Drowning

European Resuscitation Council. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Apr 2021 [internet publication]Full text  Abstract

Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2020 Oct 20;142(16 suppl 2):S366-468.Full text

The Resuscitation Council (UK). Resuscitation guidelines. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

Schmidt AC, Sempsrott JR, Hawkins SC, et al. Wilderness Medical Society clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prevention of drowning: 2019 update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019 Dec;30(4s):S70-86.Full text  Abstract

International Life Saving Federation. International Life Saving Federation position statements. 2016 [internet publication].Full text

1. Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J, et al. ​Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: the "Utstein style". Circulation. 2003 Nov 18;108(20):2565-74.Full text

2. Idris AH, Bierens JJLM, Perkins GD, et al. 2015 revised Utstein-style recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning-related resuscitation: an ILCOR advisory statement. Resuscitation. 2017 Sep;118:147-58. Abstract

3. World Health Organization. Drowning. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

4. Lu TH, Lunetta P, Walker S. Quality of cause-of-death reporting using ICD-10 drowning codes: a descriptive study of 69 countries. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010 Apr 8;10:30.Full text  Abstract

5. Peden AE, Franklin RC, Mahony AJ, et al. Using a retrospective cross-sectional study to analyse unintentional fatal drowning in Australia: ICD-10 coding-based methodologies verses actual deaths. BMJ Open. 2017 Dec 21;7(12):e019407.Full text  Abstract

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC WONDER. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

7. Moutafi A, Petridou E. The burden of drowning: issues in selected countries - Europe. In: Bierens JJ, ed. Handbook on drowning: prevention, rescue, and treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2014:101-5.

8. Royal Life Saving Society - Australia. Royal Life Saving National Drowning Report 2019. Sydney: Royal Life Saving Society - Australia, 2019 [internet publication].Full text

9. Szpilman D. Analyses of drowning deaths in Brazil over the last 34 years reveal a sharp decline. World Conference on Drowning Prevention program and proceedings, Malaysia; 2015:60.Full text

10. Kobusingye O, Bowman B. The burden of drowning: issues in selected countries - Africa. In: Bierens JJ, ed. Handbook on drowning: prevention, rescue, and treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2014:111-13.

11. Labrique A, Hyder A. The burden of drowning: issues in selected countries - South and Southeast Asia. In: Bierens JJ, ed. Handbook on drowning: prevention, rescue, and treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2014:119-22.

12. Tipton MJ, Golden FS. A proposed decision-making guide for the search, rescue and resuscitation of submersion (head under) victims based on expert opinion. Resuscitation. 2011 Jul;82(7):819-24. Abstract

13. Szpilman D, Elmann J, Cruz-Filho FE. Dry-drowning - fact or myth? Book of abstracts. World Congress on Drowning, Amsterdam; 2002:65.

14. Lunetta P, Modell JH, Sajantila A. What is the incidence and significance of "dry-lungs" in bodies found in water? Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2004 Dec;25(4):291-301. Abstract

15. Orlowski JP, Abulleil MM, Phillips JM. The hemodynamic and cardiovascular effects of near-drowning in hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic solutions. Ann Emerg Med. 1989 Oct;18(10):1044-9. Abstract

16. Grmec S, Strnad M, Podgorsek D. Comparison of the characteristics and outcome among patients suffering from out-of-hospital primary cardiac arrest and drowning victims in cardiac arrest. Int J Emerg Med. 2009 Apr;2(1):7-12.Full text  Abstract

17. Szpilman D. Near-drowning and drowning classification: a proposal to stratify mortality based on the analysis of 1,831 cases. Chest. 1997 Sep;112(3):660-5. Abstract

18. Orlowski JP, Szpilman D. Drowning. Rescue, resuscitation, and reanimation. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001 Jun;48(3):627-46. Abstract

19. Modell JH, Moya F, Newby EJ, et al. The effects of fluid volume in seawater drowning. Ann Intern Med. 1967 Jul;67(1):68-80. Abstract

20. Matthews BL, Andrew E, Andronaco R, et al. Epidemiology of fatal and non-fatal drowning patients attended by paramedics in Victoria, Australia. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2017 Sep;24(3):303-10. Abstract

21. Felton H, Myers J, Liu G, et al. Unintentional, non-fatal drowning of children: US trends and racial/ethnic disparities. BMJ Open. 2015 Dec 15;5(12):e008444.Full text  Abstract

22. Dietz PE, Baker SP. Drowning: epidemiology and prevention. Am J Public Health. 1974 Apr;64(4):303-12.Full text  Abstract

23. Clemens T, Tamim H, Rotondi M, et al. A population based study of drowning in Canada. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 13;16:559.Full text  Abstract

24. Peden AE, Franklin RC, Leggatt PA. The hidden tragedy of rivers: a decade of unintentional fatal drowning in Australia. PLoS One. 2016 Aug 12;11(8):e0160709.Full text  Abstract

25. Peden AE, Franklin RC, Leggatt PA. Alcohol and its contributory role in fatal drowning in Australian rivers, 2002-2012. Accid Anal Prev. 2017 Jan;98:259-65. Abstract

26. Quan L. Review of risk factors. In: Bierens JJ, ed. Handbook on drowning: prevention, rescue, and treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2014:123-6.

27. Willcox-Pidgeon S, Kool B, Moran K. Perceptions of the risk of drowning at surf beaches among New Zealand youth. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2018 Dec;25(4):365-71. Abstract

28. Rahman F, Bose S, Linnan M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of an injury and drowning prevention program in Bangladesh. Pediatrics. 2012 Dec;130(6):e1621-8.Full text  Abstract

29. Papadodima SA, Sakelliadis EI, Kotretsos PS, et al. Cardiovascular disease and drowning: autopsy and laboratory findings. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2007 Jul-Aug;48(4):198-205.Full text  Abstract

30. Tester DJ, Medeiros-Domingo A, Will ML, et al. Unexplained drownings and the cardiac channelopathies: a molecular autopsy series. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011 Oct;86(10):941-7.Full text  Abstract

31. Bell GS, Gaitatzis A, Bell CL, et al. Drowning in people with epilepsy: how great is the risk? Neurology. 2008 Aug 19;71(8):578-82. Abstract

32. Chang CY, Lu TH, Cheng TJ. Trends in reporting injury as a cause of death among people with epilepsy in the U.S., 1981-2010. Seizure. 2014 Nov;23(10):836-43.Full text  Abstract

33. Bain E, Keller AE, Jordan H, et al. Drowning in epilepsy: A population-based case series. Epilepsy Res. 2018 Sep;145:123-6.Full text  Abstract

34. Quan L, Pilkey D, Gomez A, et al. Analysis of paediatric drowning deaths in Washington State using the child death review (CDR) for surveillance: what CDR does and does not tell us about lethal drowning injury. Inj Prev. 2011 Feb;17 (Suppl 1):i28-33. Abstract

35. Denny SA, Quan L, Gilchrist J, et al. Prevention of Drowning. Pediatrics. 2019 May;143(5):e20190850.Full text  Abstract

36. European Resuscitation Council. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Apr 2021 [internet publication]Full text  Abstract

37. Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2020 Oct 20;142(16 suppl 2):S366-468.Full text

38. The Resuscitation Council (UK). Resuscitation guidelines. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

39. Gregorakos L, Markou N, Psalida V, et al. Near-drowning: clinical course of lung injury in adults. Lung. 2009 Mar-Apr;187(2):93-7. Abstract

40. Watson RS, Cummings P, Quan L, et al. Cervical spine injuries among submersion victims. J Trauma. 2001 Oct;51(4):658-62. Abstract

41. Szpilman D, Brewster C, Cruz-Filho FE. Aquatic cervical spine injury - how often do we have to worry? Oral presentation. World Congress on Drowning, Netherlands; 2002.

42. Szpilman D, Bierens JJ, Handley AJ, et al. Current concepts: drowning. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 31;366(22):2102-10.Full text  Abstract

43. Szpilman D, Elmann J, Cruz-Filho FE. Drowning classification: a revalidation study based on the analysis of 930 cases over 10 years. Book of abstracts. World Congress on Drowning, Amsterdam; 2002:66.

44. Szpilman D, Webber J, Quan L, et al. Creating a drowning chain of survival. Resuscitation. 2014 Sep;85(9):1149-52. Abstract

45. Szpilman D, Soares M. In-water resuscitation - is it worthwhile? Resuscitation. 2004 Oct;63(1):25-31. Abstract

46. International Life Saving Federation. Position statements: medical help. 2016 [internet publication].Full text

47. Szpilman D, Sempsrott J, Webber J, et al. 'Dry drowning' and other myths. Cleve Clin J Med. 2018 Jul;85(7):529-35.Full text  Abstract

48. Kochanek PM, Bayir H. Titrating oxygen during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA. 2010 Jun 2;303(21):2190-1. Abstract

49. Dottorini M, Eslami A, Baglioni S, et al. Nasal-continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of near-drowning in freshwater. Chest. 1996 Oct;110(4):1122-4. Abstract

50. Michelet P, Bouzana F, Charmensat O, et al. Acute respiratory failure after drowning: a retrospective multicenter survey. Eur J Emerg Med. 2017 Aug;24(4):295-300. Abstract

51. Quan L, Mack CD, Schiff MA. Association of water temperature and submersion duration and drowning outcome. Resuscitation. 2014 Jun;85(6):790-4.Full text  Abstract

52. McCullough L, Arora S. Diagnosis and treatment of hypothermia. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Dec 15;70(12):2325-32.Full text  Abstract

53. Resuscitation Council UK. Post-resuscitation care Guidelines. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

54. Resuscitation Council UK. Paediatric basic life support Guidelines. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

55. Dyson K, Morgans A, Bray J, et al. Drowning related out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: characteristics and outcomes. Resuscitation. 2013 Aug;84(8):1114-8. Abstract

56. Causey AL, Tilelli JA, Swanson ME. Predicting discharge in uncomplicated near-drowning. Am J Emerg Med. 2000 Jan;18(1):9-11. Abstract

57. Noonan L, Howrey R, Ginsburg CM. Freshwater submersion injuries in children: a retrospective review of seventy-five hospitalized patients. Pediatrics. 1996 Sep;98(3 Pt 1):368-71. Abstract

58. Schmidt AC, Sempsrott JR, Hawkins SC, et al. Wilderness Medical Society clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prevention of drowning: 2019 update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019 Dec;30(4s):S70-86.Full text  Abstract

59. International Life Saving Federation. International Life Saving Federation position statements. 2016 [internet publication].Full text

60. Szpilman D, Orlowski JP. Sports related to drowning. Eur Respir Rev. 2016 Sep;25(141):348-59.Full text  Abstract

61. Quan L, Bierens JJ, Lis R, et al. Predicting outcome of drowning at the scene: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Resuscitation. 2016 Jul;104:63-75. Abstract

62. Son KL, Hwang SK, Choi HJ. Clinical features and prognostic factors in drowning children: a regional experience. Korean J Pediatr. 2016 May;59(5):212-7.Full text  Abstract

63. Szpilman D. A case report of 22 minutes submersion in warm water without sequelae. In: Bierens JJ, ed. Handbook on drowning: prevention, rescue, and treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2006:375-6.

64. Orlowski JP. Drowning, near-drowning, and ice-water submersions. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1987 Feb;34(1):75-92. Abstract

65. Van Berkel M, Bierens JJ, Lie RL et al. Pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and mortality in submersion victims; a retrospective study in 125 patients. Intensive Care Med. 1996 Feb;22(2):101-7. Abstract

66. Wood C. Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 1: prophylactic antibiotics in near-drowning. Emerg Med J. 2010 May;27(5):393-4. Abstract

67. Saidel-Odes LR, Almog Y. Near-drowning in the Dead Sea: a retrospective observational analysis of 69 patients. Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 Dec;5(12):856-8. Abstract

68. Gorelik Y, Darawshi S, Yaseen H, et al. Acute renal failure following near-drowning. Kidney Int Rep. 2018 Jul;3(4):833-40.Full text  Abstract

69. Szpilman D. Aquatic cervical and head trauma: nobody told me it could be a jump in the darkness! Oral presentation, paper 290. World Conference on Drowning Prevention program and proceedings, Danang, Vietnam; 2011:153.