Gestational diabetes mellitus

References

Key articles

American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(Suppl 1):S1-291.Full text

Plows JF, Stanley JL, Baker PN, et al. The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Oct 26;19(11):E3342.Full text  Abstract

Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, et al; International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010 Mar;33(3):676-82.Full text  Abstract

Ratner RE, Christophi CA, Metzger BE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec;93(12):4774-9.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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29. Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, et al. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007 Dec 12;298(22):2654-64. Abstract

30. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

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35. Shepherd E, Gomersall JC, Tieu J, et al. Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 13;(11):CD010443.Full text  Abstract

36. Griffith RJ, Alsweiler J, Moore AE, et al. Interventions to prevent women from developing gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jun 11;6:CD012394.Full text  Abstract

37. Chatzakis C, Goulis DG, Mareti E, et al. Prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus in overweight or obese pregnant women: a network meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Dec;158:107924. Abstract

38. Skouteris H, Morris H, Nagle C, et al. Behavior modification techniques used to prevent gestational diabetes: a systematic review of the literature. Curr Diab Rep. 2014 Apr;14(4):480. Abstract

39. Syngelaki A, Nicolaides KH, Balani J, et al. Metformin versus placebo in obese pregnant women without diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2016 Feb 4;374(5):434-43. Abstract

40. Dodd JM, Louise J, Deussen AR, et al. Effect of metformin in addition to dietary and lifestyle advice for pregnant women who are overweight or obese: the GRoW randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Dec 4;7(1):15-24. Abstract

41. Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, et al; International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010 Mar;33(3):676-82.Full text  Abstract

42. World Health Organization. Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy. 2013 [internet publication].Full text

43. Hughes RC, Moore MP, Gullam JE, et al. An early pregnancy HbA1c ≥5.9% (41 mmol/mol) is optimal for detecting diabetes and identifies women at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2014 Nov;37(11):2953-9.Full text  Abstract

44. Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan-2022 update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049.Full text  Abstract

45. US Preventive Services Task Force. Gestational diabetes: screening. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Full text

46. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no.190: gestational diabetes mellitus. Feb 2018 [internet publication].Full text

47. Vandorsten JP, Dodson WC, Espeland MA, et al. NIH consensus development conference: diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2013 Mar 6;29(1):1-31. Abstract

48. Donovan L, Hartling L, Muise M, et al. Screening tests for gestational diabetes: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Jul 16;159(2):115-22.Full text  Abstract

49. Mulholland C, Njoroge T, Mersereau P, et al. Comparison of guidelines available in the United States for diagnosis and management of diabetes before, during, and after pregnancy. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2007 Jul-Aug;16(6):790-801. Abstract

50. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Scientific impact paper no. 23. Diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes. Jan 2011 [internet publication].Full text

51. World Health Organization, International Diabetes Federation. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation. 2006 [internet publication].Full text

52. Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, et al. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2023 Oct 1;46(10):e151-99.Full text  Abstract

53. Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: a pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015 Oct;131(suppl 3):S173-211.Full text  Abstract

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55. Agarwal MM, Hughes PF, Punnose J, et al. Gestational diabetes screening of a multiethnic, high-risk population using glycated proteins. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001 Jan;51(1):67-73. Abstract

56. Tieu J, McPhee AJ, Crowther CA, et al. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and infant health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 3;(8):CD007222.Full text  Abstract

57. Berger H, Gagnon R, Sermer M. Guideline no. 393-diabetes in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2019 Dec;41(12):1814-25.e1.Full text  Abstract

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60. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Managing diabetes and hyperglycaemia during labour and birth. Feb 2023 [internet publication]​Full text

61. Falavigna M, Schmidt MI, Trujillo J, et al. Effectiveness of gestational diabetes treatment: a systematic review with quality of evidence assessment. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012 Dec;98(3):396-405. Abstract

62. Inkster ME, Fahey TP, Donnan PT, et al. Poor glycated haemoglobin control and adverse pregnancy outcomes in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review of observational studies. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Oct 30;6:30.Full text  Abstract

63. Hartling L, Dryden DM, Guthrie A, et al. Benefits and harms of treating gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the National Institutes of Health Office of Medical Applications of Research. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Jul 16;159(2):123-9.Full text  Abstract

64. Hofer OJ, Martis R, Alsweiler J, et al. Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Oct 10;10(10):CD011624. Abstract

65. Martis R, Crowther CA, Shepherd E, et al. Treatments for women with gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Aug 14;8:CD012327.Full text  Abstract

66. Brown J, Alwan NA, West J, et al. Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 4;(5):CD011970.Full text  Abstract

67. Barbour LA, Feig DS. Metformin for gestational diabetes mellitus: progeny, perspective, and a personalized approach. Diabetes Care. 2019 Mar;42(3):396-9.Full text  Abstract

68. de Veciana M, Major CA, Morgan MA, et al. Postprandial versus preprandial blood glucose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes mellitus requiring insulin therapy. N Engl J Med. 1995 Nov 9;333(19):1237-41.Full text  Abstract

69. Durnwald CP, Mele L, Spong CY, et al. Glycemic characteristics and neonatal outcomes of women treated for mild gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Apr;117(4):819-27.Full text  Abstract

70. Han S, Middleton P, Shepherd E, et al. Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 25;(2):CD009275.Full text  Abstract

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73. Viana LV, Gross JL, Azevedo MJ. Dietary intervention in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials on maternal and newborn outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2014 Dec;37(12):3345-55.Full text  Abstract

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77. Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, et al; Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial Group. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 16;352(24):2477-86.Full text  Abstract

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100. Nicholson WK, Wilson LM, Witkop CT, et al. Therapeutic management, delivery, and postpartum risk assessment and screening in gestational diabetes. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2008 Mar;(162):1-96.Full text  Abstract

101. Silva JC, Fachin DR, Coral ML, et al. Perinatal impact of the use of metformin and glyburide for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Perinat Med. 2012 Jan 10;40(3):225-8. Abstract

102. Camelo Castillo W, Boggess K, Stürmer T, et al. Association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with glyburide vs insulin in women with gestational diabetes. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 May;169(5):452-8. Abstract

103. Sénat MV, Affres H, Letourneau A, et al; Groupe de Recherche en Obstétrique et Gynécologie (GROG). Effect of glyburide vs subcutaneous insulin on perinatal complications among women with gestational diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 May 1;319(17):1773-80.Full text  Abstract

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106. Rowan JA, Rush EC, Obolonkin V, et al. Metformin in gestational diabetes: the offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU): body composition at 2 years of age. Diabetes Care. 2011 Oct;34(10):2279-84.Full text  Abstract

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108. Rowan JA, Rush EC, Plank LD, et al. Metformin in gestational diabetes: the offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU): body composition and metabolic outcomes at 7-9 years of age. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2018 Apr 13;6(1):e000456.Full text  Abstract

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110. Mesdaghinia E, Samimi M, Homaei Z, et al. Comparison of newborn outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with metformin or insulin: a randomised blinded trial. Int J Prev Med. 2013 Mar;4(3):327-33.Full text  Abstract

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112. Rowan JA, Hague WM, Gao W, et al; MiG Trial Investigators. Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 8;358(19):2003-15.Full text  Abstract

113. Schwartz N, Nachum Z, Green MS. Risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus recurrence: a meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2016 Sep;53(3):662-71. Abstract

114. Li Z, Cheng Y, Wang D, et al. Incidence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 170,139 women. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:3076463.Full text  Abstract

115. Diaz-Santana MV, O'Brien KM, Park YM, et al. Persistence of risk for type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2022 Apr 1;45(4):864-70.Full text  Abstract

116. Ratner RE, Christophi CA, Metzger BE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec;93(12):4774-9.Full text  Abstract

117. Vounzoulaki E, Khunti K, Abner SC, et al. Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020 May 13;369:m1361.Full text  Abstract

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119. Aroda VR, Christophi CA, Edelstein SL, et al. The effect of lifestyle intervention and metformin on preventing or delaying diabetes among women with and without gestational diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Program outcomes study 10-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Apr;100(4):1646-53.Full text  Abstract

120. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Long-term effects of metformin on diabetes prevention: identification of subgroups that benefited most in the Diabetes Prevention Program and Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Diabetes Care. 2019 Apr;42(4):601-8.Full text  Abstract

121. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. Development and validation of QDiabetes-2018 risk prediction algorithm to estimate future risk of type 2 diabetes: cohort study. BMJ. 2017 Nov 20;359:j5019.Full text  Abstract

122. Tovar A, Chasan-Taber L, Eggleston E, et al. Postpartum screening for diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Prev Chronic Dis. 2011 Nov;8(6):A124.Full text  Abstract

123. Scholtens DM, Kuang A, Lowe LP, et al; HAPO Follow-Up Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): maternal glycemia and childhood glucose metabolism. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jan 7;42(3):381-92.Full text  Abstract

124. Lowe WL Jr, Lowe LP, Kuang A, et al; HAPO Follow-up Study Cooperative Research Group. Maternal glucose levels during pregnancy and childhood adiposity in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study. Diabetologia. 2019 Jan 15;62(4):598-610.Full text  Abstract

125. Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan-2022 update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049.Full text  Abstract

126. Nicklas JM, Zera CA, England LJ, et al. A web-based lifestyle intervention for women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;124(3):563-70. Abstract

127. Gunderson EP, Hedderson MM, Chiang V, et al. Lactation intensity and postpartum maternal glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in women with recent GDM: the SWIFT cohort. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jan;35(1):50-6.Full text  Abstract

128. Stuebe AM, Rich-Edwards JW, Willett WC, et al. Duration of lactation and incidence of type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2005 Nov 23;294(20):2601-10.Full text  Abstract

129. Matias SL, Dewey KG, Quesenberry CP Jr, et al. Maternal prepregnancy obesity and insulin treatment during pregnancy are independently associated with delayed lactogenesis in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jan;99(1):115-21.Full text  Abstract

130. Kramer CK, Campbell S, Retnakaran R. Gestational diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2019 Mar 7;62(6):905-14.Full text  Abstract

131. Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women - 2011 update. A guideline from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011 Mar 22;123(11):1243-62.Full text  Abstract

132. Ferrara A, Hedderson MM, Brown SD, et al. The comparative effectiveness of diabetes prevention strategies to reduce postpartum weight retention in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: the Gestational diabetes' Effects on Moms (GEM) cluster randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2016 Jan;39(1):65-74. Abstract

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