Dermatomyositis

Gerami P, Schope JM, McDonald L, et al. A systematic review of adult-onset clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis): a missing link within the spectrum of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Apr;54(4):597-613. Abstract

Dalakas MC, Hohlfeld R. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Lancet. 2003 Sep 20;362(9388):971-82. Abstract

DeWane ME, Waldman R, Lu J. Dermatomyositis: clinical features and pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Feb;82(2):267-81. Abstract

1. Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (second of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1975 Feb 20;292(8):403-7. Abstract

2. Gerami P, Schope JM, McDonald L, et al. A systematic review of adult-onset clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis): a missing link within the spectrum of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Apr;54(4):597-613. Abstract

3. Dalakas MC, Hohlfeld R. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Lancet. 2003 Sep 20;362(9388):971-82. Abstract

4. Sigurgeirsson B, Lindelof B, Edhag O, et al. Risk of cancer in patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis: a population-based study. N Engl J Med. 1992 Feb 6;326(6):363-7. Abstract

5. Bendewald MJ, Wetter DA, Li X, et al. Incidence of dermatomyositis and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Arch Dermatol. 2010 Jan;146(1):26-30.Full text  Abstract

6. Gerami P, Walling HW, Lewis J, et al. A systematic review of juvenile-onset clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Oct;157(4):637-44. Abstract

7. Gaubitz M. Epidemiology of connective tissue disorders. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Oct;45 (suppl 3):iii3-4.Full text  Abstract

8. Smoyer-Tomic KE, Amato AA, Fernandes AW. Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies among commercially insured, Medicare supplemental insured, and Medicaid enrolled populations: an administrative claims analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012 Jun 15;13:103.Full text  Abstract

9. Caro I. Dermatomyostis. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2001 Mar;20(1):38-45. Abstract

10. Marie I, Hatron PY, Levesque H, et al. Influence of age on characteristics of polymyositis and dermatomyositis in adults. Medicine (Baltimore). 1999 May;78(3):139-47.Full text  Abstract

11. Ramanan AV, Feldman BM. Clinical outcomes in juvenile dermatomyositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2002 Nov;14(6):658-62. Abstract

12. Mendez E, Lipton R, Dyer A, et al. The incidence of juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM): results from the NIAMS JDM research registry. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:S300.

13. Christopher-Stine L, Plotz PH. Myositis: an update on pathogenesis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2004 Nov;16(6):700-6. Abstract

14. Harati Y, Niakan E, Bergman EW. Childhood dermatomyositis in monozygotic twins. Neurology. 1986 May;36(5):721-3. Abstract

15. Leonhardt T. Familial occurrence of collagen diseases. II. Progressive systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis. Acta Med Scand. 1961 Jun;169:735-42. Abstract

16. Walker GL, Mastaglia FL, Roberts DF. A search for genetic influence in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1982 Oct;66(4):432-43. Abstract

17. Lin JM, Zhang YB, Peng QL, et al. Genetic association of HLA-DRB1 multiple polymorphisms with dermatomyositis in Chinese population. HLA. 2017 Dec;90(6):354-9. Abstract

18. Werth VP, Callen JP, Ang G, et al. Associations of tumor necrosis factor alpha and HLA polymorphisms with adult dermatomyositis: implications for a unique pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Sep;119(3):617-20. Abstract

19. Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I, Kowalska-Oledzka E, Miller FW, et al. Clinical, serologic, and immunogenetic features in Polish patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Jul;40(7):1257-66. Abstract

20. Rider LG, Shamim E, Okada S, et al. Genetic risk and protective factors for idiopathic inflammatory myopathy in Koreans and American whites: a tale of two loci. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Jun;42(6):1285-90.Full text  Abstract

21. Reed AM, Ytterberg SR. Genetic and environmental risk factors for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2002 Nov;28(4):891-916. Abstract

22. Okada S, Weatherhead E, Targoff IN, et al. Global surface ultraviolet radiation intensity may modulate the clinical and immunologic expression of autoimmune muscle disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Aug;48(8):2285-93.Full text  Abstract

23. Love LA, Weinberg CR, McConnaughey DR, et al. Ultraviolet radiation intensity predicts the relative distribution of dermatomyositis and anti-Mi-2 autoantibodies in women. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Aug;60(8):2499-504.Full text  Abstract

24. DeWane ME, Waldman R, Lu J. Dermatomyositis: clinical features and pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Feb;82(2):267-81. Abstract

25. Reimers CD, Pongratz DE, Neubert U, et al. Myositis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi: report of four cases. J Neurol Sci. 1989 Jun;91(1-2):215-26. Abstract

26. Magid SK, Kagen LJ. Serologic evidence for acute toxoplasmosis in polymyositis-dermatomyositis. Increased frequency of specific anti-toxoplasmosa IgM antibodies. Am J Med. 1983 Aug;75(2):313-20. Abstract

27. Travers RL, Hughes GR, Cambridge G, et al. Coxsackie B neutralisation titres in polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Lancet. 1977 Jun 11;1(8024):1268. Abstract

28. Christensen ML, Pachman LM, Schneiderman R, et al. Prevalence of Coxsackie B virus antibodies in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1986 Nov;29(11):1365-70. Abstract

29. Pearson CM. Editorial: Myopathy with viral-like structures. N Engl J Med. 1975 Mar 20;292(12):641. Abstract

30. Bowles NE, Dubowitz V, Sewry CA, et al. Dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and Coxsackie-B-virus infection. Lancet. 1987 May 2;1(8540):1004-7. Abstract

31. Rosenberg NL, Rotbart HA, Abzug MJ, et al. Evidence for a novel picornavirus in human dermatomyositis. Ann Neurol. 1989 Aug;26(2):204-9. Abstract

32. Yousef GE, Isenberg DA, Mowbray JF. Detection of enterovirus specific RNA sequences in muscle biopsy specimens from patients with adult onset myositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1990 May;49(5):310-5.Full text  Abstract

33. Mathews MB, Bernstein RM. Myositis autoantibody inhibits histidyl-tRNA synthetase: a model for autoimmunity. Nature. 1983 Jul 14-20;304(5922):177-9. Abstract

34. Dalakas MC, Pezeshkpour GH, Gravell M, et al. Polymyositis associated with AIDS retrovirus. JAMA. 1986 Nov 7;256(17):2381-3. Abstract

35. Wrzolek MA, Sher JH, Kozlowski PB, et al. Skeletal muscle pathology in AIDS: an autopsy study. Muscle Nerve. 1990 Jun;13(6):508-15. Abstract

36. Simpson NB, Golding JR. Dermatomyositis induced by penicillamine. Acta Derm Venereol. 1979;59(6):543-4. Abstract

37. Fernandes L, Swinson DR, Hamilton EB. Dermatomyositis complicating penicillamine treatment. Ann Rheum Dis. 1977 Feb;36(1):94-5.Full text  Abstract

38. Dacey MJ, Callen JP. Hydroxyurea-induced dermatomyositis-like eruption. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Mar;48(3):439-41. Abstract

39. Khattak FH, Morris IM, Branford WA. Simvastatin-associated dermatomyositis. Br J Rheumatol. 1994 Feb;33(2):199. Abstract

40. Rodriguez-Garcia JL, Serrano Commino M. Lovastatin-associated dermatomyositis. Postgrad Med J. 1996 Nov;72(853):694.Full text  Abstract

41. Hill C, Zeitz C, Kirkham B. Dermatomyositis with lung involvement in a patient treated with simvastatin. Aust N Z J Med. 1995 Dec;25(6):745-6. Abstract

42. Thual N, Penven K, Chevallier JM, et al. Fluvastatin-induced dermatomyositis [in French]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2005 Dec;132(12 Pt 1):996-9. Abstract

43. Curran JJ, Jamieson TW. Dermatomyositis-like syndrome associated with phenylbutazone therapy. J Rheumatol. 1987 Apr;14(2):397-8. Abstract

44. Magro CM, Schaefer JT, Waldman J, et al. Terbinafine-induced dermatomyositis: a case report and literature review of drug-induced dermatomyositis. J Cutan Pathol. 2008 Jan;35(1):74-81. Abstract

45. Yoshifuji H, Fujii T, Kobayashi S, et al. Anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies in clinical course prediction of interstitial lung disease complicated with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Autoimmunity. 2006 May;39(3):233-41. Abstract

46. Hengstman GJ, van Engelen BG, van Venrooij WJ. Myositis specific autoantibodies: changing insights in pathophysiology and clinical associations. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2004 Nov;16(6):692-9. Abstract

47. Sato S, Hirakata M, Kuwana M, et al. Autoantibodies to a 140-kd polypeptide, CADM-140, in Japanese patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 May;52(5):1571-6.Full text  Abstract

48. Tansley SL, Betteridge ZE, Shaddick G, et al. Calcinosis in juvenile dermatomyositis is influenced by both anti-NXP2 autoantibody status and age at disease onset. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014 Dec;53(12):2204-8.Full text  Abstract

49. Jablonska S, Blaszyk M. Scleromyositis (scleroderma/polimyositis overlap) is an entity. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004 May;18(3):265-6. Abstract

50. Kohsaka H, Mimori T, Kanda T, et al. Treatment consensus for management of polymyositis and dermatomyositis among rheumatologists, neurologists and dermatologists. Mod Rheumatol. 2019 Jan;29(1):1-19. Abstract

51. Greenberg SA, Amato AA. Uncertainties in the pathogenesis of adult dermatomyositis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2004 Jun;17(3):359-64. Abstract

52. Kissel JT, Mendell JR, Rammohan KW. Microvascular deposition of complement membrane attack complex in dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 1986 Feb 6;314(6):329-34. Abstract

53. Dalakas MC. Muscle biopsy findings in inflammatory myopathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2002 Nov;28(4):779-98, vi. Abstract

54. Dalakas MC. Polymyositis, dermatomyositis and inclusion-body myositis. N Engl J Med. 1991 Nov 21;325(21):1487-98. Abstract

55. Dalakas MC. Immunopathogenesis of inflammatory myopathies. Ann Neurol. 1995 May;37 Suppl 1:S74-86. Abstract

56. Greenberg SA. Proposed immunologic models of the inflammatory myopathies and potential therapeutic implications. Neurology. 2007 Nov 20;69(21):2008-19. Abstract

57. Costner MI, Jacobe H. Dermatopathology of connective tissue diseases. Adv Dermatol. 2000;16:323-60. Abstract

58. Sontheimer RD. Photoimmunology of lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis: a speculative review. Photochem Photobiol. 1996 May;63(5):583-94. Abstract

59. Werth VP, Bashir M, Zhang W. Photosensitivity in rheumatic diseases. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004 Jan;9(1):57-63. Abstract

60. Albert JM, Ott HJ. Calcifying dermatomyositis following antitentanus vaccination. Arch Int Med. 1983 Jul;143(7):1457-8. Abstract

61. Kass E, Straume S, Mellbye OJ, et al. Dermatomyositis associated with BCG vaccination. Scand J Rheumatol. 1979;8(3):187-91. Abstract

62. Ehrengut W. Dermatomyositis and vaccination. Lancet. 1978 May 13;1(8072):1040-1. Abstract

63. Cotterill JA, Shapiro H. Dermatomyostis after immunisation. Lancet. 1978 Nov 25;2(8100):1158-9. Abstract

64. Sontheimer R, Provost T. Cutaneous manifestations of rheumatic diseases. 2nd ed. Philidelphia: Lippencott, William & Wilkins; 2004.

65. Rockerbie NR, Woo TY, Callen JP, et al. Cutaneous changes of dermatomyositis precede muscle weakness. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989 Apr;20(4):629-32. Abstract

66. Cheong WK, Hughes GR, Norris PG, et al. Cutaneous photosensitivity in dermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol. 1994 Aug;131(2):205-8. Abstract

67. Shirani Z, Kucenic MJ, Carroll CL, et al. Pruritus in adult dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004 May;29(3):273-6. Abstract

68. Blane CE, White SJ, Braunstein EM, et al. Patterns of calcification in childhood dermatomyositis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984 Feb;142(2):397-400.Full text  Abstract

69. Cohen MG, Nash P, Webb J. Calcification is rare in adult-onset dermatopolymyositis. Clin Rheumatol. 1986 Dec;5(4):512-6. Abstract

70. Ohtsuka T. The relation between nailfold bleeding and capillary microscopic abnormality in patients with connective tissue diseases. Int J Dermatol. 998 Jan;37(1):23-6. Abstract

71. Maricq HR, LeRoy EC. Patterns of finger capillary abnormalities in connective tissue disease by "wide-field" microscopy. Arthritis Rheum. 1973 Sep-Oct;16(5):619-28. Abstract

72. Quain RD, Werth VP. Management of cutaneous dermatomyositis: current therapeutic options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2006;7(6):341-51. Abstract

73. Klippel JH, Dieppe PA. Rheumatology. 2nd ed. London, UK: Mosby; 1997.

74. Schumacher HR, Schimmer B, Gordon GV, et al. Articular manifestations of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Am J Med. 1979 Aug;67(2):287-92. Abstract

75. Bunch TW, O'Duffy JD, McLeod RA. Deforming arthritis of the hands in polymyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1976 Mar-Apr;19(2):243-8. Abstract

76. Marie I, Hatron PY, Hachulla E, et al. Pulmonary involvement in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol. 1998 Jul;25(7):1336-43. Abstract

77. Gonzalez-Lopez L, Gamez-Nava JI, Sanchez L, et al. Cardiac manifestations in dermato-polymyositis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1996 Jul-Aug;14(4):373-9. Abstract

78. Riemekasten G, Opitz C, Audring H, et al. Beware of the heart: the multiple picture of cardiac involvement in myositis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 Nov;38(11):1153-7.Full text  Abstract

79. Haupt HM, Hutchins GM. The heart and cardiac conduction system in polymyositis-dermatomyositis: a clinicopathologic study of 16 autopsied patients. Am J Cardiol. 1982 Nov;50(5):998-1006. Abstract

80. Stern R, Godbold JH, Chess Q, et al. ECG abnormalities in polymyositis. Arch Intern Med. 1984 Nov;144(11):2185-9. Abstract

81. Leteurtre E, Hachulla E, Janin A, et al. Vascular manifestations of dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Clinical, capillaroscopic and histological aspects [in French]. Rev Med Interne. 1994;15(12):800-7. Abstract

82. Jorizzo J. Dermatomyositis: practical aspects. Arch Dermatol. 2002 Jan;138(1):114-6. Abstract

83. Vignos PJ, Goldwyn J. Evaluation of laboratory tests in diagnosis and management of polymyositis. Am J Med Sci. 1972 Apr;263(4):291-308. Abstract

84. Dorph C, Nennesmo I, Lundberg IE. Percutaneous conchotome muscle biopsy: a useful diagnostic and assessment tool. J Rheumatol. 2001 Jul;28(7):1591-9. Abstract

85. Barkhaus PE, Nandedkar SD, Sanders DB. Quantitative EMG in inflammatory myopathy. Muscle Nerve. 1990 Mar;13(3):247-53. Abstract

86. Uncini A, Lange DJ, Lovelace RE, et al. Long-duration polyphasic motor unit potentials in myopathies: a quantitative study with pathological correlation. Muscle Nerve. 1990 Mar;13(3):263-7. Abstract

87. Reichlin M, Arnett FC. Multiplicity of antibodies in myositis sera. Arthritis Rheum. 1984 Oct;27(10):1150-6. Abstract

88. Merlo G, Clapasson A, Cozzani E, et al. Specific autoantibodies in dermatomyositis: a helpful tool to classify different clinical subsets. Arch Dermatol Res. 2017 Mar;309(2):87-95. Abstract

89. Alenzi FM. Myositis specific autoantibodies: a clinical perspective. Open Access Rheumatol. 2020 Jan 14;12:9-14.Full text  Abstract

90. Seelig HP, Moosbrugger I, Ehrfeld H, et al. The major dermatomyositis-specific autoantigen is a presumed helicase involved in transcriptional activation. Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Oct;38(10):1389-99. Abstract

91. Targoff IN, Reichlin M. The association between Mi-2 antibodies and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1985 Jul;28(7):796-803. Abstract

92. Best M, Molinari N, Chasset F, et al. Use of anti-transcriptional intermediary factor-1 gamma autoantibody in identifying adult dermatomyositis patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2019 Mar 1;99(3):256-62.Full text  Abstract

93. Hengstman GJ, ter Laak HJ, Vree Egberts WT, et al. Anti-signal recognition particle autoantibodies: marker of a necrotising myopathy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Dec;65(12):1635-8.Full text  Abstract

94. Tomasova Studynkova J, Charvat F, Jarosova K, et al. The role of MRI in the assessment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 Jul;46(7):1174-9.Full text  Abstract

95. Adams EM, Chow CK, Premkumar A, et al. The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: spectrum of MR imaging findings. Radiographics. 1995 May;15(3):563-74.Full text  Abstract

96. Dawkins MA, Jorizzo JL, Walker FO, et al. Dermatomyositis: a dermatology-based case series. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Mar;38(3):397-404. Abstract

97. Stonecipher MR, Jorizzo JL, White WL, et al. Cutaneous changes of dermatomyositis in patients with normal muscle enzymes: dermatomyositis sine myositis? J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993 Jun;28(6):951-6. Abstract

98. Hughes M, Lilleker JB, Herrick AL, et al. Cardiac troponin testing in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and systemic sclerosis-spectrum disorders: biomarkers to distinguish between primary cardiac involvement and low-grade skeletal muscle disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 May;74(5):795-8.Full text  Abstract

99. American College of Rheumatology. 2023 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guideline for the screening and monitoring of interstitial lung disease in people with systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease​. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

100. Padley SP, Hansell DM, Flower CD, et al. Comparative accuracy of high resolution computed tomography and chest radiography in the diagnosis of chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease. Clin Radiol. 1991 Oct;44(4):222-6. Abstract

101. Bonnefoy O, Ferretti G, Calaque O, et al. Serial chest CT findings in interstitial lung disease associated with polymyositis-dermatomyositis. Eur J Radiol. 2004 Mar;49(3):235-44. Abstract

102. de Merieux P, Verity MA, Clements PJ, et al. Esophageal abnormalities and dysphagia in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1983 Aug;26(8):961-8. Abstract

103. Amoura Z, Duhaut P, Huong DL, et al. Tumor antigen markers for the detection of solid cancers in inflammatory myopathies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 May;14(5):1279-82.Full text  Abstract

104. Provost TT, Flynn JA. Dermatomyositis. In: Provost TT, Flynn JA, eds. Cutaneous medicine. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: B.C. Decker Inc; 2001:82-103.

105. Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, et al; American Academy of Dermatology. Guidelines of care for dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996 May;34(5 Pt 1):824-9. Abstract

106. Sparsa A, Liozon E, Herrmann F, et al. Routine vs extensive malignancy search for adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a study of 40 patients. Arch Dermatol. 2002 Jul;138(7):885-90.Full text  Abstract

107. Rosenberg NL, Carry MR, Ringel SP. Association of inflammatory myopathies with other connective tissue disorders and malignancies. In: Dalakas MC, ed. Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis. Stoneham, MA: Butterworth; 1988:37-69.

108. Santmyire-Rosenberger B, Dugan EM. Skin involvement in dermatomyositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2003 Nov;15(6):714-22. Abstract

109. Koler RA, Montemarano A. Dermatomyositis. Am Fam Physician. 2001 Nov 1;64(9):1565-72.Full text  Abstract

110. Callen JP. Dermatomyositis. Lancet. 2000 Jan 1;355(9197):53-7. Abstract

111. Martin L, Chalmers IM, Dhingra S, et al. Measurements of maximum respiratory pressures in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol. 1985 Feb;12(1):104-7. Abstract

112. Schmidt WA, Wetzel W, Friedlander R, et al. Clinical and serological aspects of patients with anti-Jo-1 autoantibodies: an evolving spectrum of disease manifestations. Clin Rheumatol. 2000;19(5):371-7. Abstract

113. Hunger RE, Durr C, Brand CU. Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis in dermatomyositis suggests malignancy. Dermatology. 2001;202(2):123-6. Abstract

114. Basset-Seguin N, Roujeau JC, Gherardi R, et al. Prognostic factors and predictive signs of malignancy in adult dermatomyositis: a study of 32 cases. Arch Dermatol. 1990 May;126(5):633-7. Abstract

115. Kagen LJ, Aram S. Creatine kinase activity inhibitor in sera from patients with muscle disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1987 Feb;30(2):213-7. Abstract

116. Fudman EJ, Schnitzer TJ. Dermatomyositis without creatine kinase elevation: a poor prognostic sign. Am J Med. 1986 Feb;80(2):329-32. Abstract

117. Kagen LJ. Polymyositis/dermatomyositis. In: McCarty DJ, ed. Arthritis and allied conditions. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1989:1092-117.

118. Schweitzer ME, Fort J. Cost-effectiveness of MR imaging in evaluating polymyositis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995 Dec;165(6):1469-71.Full text  Abstract

119. Emslie-Smith AM, Engel AG. Microvascular changes in early and advanced dermatomyositis: a quantitative study. Ann Neurol. 1990 Apr;27(4):343-56. Abstract

120. Janis JF, Winkelmann RK. Histopathology of the skin in dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol. 1968 Jun;97(6):640-50. Abstract

121. Brownlow K, Elevitch FR. Serum creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CPK2) in myositis. JAMA. 1974 Nov 25;230(8):1141-4. Abstract

122. Bruschi F, Murrell KD. New aspects of human trichinellosis: the impact of new Trichinella species. Postgrad Med J. 2002 Jan;78(915):15-22.Full text  Abstract

123. Lundberg IE, Tjärnlund A, Bottai M, et al. EULAR/ACR classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Dec;76(12):1955-64.Full text  Abstract

124. Greenberg SA, Amato AA. Inflammatory myopathy associated with mixed connective tissue disease and scleroderma renal crisis. Muscle Nerve. 2001 Nov;24(11):1562-6. Abstract

125. Vermaak E, Tansley SL, McHugh NJ. The evidence for immunotherapy in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2015 Dec;34(12):2089-95. Abstract

126. Amato AA, Griggs RC. Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003 Oct;16(5):569-75. Abstract

127. Chérin P, Herson S, Wechsler B, et al. Effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulins in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: an open trial in 15 patients [in French]. Presse Med. 1991 Feb 16;20(6):244-9. Abstract

128. Giannini M, Callen JP. Treatment of dermatomyositis with methotrexate and prednisone. Arch Dermatol. 1979 Oct;115(10):1251-2. Abstract

129. Joffe MM, Love LA, Leff RL, et al. Drug therapy of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: predictors of response to prednisone, azathioprine, and methotrexate and a comparison of their efficacy. Am J Med. 1993 Apr;94(4):379-87. Abstract

130. Cagnoli M, Marchesoni A, Tosi S. Combined steroid, methotrexate and chlorambucil therapy for steroid-resistant dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1991 Nov-Dec;9(6):658-9. Abstract

131. Newman ED, Scott DW. The use of low-dose oral methotrexate in the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Clin Rheumatol. 1995 Apr;1(2):99-102. Abstract

132. Metzger AL, Bohan A, Goldberg LS, et al. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis: combined methotrexate and corticosteroid therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1974 Aug;81(2):182-9. Abstract

133. Mastaglia FL, Garlepp MJ, Phillips BA, et al. Inflammatory myopathies: clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Muscle Nerve. 2003 Apr;27(4):407-25. Abstract

134. Qushmaq KA, Chalmers A, Esdaile JM. Cyclosporin A in the treatment of refractory adult polymyositis/dermatomyositis: population based experience in 6 patients and literature review. J Rheumatol. 2000 Dec;27(12):2855-9. Abstract

135. Correia O, Polonia J, Nunes JP, et al. Severe acute form of adult dermatomyositis treated with cyclosporine. Int J Dermatol. 1992 Jul;31(7):517-9. Abstract

136. Heckmatt J, Hasson N, Saunders C, et al. Cyclosporin in juvenile dermatomyositis. Lancet. 1989 May 13;1(8646):1063-6. Abstract

137. Gelber AC, Nousari HC, Wigley FM. Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of severe skin manifestations of dermatomyositis: a series of 4 cases. J Rheumatol. 2000 Jun;27(6):1542-5. Abstract

138. Edge JC, Outland JD, Dempsey JR, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil as an effective corticosteroid-sparing therapy for recalcitrant dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol. 2006 Jan;142(1):65-9.Full text  Abstract

139. Ytterberg SR. Treatment of refractory polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2006 Jun;8(3):167-73. Abstract

140. Tymms KE, Webb J. Dermatopolymyositis and other connective tissue diseases: a review of 105 cases. J Rheumatol. 1985 Dec;12(6):1140-8. Abstract

141. Leroy JP, Drosos AA, Yiannopoulos DI, et al. Intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide therapy in myositis and Sjogren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1990 Oct;33(10):1579-81. Abstract

142. Barnes H, Holland AE, Westall GP, et al. Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 3;(1):CD010908.Full text  Abstract

143. Sinoway PA, Callen JP. Chlorambucil: an effective corticosteroid-sparing agent for patients with recalcitrant dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Mar;36(3):319-24. Abstract

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