References
Key articles
Sarkar M, Mahesh DM, Madabhavi I. Digital clubbing. Lung India. 2012 Oct;29(4):354-62.Full text Abstract
Callemeyn J, Van Haecke P, Peetermans WE, et al. Clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: insights in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and clinical significance. Acta Clin Belg. 2016 Jun;71(3):123-30. Abstract
Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Richeldi L, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (an update) and progressive pulmonary fibrosis in adults: an official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 May 1;205(9):e18-47.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Marrie TJ, Brown N. Clubbing of the digits. Am J Med. 2007 Nov;120(11):940-1. Abstract
2. Sarkar M, Mahesh DM, Madabhavi I. Digital clubbing. Lung India. 2012 Oct;29(4):354-62.Full text Abstract
3. Callemeyn J, Van Haecke P, Peetermans WE, et al. Clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: insights in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and clinical significance. Acta Clin Belg. 2016 Jun;71(3):123-30. Abstract
4. Martinez-Lavin M. Exploring the cause of the most ancient clinical sign of medicine: finger clubbing. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Jun;36(6):380-5. Abstract
5. Dickinson CJ, Martin JF. Megakaryocytes and platelet clumps as the cause of finger clubbing. Lancet. 1987 Dec 19;2(8573):1434-5. Abstract
6. Silveira LH, Martinez-Levin M, Pineda C, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 Jan-Feb;18(1):57-62. Abstract
7. Yap FY, Skalski MR, Patel DB, et al. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: clinical and imaging features. Radiographics. 2017 Jan-Feb;37(1):157-95. Abstract
8. Atkinson S, Fox SB. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) play a central role in the pathogenesis of digital clubbing. J Pathol. 2004 Jun;203(2):721-8. Abstract
9. Kahtan S, Kahtan N. Unilateral finger clubbing. Lancet. 1991 Aug 31;338(8766):576. Abstract
10. Kinjo T, Arakaki W, Fujita J. Unilateral digital clubbing in hemiplegia due to a putaminal hemorrhage. Clin Case Rep. 2022 Mar 1;10(3):e05519.Full text Abstract
11. Sridhar KS, Lobo CF, Altman RD. Digital clubbing and lung cancer. Chest. 1998 Dec;114(6):1535-7.Full text Abstract
12. Javidan-Nejad C, Bhalla S. Bronchiectasis. Radiol Clin North Am. 2009 Mar;47(2):289-306. Abstract
13. Essouma M, Nkeck JR, Agbor VN, et al. Epidemiology of digital clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2022 Mar 1;28(2):104-10. Abstract
14. Noble PW. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: natural history and prognosis. Clin Chest Med. 2006 Mar;27(1 suppl 1):S11-6;v. Abstract
15. Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Richeldi L, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (an update) and progressive pulmonary fibrosis in adults: an official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 May 1;205(9):e18-47.Full text Abstract
16. Shiraishi K, Jinta T, Nishimura N, et al. Digital clubbing is associated with higher serum KL-6 levels and lower pulmonary function in patients with interstitial lung disease. Can Respir J. 2018 Jan 23;2018:3640967.Full text Abstract
17. Ungprasert P, Ryu JH, Matteson EL. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of sarcoidosis. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2019 Sep;3(3):358-75.Full text Abstract
18. American Thoracic Society. Diagnosis and initial management of nonmalignant diseases related to asbestos. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Sep 15;170(6):691-715.Full text Abstract
19. Roggli VL, Sharma A, Butnor KJ, et al. Malignant mesothelioma and occupational exposure to asbestos: a clinicopathological correlation of 1445 cases. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2002 Mar-Apr;26(2):55-65.Full text Abstract
20. Hadda V, Khilnani GC. Lipoid pneumonia: an overview. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2010 Dec;4(6):799-807. Abstract
21. Mohr LC. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2004 Sep;10(5):401-11. Abstract
22. Fink JN, Ortega HG, Reynolds HY, et al. Needs and opportunities for research in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Apr 1;171(7):792-8.Full text Abstract
23. Duyuler S, Bayir PT, Tüfekçioğlu O. Differential clubbing in an adult patient with patent ductus arteriosus and small ventricular septal defect. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2012 Apr 20;12(3):E14-5.Full text Abstract
24. Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB. Infective endocarditis in adults. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 1;345(18):1318-30. Abstract
25. Habib G, Erba PA, Iung B, et al. Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2019 Oct 14;40(39):3222-32.Full text Abstract
26. Sun Y, Haapanen K, Li B, et al. Women and primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015 Jun;48(2-3):285-300.Full text Abstract
27. Pritchard E. Familial clubbing of fingers and toes. Br Med J. 1938;1:752.Full text
29. Spicknall KE, Zirwas MJ, English JC 3rd. Clubbing: an update on diagnosis, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, and clinical relevance. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Jun;52(6):1020-8. Abstract
30. Chan CW. Evaluation of digital clubbing. Aust Fam Physician. 2015 Mar;44(3):113-6.Full text Abstract
31. Bergmann C, Wobser M, Morbach H, et al. Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with digital clubbing and palmoplantar hyperhidrosis caused by 15-PGHD/HPGD loss-of-function mutations. Exp Dermatol. 2011 Jun;20(6):531-3.Full text Abstract
32. Ahmmed MF, Shazzad MN, Ferdous S, et al. Polyarthritis is a rare manifestation of pachydermoperiostosis: a case report. Mymensingh Med J. 2017 Oct;26(4):939-43. Abstract
33. Torgutalp M, Durmaz CD, Karabulut HG, et al. Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy mimicking juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a novel SLCO2A1 mutation and imaging findings. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2019;158(3):126-32.Full text Abstract
34. Ishizuka T, Fujioka K, Mori I, et al. Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with severe arthralgia identified by gene mutation of <i>SLCO2A1</i>. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep. 2021 Jan 18;:1-7.Full text Abstract
35. Bozzao F, Bernardi S, Dore F, et al. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy mimicking a reactive arthritis: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018 May 14;19(1):145.Full text Abstract
36. Karkucak M, Erturk E, Capkin E, et al. Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (pachydermoperiostosis): a case report. Rheumatol Int. 2007 Feb;27(4):403-5. Abstract
37. Barraud-Klenovsek MM, Lübbe J, Burg G. Primary digital clubbing associated with palmoplantar keratoderma. Dermatology. 1997;194(3):302-5.Full text Abstract
38. Santiago MB, Lima I, Feitosa AC, et al. Pseudoclubbing: is it different from clubbing? Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jun;38(6):452-7. Abstract
39. Pandita KK, Afaq S, Singh D, et al. Finger clubbing in a patient of myelofibrosis with renal cell carcinoma. J Assoc Physicians India. 2012 Feb;60:124-6. Abstract
40. Markowitz SB, Levin SM, Miller A, et al. Asbestos, asbestosis, smoking, and lung cancer. New findings from the North American insulator cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Jul 1;188(1):90-6.Full text Abstract
41. Charlton OA, Dickison P, Smith SD, et al. Nail clubbing in laxative abuse: case report and review of the literature. J Eat Disord. 2019;7:6.Full text Abstract
42. Suzuki K, Otsuka H. Clubbing due to laxative abuse. Intern Med. 2022 May 1;61(9):1473-4.Full text
43. Sperling B, Marschall J, Kennedy R, et al. Thymoma: a review of the clinical and pathological findings in 65 cases. Can J Surg. 2003 Feb;46(1):37-42.Full text Abstract
44. Martínez-Lavín M. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Jun;34(3):101507. Abstract
45. Lewinsohn DM, Leonard MK, LoBue PA, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 15;64(2):e1-e33.Full text Abstract
46. Shen KR, Bribriesco A, Crabtree T, et al. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery consensus guidelines for the management of empyema. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 Jun;153(6):e129-46.Full text Abstract
47. Chambers HF, Bayer AS. Native-valve infective endocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 6;383(6):567-76.Full text Abstract
48. Petty TL. The early diagnosis of lung cancer. Dis Mon. 2001 Jun;47(6):204-64. Abstract
49. Rivera MP, Mehta AC, Wahidi MM. Establishing the diagnosis of lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013 May;143(5 suppl):e142S-65.Full text Abstract
50. Hill AT, Sullivan AL, Chalmers JD, et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for bronchiectasis in adults. Thorax. 2019 Jan;74(suppl 1):1-69.Full text Abstract
51. de Hoyos A, Sundaresan S. Thoracic empyema. Surg Clin North Am. 2002 Jun;82(3):643-71;viii. Abstract
52. Farrell PM, White TB, Ren CL, et al. Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: consensus guidelines from the cystic fibrosis foundation. J Pediatr. 2017 Feb;181S:S4-15;e1.Full text Abstract
53. Wong LJ, Wang J, Zhang YH, et al. Improved detection of CFTR mutations in Southern California Hispanic CF patients. Hum Mutat. 2001 Oct;18(4):296-307. Abstract
54. Pipavath S, Godwin JD. Imaging of interstitial lung disease. Clin Chest Med. 2004 Sep;25(3):455-65;v-vi. Abstract
55. Lynch DA. High-resolution CT of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Radiol Clin North Am. 2001 Nov;39(6):1153-70. Abstract
56. du Bois RM. Evolving concepts in the early and accurate diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Chest Med. 2006 Mar;27(1 suppl 1):S17-25;v-vi. Abstract
57. Mihailovic-Vucinic V, Jovanovic D. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med. 2008 Sep;29(3):459-73;viii-ix. Abstract
58. Noth I, Martinez FJ. Recent advances in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 2007 Aug;132(2):637-50. Abstract
59. Popat S, Baas P, Faivre-Finn C, et al. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up(☆). Ann Oncol. 2022 Feb;33(2):129-42.Full text
60. Boutin C, Rey F. Thoracoscopy in pleural malignant mesothelioma: a prospective study of 188 consecutive patients. Part 1: diagnosis. Cancer. 1993 Jul 15;72(2):389-93. Abstract
61. Ali MS, Light RW, Maldonado F. Pleuroscopy or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for exudative pleural effusion: a comparative overview. J Thorac Dis. 2019 Jul;11(7):3207-16.Full text Abstract
62. Pistolesi M, Rusthoven J. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: update, current management, and newer therapeutic strategies. Chest. 2004 Oct;126(4):1318-29. Abstract
63. Geldmacher H, Taube C, Kroeger C, et al. Assessment of lymph node tuberculosis in northern Germany: a clinical review. Chest. 2002 Apr;121(4):1177-82. Abstract
64. Weir MR, Thornton GF. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Experience of a community hospital and review of the literature. Am J Med. 1985 Oct;79(4):467-78. Abstract
65. Baydur A. The spectrum of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. West J Med. 1977 Apr;126(4):253-62.Full text Abstract
66. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated guidelines for the use of nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Jan 2009 [internet publication].Full text
67. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text
68. Bjerrum S, Schiller I, Dendukuri N, et al. Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay for detecting active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 21;10(10):CD011420.Full text Abstract
69. World Health Organization. WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection, 2021 update. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text
70. Mangiameli G, Cioffi U, Alloisio M, et al. Lung metastases: current surgical indications and new perspectives. Front Surg. 2022 Apr 29;9:884915.Full text Abstract
71. Acebo E, Val-Bernal JF, Gómez-Román JJ, et al. Clinicopathologic study and DNA analysis of 37 cardiac myxomas: a 28-year experience. Chest. 2003 May;123(5):1379-85. Abstract
72. Butany J, Nair V, Naseemuddin A, et al. Cardiac tumors: diagnosis and management. Lancet Oncol. 2005 Apr;6(4):219-28. Abstract
73. Nayak B, Hodak SP. Hyperthyroidism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007 Sep;36(3):617-56;v. Abstract
74. Clemmons DR. IGF-I assays: current assay methodologies and their limitations. Pituitary. 2007;10(2):121-8. Abstract
75. Katznelson L, Laws ER Jr, Melmed S, et al. Acromegaly: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Nov;99(11):3933-51.Full text Abstract
76. Ben-Shlomo A, Melmed S. Acromegaly. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008 Mar;37(1):101-22;viii.Full text Abstract
77. Melmed S. Medical progress: acromegaly. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 14;355(24):2558-73. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2007 Feb 22;356(8):879.]Full text Abstract
78. Hodgson DC. Hodgkin lymphoma: the follow-up of long-term survivors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2008 Apr;22(2):233-44;vi. Abstract
79. Silver RT. Chronic myeloid leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2003 Oct;17(5):1159-73;vi-vii. Abstract
80. Mayo MJ. Natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Liver Dis. 2008 May;12(2):277-88;viii. Abstract
81. Mendes F, Lindor KD. Antimitochondrial antibody-negative primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008 Jun;37(2):479-84;viii. Abstract
82. Kim SJ, Seo JH, Choi CW, et al. Unusual presentation of thymic carcinoma: hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Korean J Intern Med. 2003 Jun;18(2):125-8.Full text Abstract
83. Lee KS, Kim EA. High-resolution CT of alveolar filling disorders. Radiol Clin North Am. 2001 Nov;39(6):1211-30. Abstract
84. Camus P, Bonniaud P, Fanton A, et al. Drug-induced and iatrogenic infiltrative lung disease. Clin Chest Med. 2004 Sep;25(3):479-519;vi. Abstract
85. Yi ES. Tumors of the pulmonary vasculature. Cardiol Clin. 2004 Aug;22(3):431-40;vi-vii. Abstract
86. Kauczor HU, Schwickert HC, Mayer E, et al. Pulmonary artery sarcoma mimicking chronic thromboembolic disease: computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1994 Jul-Aug;17(4):185-9. Abstract
87. Pardanani A, Guglielmelli P, Lasho TL, et al. Primary myelofibrosis with or without mutant MPL: comparison of survival and clinical features involving 603 patients. Leukemia. 2011 Dec;25(12):1834-9. Abstract
88. Tefferi A, Lasho TL, Finke CM, et al. CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons. Leukemia. 2014 Jul;28(7):1472-7. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer