Common warts

Lipke MM. An armamentarium of wart treatments. Clin Med Res. 2006;4:273-293.Full text  Abstract

Gibbs S, Harvey I, Sterling J, et al. Local treatments for cutaneous warts: systematic review. BMJ. 2002;325:461.Full text  Abstract

Kwok CS, Gibbs S, Bennett C, et al. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD001781.Full text  Abstract

Dall'oglio F, D'Amico V, Nasca MR, et al. Treatment of cutaneous warts: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2012;13:73-96. Abstract

1. Tyring S, Yen Moore A, Lupi O. Mucocutaneous manifestations of viral diseases: an illustrated guide to diagnosis and management. 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2010.Full text

2. Lipke MM. An armamentarium of wart treatments. Clin Med Res. 2006;4:273-293.Full text  Abstract

3. Lynch MD, Cliffe J, Morris-Jones R. Management of cutaneous viral warts. BMJ. 2014 May 27;348:g3339.Full text  Abstract

4. Ramos-e-Silva M, Ribeiro de Castro MC. Mycobacterial infections. In: Bolgnia JL, Jorizzo JL, and Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2008:1115-1116.

5. Sterling JC, Gibbs S, Haque Hussain SS, et al. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts 2014. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171:696-712.Full text  Abstract

6. Gibbs S, Harvey I, Sterling J, et al. Local treatments for cutaneous warts: systematic review. BMJ. 2002;325:461.Full text  Abstract

7. Keogh-Brown MR, Fordham RJ, Thomas KS, et al. To freeze or not to freeze: a cost-effectiveness analysis of wart treatment. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:687-692. Abstract

8. Focht DR 3rd, Spicer C, Fairchok MP. The efficacy of duct tape vs cryotherapy in the treatment of verruca vulgaris (the common wart). Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:971-974.Full text  Abstract

9. Thomas KS, Keogh-Brown MR, Chalmers JR, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of salicylic acid and cryotherapy for cutaneous warts. An economic decision model. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10:iii;ix-87.Full text  Abstract

10. Kwok CS, Gibbs S, Bennett C, et al. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD001781.Full text  Abstract

11. Cockayne S, Hewitt C, Hicks K, et al; EVerT Team. Cryotherapy versus salicylic acid for the treatment of plantar warts (verrucae): a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2011;342:d3271. Abstract

12. Kwok CS, Holland R, Gibbs S. Efficacy of topical treatments for cutaneous warts: a meta-analysis and pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165:233-246. Abstract

13. Bruggink SC, Gussekloo J, Berger MY, et al. Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen versus topical salicylic acid application for cutaneous warts in primary care: randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2010;182:1624-1630.Full text  Abstract

14. Wenner R, Askari SK, Cham PM, et al. Duct tape for the treatment of common warts in adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:309-313.Full text  Abstract

15. [No authors listed.] Warts: frequent spontaneous clearance. Prescrire Int. 2012;21:131. Abstract

16. Dall'oglio F, D'Amico V, Nasca MR, et al. Treatment of cutaneous warts: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2012;13:73-96. Abstract

17. Ebrahimi S, Dabiri N, Jamshidnejad E, et al. Efficacy of 10% silver nitrate solution in the treatment of common warts: a placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial. Int J Dermatol. 2007;46:215-217. Abstract

18. Horn TD, Johnson SM, Helm RM, et al. Intralesional immunotherapy of warts with mumps, Candida, and Trichophyton skin test antigens: a single-blinded, randomized, and controlled trial. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:589-594.Full text  Abstract

19. Signore RJ. Candida albicans intralesional injection immunotherapy of warts. Cutis. 2002;70:185-192. Abstract

20. Cruz-Pérez DM, Padilla-Desgarennes MC, Alonzo-Romero-Pareyón L, et al. Candidin treatment of patients with resistant warts [in Spanish]. Dermatol Rev Mex. 2011;55:9-16.

21. Kim KH, Horn TD, Pharis J, et al. Phase 1 clinical trial of intralesional injection of Candida antigen for the treatment of warts. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146:1431-1433.Full text  Abstract

22. Muzio G, Massone C, Rebora A. Treatment of non-genital warts with topical imiquimod 5% cream. Eur J Dermatol. 2002;12:347-349. Abstract

23. Harwood CA, Perrett CM, Brown VL, et al. Imiquimod cream 5% for recalcitrant cutaneous warts in immunosuppressed individuals. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152:122-129. Abstract

24. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: Human papillomavirus disease. Jul 2024 [internet publication].Full text

25. Katz RA. Isotretinoin treatment of recalcitrant warts in an immunosuppressed man. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122:19-20. Abstract

26. Choi YL, Lee KJ, Kim WS, et al. Treatment of extensive and recalcitrant viral warts with acitretin. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45:480-482. Abstract

27. Ormerod AD, Campalani E, Goodfield MJ; BAD Clinical Standards Unit. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines on the efficacy and use of acitretin in dermatology. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162:952-963.Full text  Abstract

28. Berth-Jones J, Bourke J, Eglitis H, et al. Value of a second freeze-thaw cycle in cryotherapy of common warts. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131:883-886. Abstract

29. Omi T, Numano K. The role of the CO2 laser and fractional CO2 laser in dermatology. Laser Ther. 2014 Mar 27;23(1):49-60.Full text  Abstract

30. Kenton-Smith J, Tan ST. Pulsed dye laser therapy for viral warts. Br J Plast Surg. 1999;52:554-558. Abstract

31. Serour F, Somekh E. Successful treatment of recalcitrant warts in pediatric patients with carbon dioxide laser. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2003;13:219-223. Abstract

32. Logan RA, Zachary CB. Outcome of carbon dioxide laser therapy for persistent cutaneous viral warts. Br J Dermatol. 1989;121:99-105. Abstract

33. Nickles MA, Sergeyenko A, Bain M. Treatment of warts with topical cidofovir in a pediatric patient. Dermatol Online J. 2019 May 15;25(5):13030/qt5sq5b24g.Full text  Abstract

34. Moed L, Shwayder TA, Chang MW. Cantharidin revisited: a blistering defense of an ancient medicine. Arch Dermatol. 2001 Oct;137(10):1357-60.Full text  Abstract

35. ClinicalTrials.gov. Cantharidin and Occlusion in Verruca Epithelium (COVE-1). NCT03487549. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text

36. Venugopal SS, Murrell DF. Recalcitrant cutaneous warts treated with recombinant quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) in a developmentally delayed, 31-year-old white man. Arch Dermatol. 2010 May;146(5):475-7.Full text  Abstract

37. Ferguson SB, Gallo ES. Nonavalent human papillomavirus vaccination as a treatment for warts in an immunosuppressed adult. JAAD Case Rep. 2017 Jul 26;3(4):367-369.Full text  Abstract

38. Bar-Ilan E, Bar J, Baniel A, et al. Intralesional human papillomavirus vaccine for the treatment of recalcitrant cutaneous warts. J Dermatol. 2023 Jul 27 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

39. Shen S, Feng J, Song X, et al. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy for warts induced by human papilloma virus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2022 Sep;39:102913. Abstract

40. Wong TH, Morton CA, Collier N, et al. British Association of Dermatologists and British Photodermatology Group guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy 2018. Br J Dermatol. 2019 Apr;180(4):730-9.Full text  Abstract

41. Yu YE, Kuohung V, Gilchrest BA, et al. Photodynamic therapy for treatment of hand warts. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:818-820. Abstract

42. Smith SR, Tyring SK, Grande KK, et al. Hydrogen peroxide topical solution, 45% for common warts: phase 2 efficacy and safety trial results. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020 Oct 1;19(10):969-76. Abstract

43. National Institutes of Health. US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of A-101 topical solution for the treatment of common warts. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text

44. Chauhan PS, Mahajan VK, Mehta KS, et al. The Efficacy and safety of intralesional immunotherapy with measles, mumps, rubella virus vaccine for the treatment of common warts in adults. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2019 Jan-Feb;10(1):19-26.Full text  Abstract

45. Rezai MS, Ghasempouri H, Asqary Marzidareh O, et al. Intralesional injection of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine into resistant palmoplantar warts: a randomized controlled trial. Iran J Med Sci. 2019 Jan;44(1):10-17.Full text  Abstract

46. Amirnia M, Khodaeiani E, Fouladi DF, et al. Intralesional immunotherapy with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) in recalcitrant wart: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial including an extra group of candidates for cryotherapy. J Dermatolog Treat. 2016;27(2):173-8. Abstract

47. Shaheen MA, Salem SA, Fouad DA, et al. Intralesional tuberculin (PPD) versus measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine in treatment of multiple warts: a comparative clinical and immunological study. Dermatol Ther. 2015 Jul-Aug;28(4):194-200. Abstract

48. López-García DR, Gómez-Flores M, Arce-Mendoza AY, et al. Oral zinc sulfate for unresponsive cutaneous viral warts: too good to be true? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:e984-e985. Abstract

49. Simonart T, de Maertelaer V. Systemic treatments for cutaneous warts: a systematic review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2012;23:72-77. Abstract

50. El-Komy MHM, Shamma SG, Bedair NI. The efficacy and safety of intralesional candida vaccine versus topical diphencyproprobenone in immunotherapy of verruca vulgaris: A randomized comparative study. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023 Apr;315(3):583-91.Full text  Abstract

51. Pope M, Kyriakides K, Hoffman C. Treatment of warts in pediatrics: a review. J Fam Med Dis Prev. 2020;6(4):132.​Full text

52. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Children with and Exposed to HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in children with and exposed to HIV. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

53. James WD, Berger T, Elston D. Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology. 10th ed. New York, NY: W.B. Saunders; 2006.

54. Chahoud J, Semaan A, Chen Y, et al. Association Between β-Genus Human Papillomavirus and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Immunocompetent Individuals-A Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2016 Dec 1;152(12):1354-1364.Full text  Abstract

55. Wang J, Aldabagh B, Yu J, et al. Role of human papillomavirus in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Apr;70(4):621-629.Full text  Abstract

56. Harwood CA, Proby CM, McGregor JM, et al. Clinicopathologic features of skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: a retrospective case-control series. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Feb;54(2):290-300.Full text  Abstract

57. Harwood CA, Surentheran T, McGregor JM, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and non-melanoma skin cancer in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent individuals. J Med Virol. 2000 Jul;61(3):289-97.Full text  Abstract