References
Key articles
American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin no. 181: prevention of Rh D alloimmunization. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Aug;130(2):e57-70. Abstract
Fung KFK, Eason E. No. 133: prevention of Rh alloimmunization. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018 Jan;40(1):e1-10. Abstract
American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin no. 192: management of alloimmunization during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e82-90. Abstract
Qureshi H, Massey E, Kirwan D, et al. BCSH guideline for the use of anti-D immunoglobulin for the prevention of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Transfus Med. 2014 Feb;24(1):8-20.Full text Abstract
Mari G, Deter RL, Carpenter RL, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis by Doppler ultrasonography of fetal anemia due to maternal red-cell alloimmunization. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 6;342(1):9-14.Full text Abstract
Visser GHA, Thommesen T, Di Renzo GC, et al. FIGO/ICM guidelines for preventing Rhesus disease: a call to action. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021 Feb;152(2):144-7.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Hadley AG. In vitro assays to predict the severity of hemolytic disease of the newborn. Transfus Med Rev. 1995 Oct;9(4):302-13. Abstract
2. Brennand J, Cameron A. Fetal anaemia: diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Feb;22(1):15-29. Abstract
3. Mourant AE, Kopec AC, Domaniewska-Sobczak K. The distribution of the human blood groups and other biochemical polymorphisms. 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press; 1976.
4. Kanko TK, Woldemariam MK. Prevalence of Rhesus D negativity among reproductive age women in Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health. 2021 Apr 19;21(1):161.Full text Abstract
5. Joseph KS, Kramer MS. The decline in Rh hemolytic disease: should Rh prophylaxis get all the credit? Am J Public Health. 1998 Feb;88(2):209-15.Full text Abstract
6. Van der Schoot CE, Soussan AA, Koelewijn J, et al. Non-invasive antenatal RHD typing. Transfus Clin Biol. 2006 Mar-Apr;13(1-2):53-7. Abstract
7. Bhutani VK, Zipursky A, Blencowe H, et al. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and Rhesus disease of the newborn: incidence and impairment estimates for 2010 at regional and global levels. Pediatr Res. 2013 Dec;74(1 suppl):86-100.Full text Abstract
8. Baker JM, Campbell DM, Pavenski K, et al. Infants affected by Rh sensitization: a 2-year Canadian National Surveillance Study. Paediatr Child Health. 2021 Jun;26(3):159-65.Full text Abstract
9. Chavez GF, Mulinare J, Edmonds LD. Epidemiology of Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn in the United States. JAMA. 1991 Jun 26;265(24):3270-4. Abstract
10. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, et al. Births: final data for 2003. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2005 Sep 8;54(2):1-116.Full text Abstract
11. Ling L, Yu D, Gleeson CD, et al. 968 Estimation of hemolytic disease of the newborn in the United States from 1996-2010. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Feb;224(2 suppl):S600-1.Full text
12. Koelewijn JM, Vrijkotte TG, van der Schoot CE, et al. Effect of screening for red cell antibodies, other than anti-D, to detect hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn: a population study in the Netherlands. Transfusion. 2008 May;48(5):941-52. Abstract
13. Cherif-Zahar B, Mattei MG, Le Van Kim C, et al. Localization of the human Rh blood group gene structure to chromosome region 1p34.3-1p36.1 by in situ hybridization. Hum Genet. 1991 Feb;86(4):398-400. Abstract
14. Moise KJ. Red blood cell alloimmunization in pregnancy. Semin Hematol. 2005 Jul;42(3):169-78. Abstract
15. Bowman JM, Pollock JM, Penston LE. Fetomaternal transplacental hemorrhage during pregnancy and after delivery. Vox Sang. 1986;51(2):117-21. Abstract
16. Bowman JM. The prevention of Rh immunization. Transfus Med Rev. 1988 Sep;2(3):129-50. Abstract
17. Bowman JM. The management of Rh-Isoimmunization. Obstet Gynecol. 1978 Jul;52(1):1-16. Abstract
18. Boucher M, Marquette GP, Varin J, et al. Fetomaternal hemorrhage during external cephalic version. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jul;112(1):79-84. Abstract
19. Marcus RG, Crewe-Brown H, Krawitz S, et al. Feto-maternal haemorrhage following successful and unsuccessful attempts at external cephalic version. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1975 Jul;82(7):578-80. Abstract
20. Grootscholten K, Kok M, Oei SG, et al. External cephalic version-related risks: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Nov;112(5):1143-51. Abstract
21. American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin no. 181: prevention of Rh D alloimmunization. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Aug;130(2):e57-70. Abstract
22. Bowman JM, Pollock JM. Transplacental fetal hemorrhage after amniocentesis. Obstet Gynecol. 1985 Dec;66(6):749-54. Abstract
23. Blakemore KJ, Baumgarten A, Schoenfeld-Dimaio M, et al. Rise in maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration after chorionic villus sampling and the possibility of isoimmunization. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986 Nov;155(5):988-93. Abstract
24. Urbaniak SJ, Greiss MA. RhD haemolytic disease of the fetus and the newborn. Blood Rev. 2000 Mar;14(1):44-61. Abstract
25. Katz J, Marcus RG. The risk of Rh isoimmunization in ruptured tubal pregnancy. Br Med J. 1972 Sep 16;3(5828):667-9.Full text Abstract
26. Fung KFK, Eason E. No. 133: prevention of Rh alloimmunization. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018 Jan;40(1):e1-10. Abstract
27. Moise KJ Jr. Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. In: Creasy RK, Resnik R, Iams JD, et al, eds. Creasy and Resnik's maternal-fetal medicine: principles and practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2008:479-503.
28. Oepkes D, Adama van Scheltema P. Intrauterine fetal transfusion in the management of fetal anemia and fetal thrombocytopenia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007 Dec;12(6):432-8. Abstract
29. Bowman JM. Intrauterine and neonatal transfusion. In: Anderson KC, Ness PM, eds. Scientific basis of transfusion medicine: implications for clinical practice. London, UK: WB Saunders; 1994:403-20.
30. US Preventive Services Task Force. Rh(D) incompatibility: screening. Feb 2004 [internet publication].Full text
31. American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin no. 192: management of alloimmunization during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e82-90. Abstract
32. Qureshi H, Massey E, Kirwan D, et al. BCSH guideline for the use of anti-D immunoglobulin for the prevention of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Transfus Med. 2014 Feb;24(1):8-20.Full text Abstract
33. Mari G, Deter RL, Carpenter RL, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis by Doppler ultrasonography of fetal anemia due to maternal red-cell alloimmunization. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 6;342(1):9-14.Full text Abstract
34. Abdel-Fattah S, Soothill P. Assessing the severity of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn: clinical aspects. In: Hadley A, Soothill P, eds. Alloimmune disorders of pregnancy: anaemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in the fetus and newborn. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2002:153-72.
35. Bellini C, Hennekam RC, Bonioli E. A diagnostic flow chart for non-immune hydrops fetalis. Am J Med Gen A. 2009 May;149A(5):852-3. Abstract
36. Trainor B, Tubman R. The emerging pattern of hydrops fetalis: incidence, aetiology and management. Ulster Med J. 2006 Sep;75(3):185-6.Full text Abstract
37. Suwanrath-Kengpol C, Kor-anantakul O, Suntharasaj T, et al. Etiology and outcome of non-immune hydrops fetalis in southern Thailand. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2005;59(3):134-7. Abstract
38. Tolfvenstam T, Broliden K. Parvovirus B19 infection. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009 Aug;14(4):218-21. Abstract
39. Hamill N, Rijhsinghani A, Williamson RA, et al. Prenatal diagnosis and management of fetal anemia secondary to a large chorioangioma. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Nov;102(5 Pt 2):1185-8. Abstract
40. El Kateb A, Ville Y. Update on twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Feb;22(1):63-75. Abstract
41. Baschat AA, Oepkes D. Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence in monochorionic twins: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Am J Perinatol. 2014 Sep;31(1 suppl):S25-30. Abstract
42. Visser GHA, Thommesen T, Di Renzo GC, et al. FIGO/ICM guidelines for preventing Rhesus disease: a call to action. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021 Feb;152(2):144-7.Full text Abstract
43. Okwundu CI, Afolabi BB. Intramuscular versus intravenous anti-D for preventing Rhesus alloimmunization during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD007885.Full text Abstract
44. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis for women who are rhesus D negative. Aug 2008 [internet publication].Full text
45. Pollack W, Ascari WQ, Kochesky RJ, et al. Studies on Rh prophylaxis. 1. Relationship between doses of anti-Rh and size of antigenic stimulus. Transfusion. 1971 Nov-Dec;11(6):333-9. Abstract
46. Fung MK, Grossman BJ, Hillyer CD, et al, eds. Technical manual. 18th ed. Bethesda (MD): American Association of Blood Banks; 2014.
47. National Blood Authority. Prophylactic use of Rh D immunoglobulin in pregnancy care. 2021 [internet publication].Full text
48. McBain RD, Crowther CA, Middleton P. Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 3;(9):CD000020.Full text Abstract
49. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The management of women with red cell antibodies during pregnancy: green-top guideline no 65. May 2014 [internet publication].Full text
50. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text
51. Li MJ, Chen CH, Wu Q, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin G for hemolytic disease of the newborn: a systematic review [in Chinese]. Chin J Evid Based Med. 2010;10:1199-204.Full text
52. Huizing K, Røislien J, Hansen T. Intravenous immunoglobulin reduces the need for exchange transfusion in Rhesus and ABO incompatibility. Acta Paediatr. 2008 Oct;97(10):1362-5. Abstract
53. Smits-Wintjens VE, Walther FJ, Rath ME, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in neonates with rhesus hemolytic disease: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2011 Apr;127(4):680-6. Abstract
54. Zwiers C, Scheffer-Rath ME, Lopriore E, et al. Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 18;(3):CD003313.Full text Abstract
55. ClinicalTrials.org. A study to evaluate the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of M281 administered to pregnant women at high risk for early onset severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
56. Matsuda H, Yoshida M, Wakamatsu H, et al. Fetal intraperitoneal injection of immunoglobulin diminishes alloimmune hemolysis. J Perinatol. 2011 Apr;31(4):289-92. Abstract
57. Bellone M, Boctor FN. Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin as primary therapy for D alloimmunization in pregnancy precludes the need for intrauterine transfusion. Transfusion. 2014 Aug;54(8):2118-21. Abstract
58. Kriplani A, Malhotra Singh B, Mandal K. Fetal intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in rhesus hemolytic disease. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2007;63(3):176-80. Abstract
59. Whyte RK, Jefferies AL; Canadian Paediatric Society, Fetus and Newborn Committee. Red blood cell transfusion in newborn infants. Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Apr;19(4):213-22.Full text Abstract
60. Katz MA, Kanto WP Jr, Korotkin JH. Recurrence rate of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. Obstet Gynecol. 1982 May;59(5):611-4. Abstract
61. Smits-Wintjens VE, Walther FJ, Lopriore E. Rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn: postnatal management, associated morbidity and long-term outcome. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2008 Aug;13(4):265-71. Abstract
62. Marton T, Cox PM. Fetal hydrops. In: Kurjak A, Chervenak FA, eds. Textbook of perinatal medicine. 2nd ed. Abingdon, UK: Informa UK; 2006:535-40.
63. Weiner CP, Williamson RA, Wenstrom KD, et al. Management of fetal hemolytic disease by cordocentesis. I. Prediction of fetal anemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Sep;165(3):546-53. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer