Keloid

References

Key articles

Ogawa R. The most current algorithms for the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a 2020 update of the algorithms published 10 years ago. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022 Jan 1;149(1):79e-94e.Full text  Abstract

Ogawa R, Akita S, Akaishi S, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars - Japan Scar Workshop consensus document 2018. Burns Trauma. 2019;7:39. Abstract

Gold MH, Berman B, Clementoni MT, et al. Updated international clinical recommendations on scar management: part 1 - evaluating the evidence. Dermatol Surg. 2014 Aug;40(8):817-24. Abstract

Royal College of Radiologists. Recommendations for using radiotherapy for benign disease in the UK. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Ogawa R. Keloid and hypertrophic scars are the result of chronic inflammation in the reticular dermis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Mar 10;18(3):606.Full text  Abstract

2. Limandjaja GC, Niessen FB, Scheper RJ, et al. The keloid disorder: heterogeneity, histopathology, mechanisms and models. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:360.Full text  Abstract

3. Huang C, Wu Z, Du Y, Ogawa R. The epidemiology of keloids. In: Téot L, Mustoe TA, Middelkoop E, et al., eds. Textbook on scar management: state of the art management and emerging technologies [Internet]. Cham: Springer; 2020.Full text  Abstract

4. Ung CY, Warwick A, Onoufriadis A, et al. Comorbidities of keloid and hypertrophic scars among participants in UK biobank. JAMA Dermatol. 2023 Feb 1;159(2):172-81.Full text  Abstract

5. Tulandi T, Al-Sannan B, Akbar G, et al. Prospective study of intraabdominal adhesions among women of different races with or without keloids. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Feb;204(2):132.e1-4.Full text  Abstract

6. Bayat A, Arscott G, Ollier WE, et al. Keloid disease: clinical relevance of single versus multiple site scars. Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Jan;58(1):28-37. Abstract

7. Ogawa R. Keloid and hypertrophic scarring may result from a mechanoreceptor or mechanosensitive nociceptor disorder. Med Hypotheses. 2008 Oct;71(4):493-500. Abstract

8. Akaishi S, Akimoto M, Ogawa R, et al. The relationship between keloid growth pattern and stretching tension: visual analysis using the finite element method. Ann Plast Surg. 2008 Apr;60(4):445-51. Abstract

9. Kiprono SK, Chaula BM, Masenga JE, et al. Epidemiology of keloids in normally pigmented Africans and African people with albinism: population-based cross-sectional survey. Br J Dermatol. 2015 Sep;173(3):852-4. Abstract

10. Nakashima M, Chung S, Takahashi A, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies four susceptibility loci for keloid in the Japanese population. Nat Genet. 2010 Sep;42(9):768-71. Abstract

11. Marneros AG, Norris JE, Watanabe S, et al. Genome scans provide evidence for keloid susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2q23 and 7p11. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 May;122(5):1126-32.Full text  Abstract

12. Chen Y, Gao JH, Yan X, et al. [Location of predisposing gene for one Han Chinese keloid pedigree]. [in chi]. Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2007 Mar;23(2):137-40. Abstract

13. Robles DT, Moore E, Draznin M, et al. Keloids: pathophysiology and management. Dermatology Online J. 2007 Jul 13;13(3):9.Full text  Abstract

14. Butler PD, Longaker MT, Yang GP. Current progress in keloid research and treatment. J Am Coll Surg. 2008 Apr;206(4):731-41. Abstract

15. Mari W, Alsabri SG, Tabal N, et al. Novel insights on understanding of keloid scar: article review. J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec. 2016 Nov 30;7(1-3):1-7.Full text  Abstract

16. Gauglitz GG, Korting HC, Pavicic T, et al. Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies. Mol Med. 2011 Jan-Feb;17(1-2):113-25.Full text  Abstract

17. Ogawa R. The most current algorithms for the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a 2020 update of the algorithms published 10 years ago. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022 Jan 1;149(1):79e-94e.Full text  Abstract

18. Burd A, Huang L. Hypertrophic response and keloid diathesis: two very different forms of scar. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005 Dec;116(7):150e-7e. Abstract

19. Knowles A, Glass DA 2nd. Keloids and hypertrophic scars. Dermatol Clin. 2023 Jul;41(3):509-17. Abstract

20. Ogawa R, Okai K, Tokumura F, et al. The relationship between skin stretching/contraction and pathologic scarring: the important role of mechanical forces in keloid generation. Wound Repair Regen. 2012 Mar-Apr;20(2):149-57. Abstract

21. Ogawa R, Akita S, Akaishi S, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars - Japan Scar Workshop consensus document 2018. Burns Trauma. 2019;7:39. Abstract

22. Ogawa R, Akaishi S, Hyakusoku H. Differential and exclusive diagnosis of diseases that resemble keloids and hypertrophic scars. Ann Plast Surg. 2009 Jun;62(6):660-4.Full text  Abstract

23. Nguyen CM, Burch JM, Fitzpatrick JE, et al. Giant cell fibroblastoma in a child misdiagnosed as a dermatofibroma. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002 Jan-Feb;19(1):28-32. Abstract

24. Durani P, Bayat A. Levels of evidence for the treatment of keloid disease. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61(1):4-17. Abstract

25. Elsaie ML. Update on management of keloid and hypertrophic scars: a systemic review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021 Sep;20(9):2729-38. Abstract

26. Wolfram D, Tzankov A, Pülzl P, et al. Hypertrophic scars and keloids - a review of their pathophysiology, risk factors, and therapeutic management. Dermatol Surg. 2009 Feb;35(2):171-81.Full text  Abstract

27. Guthmann R, Williams CC, De Groote S. Clinical inquiry: what treatment is best for hypertrophic scars and keloids? J Fam Pract. 2011 Dec;60(12):757-8. Abstract

28. Lv K, Xia Z, Chinese consensus panel on the prevention and treatment of scars. Chinese expert consensus on clinical prevention and treatment of scar. Burns Trauma. 2018;6:27.Full text  Abstract

29. Gold MH, Berman B, Clementoni MT, et al. Updated international clinical recommendations on scar management: part 1 - evaluating the evidence. Dermatol Surg. 2014 Aug;40(8):817-24. Abstract

30. Ren Y, Zhou X, Wei Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of triamcinolone acetonide alone and in combination with 5-fluorouracil for treating hypertrophic scars and keloids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Wound J. 2017 Jun;14(3):480-7.Full text  Abstract

31. Kang N, Sivakumar B, Sanders R, et al. Intra-lesional injections of collagenase are ineffective in the treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006;59(7):693-9. Abstract

32. McCoy BJ, Diegelmann RF, Cohen IK. In vitro inhibition of cell growth, collagen synthesis, and prolyl hydroxylase activity by triamcinolone acetonide. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1980 Feb;163(2):216-22. Abstract

33. Morelli Coppola M, Salzillo R, Segreto F, et al. Triamcinolone acetonide intralesional injection for the treatment of keloid scars: patient selection and perspectives. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:387-96.Full text  Abstract

34. Yin Q, Niessen FB, Gibbs S, et al. Intralesional corticosteroid administration in the treatment of keloids: a survey among Dutch dermatologists and plastic surgeons. J Dermatolog Treat. 2023 Dec;34(1):2159308.Full text  Abstract

35. Fredman R, Tenenhaus M. Cushing's syndrome after intralesional triamcinolone acetonide: a systematic review of the literature and multinational survey. Burns. 2013 Jun;39(4):549-57.Full text  Abstract

36. Darzi MA, Chowdri NA, Kaul SK, et al. Evaluation of various methods of treating keloids and hypertrophic scars: a 10-year follow-up study. Br J Plast Surg. 1992 Jul;45(5):374-9.Full text  Abstract

37. Jalali M, Bayat A. Current use of steroids in management of abnormal raised skin scars. Surgeon. 2007 Jun;5(3):175-80. Abstract

38. Gold MH, McGuire M, Mustoe TA, et al. Updated international clinical recommendations on scar management: part 2 - algorithms for scar prevention and treatment. Dermatol Surg. 2014 Aug;40(8):825-31. Abstract

39. Martinsson T, Haegerstrand A, Dalsgaard CJ. Ropivacaine and lidocaine inhibit proliferation of non-transformed cultured adult human fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes. Agents Actions. 1993 Sep;40(1-2):78-85. Abstract

40. Eichhorn JH, Peterkofsky B. Local anesthetic-induced inhibition of collagen secretion in cultured cells under conditions where microtubules are not depolymerized by these agents. J Cell Biol. 1979 Apr;81(1):26-42.Full text  Abstract

41. Goutos I, Ogawa R. Steroid tape: A promising adjunct to scar management. Scars Burn Heal. 2017 Jan-Dec;3:2059513117690937.Full text  Abstract

42. Goldman L, Igelman JM, Kitzmiller KW. Clinical investigative studies with flurandrenolone tape. Cutis 1967; 3: 367-71.

43. Ratzer MA. A clinical trial of flurandrenolone tape. Br J Clin Pract. 1970 Apr;24(4):185-9. Abstract

44. ​Ogawa R. Effectiveness of corticosteroid tapes and plasters for keloids and hypertrophic scars. In: Téot L, Mustoe TA, Middelkoop E, et al., eds. Textbook on scar management: state of the art management and emerging technologies [Internet]. Cham: Springer; 2020. Abstract

45. Nast A, Gauglitz G, Lorenz K, et al. S2k guidelines for the therapy of pathological scars (hypertrophic scars and keloids) - update 2020. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2021 Feb;19(2):312-27.Full text  Abstract

46. Yii NW and Frame JD. Evaluation of cynthaskin and topical steroid in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Eur J Plast Surg 1996;19:162-5.

47. Marsden CW. Fluocinolone acetonide 0.2 per cent cream - a co-operative clinical trial. Br J Dermatol. 1968 Sep;80(9):614-7. Abstract

48. Shah VV, Aldahan AS, Mlacker S, et al. 5-Fluorouracil in the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars: a comprehensive review of the literature. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2016 Jun;6(2):169-83.Full text  Abstract

49. Bijlard E, Steltenpool S, Niessen FB. Intralesional 5-fluorouracil in keloid treatment: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2015 Sep;95(7):778-82.Full text  Abstract

50. Saha AK, Mukhopadhyay M. A comparative clinical study on role of 5-flurouracil versus triamcinolone in the treatment of keloids. Indian J Surg. 2012 Aug;74(4):326-9.Full text  Abstract

51. Prabhu A, Sreekar H, Powar R, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of intralesional 5-fluorouracil versus triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of keloids. J Sci Soc. 2012;39:19-25.Full text

52. Asilian A, Darougheh A, Shariati F. New combination of triamcinolone, 5-fluorouracil, and pulsed-dye laser for treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars. Dermatol Surg. 2006 Jul;32(7):907-15. Abstract

53. Chen XE, Liu J, Bin Jameel AA, et al. Combined effects of long-pulsed neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, diprospan and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of keloid scars. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Jun;13(6):3607-12.Full text  Abstract

54. Davison SP, Dayan JH, Clemens MW, et al. Efficacy of intralesional 5-fluorouracil and triamcinolone in the treatment of keloids. Aesthet Surg J. 2009 Jan-Feb;29(1):40-6.Full text  Abstract

55. Kim WI, Kim S, Cho SW, et al. The efficacy of bleomycin for treating keloid and hypertrophic scar: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020 Dec;19(12):3357-66. Abstract

56. Shin JY, Yun SK, Roh SG, et al. Efficacy of 2 representative topical agents to prevent keloid recurrence after surgical excision. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017 Feb;75(2):401.e1-401.e6. Abstract

57. Khansa I, Harrison B, Janis JE. Evidence-based scar management: how to improve results with technique and technology. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016 Sep;138(3 suppl):165S-78S. Abstract

58. Kuo YR, Wu WS, Jeng SF, et al. Suppressed TGF-beta1 expression is correlated with up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in keloid regression after flashlamp pulsed-dye laser treatment. Lasers Surg Med. 2005 Jan;36(1):38-42. Abstract

59. Bouzari N, Davis SC, Nouri K, et al. Laser treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars. Int J Dermatol. 2007 Jan;46(1):80-8. Abstract

60. de las Alas JM, Siripunvarapon AH, Dofitas BL. Pulsed dye laser for the treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars: a systematic review. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2012 Nov;9(6):641-50. Abstract

61. Al-Mohamady Ael-S, Ibrahim SM, Muhammad MM. Pulsed dye laser versus long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloid: a comparative randomized split-scar trial. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2016 Aug;18(4):208-12. Abstract

62. Rossi A, Lu R, Frey MK, et al. The use of the 300 microsecond 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of keloids. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013 Nov;12(11):1256-62. Abstract

63. Leszczynski R, da Silva CA, Pinto ACPN, et al. Laser therapy for treating hypertrophic and keloid scars. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Sep 26;9(9):CD011642.Full text  Abstract

64. Forbat E, Ali FR, Al-Niaimi F. Treatment of keloid scars using light-, laser- and energy-based devices: a contemporary review of the literature. Lasers Med Sci. 2017 Dec;32(9):2145-54. Abstract

65. Apfelberg DB, Maser MR, White DN, et al. Failure of carbon dioxide laser excision of keloids. Lasers Surg Med. 1989;9(4):382-8. Abstract

66. Connell PG, Harland CC. Treatment of keloid scars with pulsed dye laser and intralesional steroid. J Cutan Laser Ther. 2000 Sep;2(3):147-50. Abstract

67. Garg GA, Sao PP, Khopkar US. Effect of carbon dioxide laser ablation followed by intralesional steroids on keloids. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2011 Jan;4(1):2-6.Full text  Abstract

68. Wang J, Wu J, Xu M, et al. Combination therapy of refractory keloid with ultrapulse fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser and topical triamcinolone in Asians-long-term prevention of keloid recurrence. Dermatol Ther. 2020 Nov;33(6):e14359. Abstract

69. Cavalié M, Sillard L, Montaudié H, et al. Treatment of keloids with laser-assisted topical steroid delivery: a retrospective study of 23 cases. Dermatol Ther. 2015 Mar-Apr;28(2):74-8. Abstract

70. Abd El-Dayem DH, Nada HA, Hanafy NS, et al. Laser-assisted topical steroid application versus steroid injection for treating keloids: a split side study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021 Jan;20(1):138-42. Abstract

71. O'Boyle CP, Shayan-Arani H, Hamada MW. Intralesional cryotherapy for hypertrophic scars and keloids: a review. Scars Burn Heal. 2017 Jan-Dec;3:2059513117702162.Full text  Abstract

72. Mustoe TA, Cooter RD, Gold MH, et al. International clinical recommendations on scar management. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002 Aug;110(2):560-71. Abstract

73. Ogawa R, Akaishi S, Huang C, et al. Clinical applications of basic research that shows reducing skin tension could prevent and treat abnormal scarring: the importance of fascial/subcutaneous tensile reduction sutures and flap surgery for keloid and hypertrophic scar reconstruction. J Nippon Med Sch. 2011;78(2):68-76.Full text  Abstract

74. Goutos I. Intralesional excision as a surgical strategy to manage keloid scars: what's the evidence? Scars Burn Heal. 2019 Jan-Dec;5:2059513119867297.Full text  Abstract

75. Royal College of Radiologists. Recommendations for using radiotherapy for benign disease in the UK. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

76. Ogawa R, Tosa M, Dohi T, et al. Surgical excision and postoperative radiotherapy for keloids. Scars Burn Heal. 2019 Jan-Dec;5:2059513119891113.Full text  Abstract

77. Malaker K, Vijayraghavan K, Hodson I, et al. Retrospective analysis of treatment of unresectable keloids with primary radiation over 25 years. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2004 Jun;16(4):290-8. Abstract

78. McKeown SR, Hatfield P, Prestwich RJ, et al. Radiotherapy for benign disease; assessing the risk of radiation-induced cancer following exposure to intermediate dose radiation. Br J Radiol. 2015;88(1056):20150405.Full text  Abstract

79. O'Brien L, Jones DJ. Silicone gel sheeting for preventing and treating hypertrophic and keloid scars. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Sep 12;(9):CD003826.Full text  Abstract

80. Tian F, Jiang Q, Chen J, et al. Silicone gel sheeting for treating keloid scars. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 3;1(1):CD013878.Full text  Abstract

81. de Oliveira GV, Nunes TA, Magna LA, et al. Silicone versus nonsilicone gel dressings: a controlled trial. Dermatol Surg. 2001 Aug;27(8):721-6. Abstract

82. Lin YS, Ting PS, Hsu KC. Comparison of silicone sheets and paper tape for the management of postoperative scars: a randomized comparative study Adv Skin Wound Care. 2020 Jun;33(6):1-6.Full text  Abstract

83. Ekstein SF, Wyles SP, Moran SL, et al. Keloids: a review of therapeutic management. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Jun;60(6):661-71. Abstract

84. Sohrabi C, Goutos I. The use of botulinum toxin in keloid scar management: a literature review. Scars Burn Heal. 2020 Jan-Dec;6:2059513120926628.Full text  Abstract

85. Alser OH, Goutos I. The evidence behind the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in scar management: a literature review. Scars Burn Heal. 2018 Jan-Dec;4:2059513118808773.Full text  Abstract

86. Jones ME, Hardy C, Ridgway J. Keloid management: a retrospective case review on a new approach using surgical excision, platelet-rich plasma, and in-office superficial photon x-ray radiation therapy. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2016 Jul;29(7):303-7.Full text  Abstract

87. Jones ME, McLane J, Adenegan R, et al. Advancing keloid treatment: a novel multimodal approach to ear keloids. Dermatol Surg. 2017 Sep;43(9):1164-9. Abstract

88. Hersant B, SidAhmed-Mezi M, Picard F, et al. Efficacy of autologous platelet concentrates as adjuvant therapy to surgical excision in the treatment of keloid scars refractory to conventional treatments: a pilot prospective study. Ann Plast Surg. 2018 Aug;81(2):170-5. Abstract

89. Hewedy ES, Sabaa BEI, Mohamed WS, et al. Combined intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and platelet rich plasma versus intralesional triamcinolone acetonide alone in treatment of keloids. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022 Feb;33(1):150-6. Abstract

90. Bandyopadhyay B, Fan J, Guan S, et al. A "traffic control" role for TGFbeta3: orchestrating dermal and epidermal cell motility during wound healing. J Cell Biol. 2006 Mar 27;172(7):1093-105. Abstract

91. Liebl H, Kloth LC. Skin cell proliferation stimulated by microneedles. J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec. 2012 Mar;4(1):2-6.Full text  Abstract

92. Fabbrocini G, Marasca C, Ammad S, et al. Assessment of the combined efficacy of needling and the use of silicone gel in the treatment of C-section and other surgical hypertrophic scars and keloids. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2016 Sep;29(9):408-11. Abstract

93. Iosifidis C, Goutos I. Percutaneous collagen induction (microneedling) for the management of non-atrophic scars: literature review. Scars Burn Heal. 2019 Jan-Dec;5:2059513119880301.Full text  Abstract

94. Lu W, Chu H, Zheng X. Effects on quality of life and psychosocial wellbeing in Chinese patients with keloids. Am J Transl Res. 2021;13(3):1636-42.Full text  Abstract

95. Liang Z, Zhang M, Hao Y, et al. Risk factors associated with keloid infections: a five-year retrospective study. Int Wound J. 2023 Aug;20(6):2215-23.Full text  Abstract

96. Delaleu J, Duverger L, Shourick J, et al. Suppurative keloids: a complication of severe keloid disease. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1392-6. Abstract

97. Liu R, Xiao H, Wang R, et al. Risk factors associated with the progression from keloids to severe keloids. Chin Med J (Engl). 2022 Apr 5;135(7):828-36.Full text  Abstract

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