a rabbit model. BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun 5;6:22.Full text Abstract
102. Zanjani H, Aminifard MN, Ghafourian A, et al. Comparative evaluation of tacrolimus versus interferon alpha-2b eye drops in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a randomized, double-masked study. Cornea. 2017 Jun;36(6):675-78. Abstract
103. Zhao M, He F, Yang Y, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of tacrolimus in vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2020 Nov 3 [Epub ahead of print].Full text Abstract
104. Butt AL, Chodosh J. Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis in a tertiary care eye clinic. Cornea. 2006 Feb;25(2):199-202. Abstract
105. Colón LE. Keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 8: report on a large outbreak. Ann Ophthalmol. 1991 Feb;23(2):63-5. Abstract
106. Ankers HE, Klapper PE, Cleator GM, et al. The role of a rapid diagnostic test (adenovirus immune dot blot) in the control of an outbreak of adenovirus type-8 keratoconjunctivitis. Eye. 1993;7(Pt 3 Suppl):15-7. Abstract
107. Jackson WB, Davis PL, Groh V, et al. Adenovirus type 19 keratoconjunctivitis in Canada. Can J Ophthalmol. 1975 Jul;10(3):326-33. Abstract
108. Richmond S, Burman R, Crosdale E, et al. A large outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 8. J Hyg (Lond). 1984 Oct;93(2):285-91. Abstract
109. Hyde KJ, Berger ST. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and lacrimal excretory system obstruction. Ophthalm. 1988 Oct;95(10):1447-9. Abstract
110. Hammer LH, Perry HD, Donnenfeld ED, et al. Symblepharon formation in epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Cornea. 1990 Oct;9(4):338-40. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer