Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- bleeding on tooth brushing
- dental plaque
Other diagnostic factors
- halitosis
- redness, swelling, and puffy gingiva
- cervical lymphadenopathy
- fever
- malaise
- pain
Risk factors
- poor oral hygiene
- tobacco
- diabetes mellitus
- pregnancy
- severe malnutrition or marginal nutritional deficiencies
- HIV/AIDS (in necrotising ulcerative gingivitis [NUG])
- stress (in necrotising ulcerative gingivitis [NUG])
- stress (in plaque-associated gingivitis)
- xerostomic medicines
- male gender
- shared living conditions (necrotising ulcerative gingivitis)
- high alcohol intake
- substance abuse
Diagnostic investigations
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors VIEW ALL
Professor of Oral Medicine and Medical Technologies
Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences
School of Dentistry
University of Palermo
Palermo
Italy
Disclosures
GC declares that she has no competing interests.
Associate Professor of Periodontology and Dental Public Health
Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences
School of Dentistry
University of Palermo
Palermo
Italy
Disclosures
GP declares that he has no competing interests.
Dr Giuseppina Campisi and Dr Giuseppe Pizzo would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Bruce L. Pihlstrom and Dr Alice E. Curran, previous contributors to this monograph. BLP and AEC declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers VIEW ALL
Professor
Division of Periodontology
University of California
San Francisco
CA
Disclosures
GA declares that he has no competing interests.
Assistant Professor
Tufts University
Boston
MA
Disclosures
LS declares that she has no competing interests.
Program Director
Practice Based Research Networks
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
NIH
Bethesda
MD
Disclosures
DJD declares that he has no competing interests.
Institute Director
Professor of Oral Medicine
Academic Head, Oral Medicine and Special Needs Dentistry Unit
Honorary Consultant in Oral Medicine, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust
UCL Eastman Dental Institute
London
UK
Disclosures
SP declares that he has no competing interests.
Professor of Oral Medicine
School of Dental Sciences
University of Newcastle Upon Tyne
UK
Disclosures
None declared
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