References
Key articles
Patrick CM, Snowden J, Eckhoff MD, et al. Epidemiology of shoulder dislocations presenting to United States emergency departments: an updated ten-year study. World J Orthop. 2023 Sep 18;14(9):690-7.Full text Abstract
Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging: Amini B, Beckmann NM, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria: shoulder pain-traumatic. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 May;15(5s):S171-88.Full text Abstract
Rozzi SL, Anderson JM, Doberstein ST, et al. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: immediate management of appendicular joint dislocations. J Athl Train. 2018 Dec;53(12):1117-28.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Brady WJ, Knuth CJ, Pirrallo RG. Bilateral inferior glenohumeral dislocation: luxatio erecta, an unusual presentation of a rare disorder. J Emerg Med. 1995 Jan-Feb;13(1):37-42. Abstract
2. Hildebrand KA, Patterson SD, King GJ. Acute elbow dislocations: simple and complex. Orthop Clin North Am. 1999 Jan;30(1):63-79. Abstract
3. Kani KK, Chew FS. Terrible triad injuries of the elbow. Emerg Radiol. 2019 Jun;26(3):341-7. Abstract
4. Sanders S, Tejwani N, Egol KA. Traumatic hip dislocation - a review. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2010;68(2):91-6.Full text Abstract
5. Patrick CM, Snowden J, Eckhoff MD, et al. Epidemiology of shoulder dislocations presenting to United States emergency departments: an updated ten-year study. World J Orthop. 2023 Sep 18;14(9):690-7.Full text Abstract
6. Yeap JS, Lee DJ, Fazir M, et al. The epidemiology of shoulder dislocations in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2004 Dec;59 Suppl F:19-23. Abstract
7. Krøner K, Lind T, Jensen J. The epidemiology of shoulder dislocations. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1989;108(5):288-90. Abstract
8. Shah A, Judge A, Delmestri A, et al. Incidence of shoulder dislocations in the UK, 1995-2015: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 2017 Nov 14;7(11):e016112.Full text Abstract
9. Longo UG, Salvatore G, Locher J, et al. Epidemiology of paediatric shoulder dislocation: a nationwide study in Italy from 2001 to 2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Apr 20;17(8):2834.Full text Abstract
10. Golan E, Kang KK, Culbertson M, et al. The epidemiology of finger dislocations presenting for emergency care within the United States. Hand (N Y). 2016 Jun;11(2):192-6.Full text Abstract
11. Stefancin JJ, Parker RD. First-time traumatic patellar dislocation: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Feb;455:93-101.Full text Abstract
12. Sanders TL, Pareek A, Hewett TE, et al. Incidence of first-time lateral patellar dislocation: a 21-year population-based study. Sports Health. 2018 Mar/Apr;10(2):146-51.Full text Abstract
13. Sperner G, Benedetto KP, Glötzer W. Pathology, diagnosis and therapy of patellar dislocation [in German]. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 1990 Jun;4(2):69-72. Abstract
14. Lyons JG, Hudson TL, Krishnamurthy AB. Epidemiology of patellar dislocations in the United States from 2001 to 2020: results of a national emergency department database. Phys Sportsmed. 2024 Feb;52(1):26-35. Abstract
15. Fithian DC, Paxton EW, Stone ML, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of acute patellar dislocation. Am J Sports Med. 2004 Jul-Aug;32(5):1114-21. Abstract
16. Palmu S, Kallio PE, Donell ST, et al. Acute patellar dislocation in children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Mar;90(3):463-70. Abstract
17. Morris MS, Ozer K. Elbow dislocations in contact sports. Hand Clin. 2017 Feb;33(1):63-72. Abstract
18. Stoneback JW, Owens BD, Sykes J, et al. Incidence of elbow dislocations in the United States population. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Feb 1;94(3):240-5. Abstract
19. Habermeyer P, Jung D, Ebert T. Treatment strategy in first traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Plea for a multi-stage concept of preventive initial management [in German]. Unfallchirurg. 1998 May;101(5):328-41. Abstract
20. Moran J, Cheng R, Schneble CA, et al. Epidemiology of sports-related traumatic hip dislocations reported in United States emergency departments, 2010-2019. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022 May;10(5):23259671221088009.Full text Abstract
21. Robinson CM, Seah M, Akhtar MA. The epidemiology, risk of recurrence, and functional outcome after an acute traumatic posterior dislocation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Sep 7;93(17):1605-13. Abstract
22. Grate I Jr. Luxatio erecta: a rarely seen, but often missed shoulder dislocation. Am J Emerg Med. 2000 May;18(3):317-21. Abstract
23. Stiles BM, Drake DB, Gear AJ, et al. Metacarpophalangeal joint dislocation: indications for open surgical reduction. J Emerg Med. 1997 Sep-Oct;15(5):669-71. Abstract
24. Incavo SJ, Mogan JV, Hilfrank BC. Extension splinting of palmar plate avulsion injuries of the proximal interphalangeal joint. J Hand Surg Am. 1989 Jul;14(4):659-61. Abstract
25. Petri M, Ettinger M, Stuebig T, et al. Current concepts for patellar dislocation. Arch Trauma Res. 2015 Sep;4(3):e29301.Full text Abstract
26. Parikh SN, Lykissas MG, Gkiatas I. Predicting risk of recurrent patellar dislocation. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018 Jun;11(2):253-60.Full text Abstract
27. Buchanan G, Torres L, Czarkowski B, et al. Current concepts in the treatment of gross patellofemoral instability. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Dec;11(6):867-76.Full text Abstract
28. Arendt EA, England K, Agel J, et al. An analysis of knee anatomic imaging factors associated with primary lateral patellar dislocations. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017 Oct;25(10):3099-107. Abstract
29. Askenberger M, Janarv PM, Finnbogason T, et al. Morphology and anatomic patellar instability risk factors in first-time traumatic lateral patellar dislocations: a prospective magnetic resonance imaging study in skeletally immature children. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Jan;45(1):50-8. Abstract
30. Cameron JC, Saha S. External tibial torsion: an underrecognized cause of recurrent patellar dislocation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996 Jul;(328):177-84. Abstract
31. Beasley LS, Vidal AF. Traumatic patellar dislocation in children and adolescents: treatment update and literature review. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004 Feb;16(1):29-36. Abstract
32. Buchner M, Baudendistel B, Sabo D, et al. Acute traumatic primary patellar dislocation: long-term results comparing conservative and surgical treatment. Clin J Sport Med. 2005 Mar;15(2):62-6. Abstract
33. Kälicke T, Muhr G, Frangen TM. Dislocation of the elbow with fractures of the coronoid process and radial head. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007 Dec;127(10):925-31. Abstract
34. Rezaie N, Gupta S, Service BC, et al. Elbow dislocation. Clin Sports Med. 2020 Jul;39(3):637-55. Abstract
35. Reichert IL, Ganeshamoorthy S, Aggarwal S, et al. Dislocations of the elbow - an instructional review. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021 Oct;21:101484.Full text Abstract
36. Kundu ZS, Mittal R, Sangwan SS, et al. Simultaneous asymmetric bilateral hip dislocation with unilateral fracture of femur-peculiar mode of trauma in a case. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2003 Dec;13(4):255-7.
37. Upadhyay SS, Moulton A, Srikrishnamurthy K. An analysis of the late effects of traumatic posterior dislocation of the hip without fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1983 Mar;65(2):150-2. Abstract
38. Dawson-Amoah K, Raszewski J, Duplantier N, et al. Dislocation of the hip: a review of types, causes, and treatment. Ochsner J. 2018 Fall;18(3):242-52.Full text Abstract
39. Emond M, Le Sage N, Lavoie A, et al. Clinical factors predicting fractures associated with an anterior shoulder dislocation. Acad Emerg Med. 2004 Aug;11(8):853-8. Abstract
40. Horst K, Von Harten R, Weber C, et al. Assessment of coincidence and defect sizes in Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions after anterior shoulder dislocation: a radiological study. Br J Radiol. 2014 Feb;87(1034):20130673.Full text Abstract
41. Tietjen R. Occult glenohumeral interposition of a torn rotator cuff: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982 Mar;64(3):458-9. Abstract
42. Gombera MM, Sekiya JK. Rotator cuff tear and glenohumeral instability: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014 Aug;472(8):2448-56.Full text Abstract
43. Simank HG, Dauer G, Schneider S, et al. Incidence of rotator cuff tears in shoulder dislocations and results of therapy in older patients. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2006 May;126(4):235-40. Abstract
44. Hovelius L, Olofsson A, Sandström B, et al. Nonoperative treatment of primary anterior shoulder dislocation in patients 40 years of age and younger: a prospective 25-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 May;90(5):945-52. Abstract
45. Vicar AJ. Proximal interphalangeal joint dislocations without fractures. Hand Clin. 1988 Feb;4(1):5-13. Abstract
46. Wen DY. Current concepts in the treatment of anterior shoulder dislocations. Am J Emerg Med. 1999 Jul;17(4):401-7. Abstract
47. Robinson PM, Griffiths E, Watts AC. Simple elbow dislocation. Shoulder Elbow. 2017 Jul;9(3):195-204.Full text Abstract
48. O'Driscoll SW, Morrey BF, Korinek S, et al. Elbow subluxation and dislocation. A spectrum of instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992 Jul;(280):186-97. Abstract
49. Schreiber JJ, Warren RF, Hotchkiss RN, et al. An online video investigation into the mechanism of elbow dislocation. J Hand Surg Am. 2013 Mar;38(3):488-94. Abstract
50. Schreiber JJ, Potter HG, Warren RF, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in acute elbow dislocation: insight into mechanism. J Hand Surg Am. 2014 Feb;39(2):199-205. Abstract
51. Rhyou IH, Kim YS. New mechanism of the posterior elbow dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012 Dec;20(12):2535-41. Abstract
52. Clegg TE, Roberts CS, Greene JW, et al. Hip dislocations--epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes. Injury. 2010 Apr;41(4):329-34. Abstract
53. Zarei R, Tavassoli M, Baroutkoub M, et al. Concurrent ipsilateral fractures of acetabular posterior wall and femoral shaft associated with posterior hip dislocation: a case report and literature review of a rare injury. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2023 Dec;113:109035.Full text Abstract
54. Verweij LP, Baden DN, van der Zande JM, et al. Assessment and management of shoulder dislocation. BMJ. 2020 Dec 7;371:m4485. Abstract
55. Ugras AA, Mahirogullari M, Kural C, et al. Reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations by Spaso technique: clinical results. J Emerg Med. 2008 May;34(4):383-7. Abstract
56. Elias DA, White LM, Fithian DC. Acute lateral patellar dislocation at MR imaging: injury patterns of medial patellar soft-tissue restraints and osteochondral injuries of the inferomedial patella. Radiology. 2002 Dec;225(3):736-43. Abstract
57. Packer GJ, Shaheen MA. Patterns of hand fractures and dislocations in a district general hospital. J Hand Surg Br. 1993 Aug;18(4):511-4. Abstract
58. Zemel NP. Metacarpophalangeal joint injuries in fingers. Hand Clin. 1992 Nov;8(4):745-54. Abstract
59. Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging: Amini B, Beckmann NM, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria: shoulder pain-traumatic. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 May;15(5s):S171-88.Full text Abstract
60. Silfverskiold JP, Straehley DJ, Jones WW. Roentgenographic evaluation of suspected shoulder dislocation: a prospective study comparing the axillary view and the scapular 'Y' view. Orthopedics. 1990 Jan;13(1):63-9. Abstract
61. Rowe CR, Zarins B. Chronic unreduced dislocations of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982 Apr;64(4):494-505. Abstract
62. Hawkins RJ, Neer CS 2nd, Pianta RM, et al. Locked posterior dislocation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987 Jan;69(1):9-18. Abstract
63. Gottlieb M, Patel D, Marks A, et al. Ultrasound for the diagnosis of shoulder dislocation and reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2022 Aug;29(8):999-1007.Full text Abstract
64. Moharari RS, Khademhosseini P, Espandar R, et al. Intra-articular lidocaine versus intravenous meperidine/diazepam in anterior shoulder dislocation: a randomised clinical trial. Emerg Med J. 2008 May;25(5):262-4. Abstract
65. Kosnik J, Shamsa F, Raphael E, et al. Anesthetic methods for reduction of acute shoulder dislocations: a prospective randomized study comparing intraarticular lidocaine with intravenous analgesia and sedation. Am J Emerg Med. 1999 Oct;17(6):566-70. Abstract
66. Miller SL, Cleeman E, Auerbach J, et al. Comparison of intra-articular lidocaine and intravenous sedation for reduction of shoulder dislocations: a randomized, prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 Dec;84-A(12):2135-9. Abstract
67. O'Connor DR, Schwarze D, Fragomen AT, et al. Painless reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocations without anesthesia. Orthopedics. 2006 Jun;29(6):528-32. Abstract
68. Kothari RU, Dronen SC. Prospective evaluation of the scapular manipulation technique in reducing anterior shoulder dislocations. Ann Emerg Med. 1992 Nov;21(11):1349-52. Abstract
69. Saragaglia D, Picard F, Le Bredonchel T, et al. Acute anterior instability of the shoulder: short- and mid-term outcome after conservative treatment [in French]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 2001 May;87(3):215-20. Abstract
70. Sayegh FE, Kenanidis EI, Papavasiliou KA, et al. Reduction of acute anterior dislocations: a prospective randomized study comparing a new technique with the Hippocratic and Kocher methods. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Dec;91(12):2775-82. Abstract
71. Rozzi SL, Anderson JM, Doberstein ST, et al. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: immediate management of appendicular joint dislocations. J Athl Train. 2018 Dec;53(12):1117-28.Full text Abstract
72. Yapp LZ, Nicholson JA, Robinson CM. Primary arthroscopic stabilization for a first-time anterior dislocation of the shoulder: long-term follow-up of a randomized, double-blinded trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020 Mar 18;102(6):460-7. Abstract
73. Adam M, Attia AK, Alhammoud A, et al. Arthroscopic Bankart repair for the acute anterior shoulder dislocation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthop. 2018 Oct;42(10):2413-22. Abstract
74. Belk JW, Wharton BR, Houck DA, et al. Shoulder stabilization versus immobilization for first-time anterior shoulder dislocation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of level 1 randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med. 2023 May;51(6):1634-43. Abstract
75. Alkhelaifi K, Alzobi OZ, Mahmoud SA, et al. Recurrent instability after the Latarjet procedure. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2023 Nov 27;7(12):e23.00205.Full text Abstract
76. Hasebroock AW, Brinkman J, Foster L, et al. Management of primary anterior shoulder dislocations: a narrative review. Sports Med Open. 2019 Jul 11;5(1):31.Full text Abstract
77. An VV, Sivakumar BS, Phan K, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and patient-reported outcomes following two procedures for recurrent traumatic anterior instability of the shoulder: Latarjet procedure vs. Bankart repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016 May;25(5):853-63. Abstract
78. Hurley ET, Lim Fat D, Farrington SK, et al. Open versus arthroscopic Latarjet procedure for anterior shoulder instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2019 Apr;47(5):1248-53. Abstract
79. Antonio GE, Griffith JF, Yu AB, et al. First-time shoulder dislocation: High prevalence of labral injury and age-related differences revealed by MR arthrography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 Oct;26(4):983-91. Abstract
80. Tijmes J, Loyd HM, Tullos HS. Arthrography in acute shoulder dislocations. South Med J. 1979 May;72(5):564-7. Abstract
81. Smith TO, Gaukroger A, Metcalfe A, et al. Surgical versus non-surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 24;(1):CD008106.Full text Abstract
82. Erickson BJ, Mascarenhas R, Sayegh ET, et al. Does operative treatment of first-time patellar dislocations lead to increased patellofemoral stability? A systematic review of overlapping meta-analyses. Arthroscopy. 2015 Jun;31(6):1207-15. Abstract
83. Shah JN, Howard JS, Flanigan DC, et al. A systematic review of complications and failures associated with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation. Am J Sports Med. 2012 Aug;40(8):1916-23.Full text Abstract
84. Krul M, van der Wouden JC, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, et al. Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 28;(7):CD007759.Full text Abstract
85. Cohen MS, Hastings H 2nd. Acute elbow dislocation: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1998 Jan-Feb;6(1):15-23. Abstract
86. Ross G, McDevitt ER, Chronister R, et al. Treatment of simple elbow dislocation using an immediate motion protocol. Am J Sports Med. 1999 May-Jun;27(3):308-11. Abstract
87. Arendt EA, Fithian DC, Cohen E. Current concepts of lateral patella dislocation. Clin Sports Med. 2002 Jul;21(3):499-519. Abstract
88. Sillanpää P, Mattila VM, Iivonen T, et al. Incidence and risk factors of acute traumatic primary patellar dislocation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Apr;40(4):606-11. Abstract
89. Stewart MJ, Milford LW. Fracture-dislocation of the hip; an end-result study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1954 Apr;36(A:2):315-42. Abstract
90. DeLee JC. Fractures and dislocations of the hip. In: Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz R, eds. Fractures in adults. Vol 2. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1996:1756-1803.
91. Hovelius L. Anterior dislocation of the shoulder in teen-agers and young adults: five-year prognosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987 Mar;69(3):393-9. Abstract
92. Kelley SP, Hinsche AF, Hossain JF. Axillary artery transection following anterior shoulder dislocation: classical presentation and current concepts. Injury. 2004 Nov;35(11):1128-32. Abstract
93. Mehlhoff TL, Noble PC, Bennett JB, et al. Simple dislocation of the elbow in the adult. Results after closed treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 Feb;70(2):244-9. Abstract
94. Braun C, McRobert CJ. Conservative management following closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 May 10;5:CD004962.Full text Abstract
95. Whelan DB, Kletke SN, Schemitsch G, et al. Immobilization in external rotation versus internal rotation after primary anterior shoulder dislocation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Feb;44(2):521-32. Abstract
96. Freiberg A, Pollard BA, Macdonald MR, et al. Management of proximal interphalangeal joint injuries. Hand Clin. 2006 Aug;22(3):235-42. Abstract
97. Failla JM. Irreducible thumb interphalangeal joint dislocation due to a sesamoid and palmar plate: a case report. J Hand Surg Am. 1995 May;20(3):490-1. Abstract
98. Sabapathy SR, Bose VC, Rex C. Irreducible dislocation of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb due to sesamoid bone interposition: a case report. J Hand Surg Am. 1995 May;20(3):487-9. Abstract
99. Matic GT, Magnussen RA, Kolovich GP, et al. Return to activity after medial patellofemoral ligament repair or reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2014 Aug;30(8):1018-25. Abstract
100. Atkin DM, Fithian DC, Marangi KS, et al. Characteristics of patients with primary acute lateral patellar dislocation and their recovery within the first 6 months of injury. Am J Sports Med. 2000 Jul-Aug;28(4):472-9. Abstract
101. Hougaard K, Thomsen PB. Traumatic posterior dislocation of the hip - prognostic factors influencing the incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1986;106(1):32-5. Abstract
102. Calandra JJ, Baker CL, Uribe J. The incidence of Hill-Sachs lesions in initial anterior shoulder dislocations. Arthroscopy. 1989;5(4):254-7. Abstract
103. Turkel SJ, Panio MW, Marshall JL, et al. Stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981 Oct;63(8):1208-17. Abstract
104. McLaughlin HL, MacLellan DI. Recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder: II. a comparative study. J Trauma. 1967 Mar;7(2):191-201. Abstract
105. Dimakopoulos P, Panagopoulos A, Kasimatis G, et al. Anterior traumatic shoulder dislocation associated with displaced greater tuberosity fracture: the necessity of operative treatment. J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Feb;21(2):104-12. Abstract
106. Hobgood ER, Khan SO, Field LD. Acute dislocations of the adult elbow. Hand Clin. 2008 Feb;24(1):1-7. Abstract
107. Nomura E, Inoue M, Kurimura M. Chondral and osteochondral injuries associated with acute patellar dislocation. Arthroscopy. 2003 Sep;19(7):717-21. Abstract
108. Jaquith BP, Parikh SN. Predictors of recurrent patellar instability in children and adolescents after first-time dislocation. J Pediatr Orthop. 2017 Oct/Nov;37(7):484-90. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer