Blepharitis

Amescua G, Akpek EK, Farid M, et al. Blepharitis preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2019 Jan;126(1):P56-93.Full text  Abstract

The College of Optometrists. Clinical management guidelines: blepharitis (lid margin disease). 2022 [internet publication]. Full text

American Academy of Ophthalmology. Cornea/external disease summary benchmarks - 2022. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

1. Amescua G, Akpek EK, Farid M, et al. Blepharitis preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2019 Jan;126(1):P56-93.Full text  Abstract

2. The College of Optometrists. Clinical management guidelines: blepharitis (lid margin disease). 2022 [internet publication]. Full text

3. McCulley JP, Sciallis GF. Meibomian keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977 Dec;84(6):788-93. Abstract

4. Stone DU, Chodosh J. Ocular rosacea: an update on pathogenesis and therapy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2004 Dec;15(6):499-502. Abstract

5. Driver PJ, Lemp MA. Meibomian gland dysfunction. Surv Ophthalmol. 1996 Mar-Apr;40(5):343-67. Abstract

6. Lemp MA, Nichols KK. Blepharitis in the United States 2009: a survey-based perspective on prevalence and treatment. Ocul Surf. 2009 Apr;7(2 suppl):S1-S14.Full text  Abstract

7. Lemp MA, Crews LA, Bron AJ, et al. Distribution of aqueous-deficient and evaporative dry eye in a clinic-based patient cohort: a retrospective study. Cornea. 2012 May;31(5):472-8. Abstract

8. Rim TH, Kang MJ, Choi M, et al. Ten-year incidence and prevalence of clinically diagnosed blepharitis in South Korea: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017 Jul;45(5):448-454.Full text  Abstract

9. Boel C, Westerveld E, Kloos D, et al. Refining the diagnostic technique to determine prevalence of Demodex mites in eyelash hair follicles within standard ophthalmic practice: a single-center outpatient clinical study. Clin Ophthalmol. 2023;17:2027-36.Full text  Abstract

10. Trattler W, Karpecki P, Rapoport Y, et al. The prevalence of Demodex blepharitis in US eye care clinic patients as determined by collarettes: a pathognomonic sign. Clin Ophthalmol. 2022;16:1153-64.Full text  Abstract

11. Dougherty JM, McCulley JP. Comparative bacteriology of chronic blepharitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984 Aug;68(8):524-8.Full text  Abstract

12. Groden LR, Murphy B, Rodnite J, et al. Lid flora in blepharitis. Cornea. 1991 Jan;10(1):50-3. Abstract

13. Thygeson P. Etiology and treatment of blepharitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1946 Oct;36(4):445-77.

14. Schaumberg DA, Nichols JJ, Papas EB, et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on the epidemiology of, and associated risk factors for, MGD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Mar;52(4):1994-2005.Full text  Abstract

15. Luo X, Li J, Chen C, et al. Ocular demodicosis as a potential cause of ocular surface inflammation. Cornea. 2017 Nov;36 Suppl 1(suppl 1):S9-14. Abstract

16. Liu J, Sheha H, Tseng SC. Pathogenic role of Demodex mites in blepharitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Oct;10(5):505-10. Abstract

17. Zeytun E, Karakurt Y. Prevalence and load of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis (Acari: Demodicidae) in patients with chronic blepharitis in the Province of Erzincan, Turkey. J Med Entomol. 2019 Jan 8;56(1):2-9.Full text  Abstract

18. Dougherty JM, McCulley JP. Bacterial lipases and chronic blepharitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1986;27(4):486-91.Full text  Abstract

19. Shine WE, Silvany R, McCulley JP. Relation of cholesterol-stimulated Staphylococcus aureus growth to chronic blepharitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993 Jun;34(7):2291-6.Full text  Abstract

20. Ficker L, Ramakrishnan M, Seal D, et al. Role of cell-mediated immunity to staphylococci in blepharitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991 Apr 15;111(4):473-9. Abstract

21. Amano S, Shimazaki J, Yokoi N, et al. Meibomian gland dysfunction Clinical Practice Guidelines. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2023 Jul;67(4):448-539.Full text  Abstract

22. Mathers WD, Shields WJ, Sachdev MS, et al. Meibomian gland dysfunction in chronic blepharitis. Cornea. 1991 Jul;10(4):277-85. Abstract

23. Jester JV, Nicolaides N, Smith RE. Meibomian gland dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989 May;30(5):927-35.Full text  Abstract

24. Dougherty JM, McCulley JP. Analysis of the free fatty acid component of meibomian secretions in chronic blepharitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1986 Jan;27(1):52-6.Full text  Abstract

25. Shine WE, McCulley JP. The role of cholesterol in chronic blepharitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991 Jul;32(8):2272-80.Full text  Abstract

26. Shine WE, McCulley JP. Meibomianitis: polar lipid abnormalities. Cornea. 2004 Nov;23(8):781-3. Abstract

27. Shah PP, Stein RL, Perry HD. Update on the management of Demodex blepharitis. Cornea. 2022 Aug 1;41(8):934-9. Abstract

28. IMS America. National disease and therapeutic index. Ambler, PA: IMS America, Ltd., 1984.

29. Akpek EK, Polcharoen W, Chan R, et al. Ocular surface neoplasia masquerading as chronic blepharoconjunctivitis. Cornea. 1999 May;18(3):282-8. Abstract

30. Brownstein B, Codere F, Jackson WB. Masquerade syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1980 Mar;87(3):259-62.

31. Gao YY, Di Pascuale M, Li W, et al. High prevalence of Demodex in eyelashes with cylindrical dandruff. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Sep;46(9):3089-94.Full text  Abstract

32. Ayres BD, Donnenfeld E, Farid M, et al. Clinical diagnosis and management of Demodex blepharitis: the Demodex Expert Panel on Treatment and Eyelid Health (DEPTH). Eye (Lond). 2023 Oct;37(15):3249-55.Full text  Abstract

33. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Cornea/external disease summary benchmarks - 2022. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

34. Key JE. A comparative study of eyelid cleaning regimens in chronic blepharitis. CLAO J. 1996 Jul;22(3):209-12. Abstract

35. Macsai MS. The role of omega-3 dietary supplementation in blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction (an AOS thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2008;106:336-56.Full text  Abstract

36. Dry Eye Assessment and Management Study Research Group., Asbell PA, Maguire MG, et al. n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 3;378(18):1681-1690.Full text  Abstract

37. Bowman RW, Dougherty JM, McCulley JP. Chronic blepharitis and dry eyes. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1987 Spring;27(1):27-35. Abstract

38. Perry HD, Doshi-Carnevale S, Donnenfeld ED, et al. Efficacy of commercially available topical cyclosporine A 0.05% in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea. 2006 Feb;25(2):171-5. Abstract

39. Lindsley K, Matsumura S, Hatef E, Akpek EK. Interventions for chronic blepharitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;(5):CD005556.Full text  Abstract

40. O'Gallagher M, Bunce C, Hingorani M et al. Topical treatment for blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 7;2:CD011965.Full text

41. Smolin G, Okumoto M. Staphylococcal blepharitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977 May;95(5):812-6. Abstract

42. Tao T, Tao L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of treating meibomian gland dysfunction with azithromycin. Eye (Lond). 2020 Oct;34(10):1797-808.Full text  Abstract

43. Dursun K, Kim MC, Solomon A, et al. Treatment of recalcitrant recurrent corneal erosions with inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-9, doxycycline, and corticosteroids. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001 Jul;132(1):8-13. Abstract

44. Farid M, Ayres BD, Donnenfeld E, et al. Delphi panel consensus regarding current clinical practice management options for Demodex blepharitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2023;17:667-79.Full text  Abstract

45. Savla K, Le JT, Pucker AD. Tea tree oil for Demodex blepharitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jun 20;6:CD013333.Full text  Abstract

46. Lam NSK, Long XX, Li X, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil with other current pharmacological management in human demodicosis: a systematic review. Parasitology. 2020 Dec;147(14):1587-613.Full text  Abstract

47. BioSpace. ​FDA Approves XDEMVY™ (lotilaner ophthalmic solution) 0.25% for the treatment of Demodex blepharitis. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

48. Yeu E, Wirta DL, Karpecki P, et al. Lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25%, for the treatment of Demodex blepharitis: results of a prospective, randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-masked, pivotal trial (Saturn-1). Cornea. 2023 Apr 1;42(4):435-43.Full text  Abstract

49. Gaddie IB, Donnenfeld ED, Karpecki P, et al. Lotilaner ophthalmic solution 0.25% for Demodex blepharitis: randomized, vehicle-controlled, multicenter, phase 3 trial (Saturn-2). Ophthalmology. 2023 Oct;130(10):1015-23.Full text  Abstract

50. Yeu E, Holdbrook M, Baba SN, et al. Treatment of Demodex blepharitis: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-masked clinical trial comparing topical lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25% eyedrops to vehicle. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023 Oct;31(8):1653-61.Full text  Abstract

51. Dougherty JM, McCulley JP, Silvany RE, et al. The role of tetracycline in chronic blepharitis. Inhibition of lipase production in staphylococci. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991 Oct;32(11):2970-5.Full text  Abstract

52. Cullen SI, Crounse RG. Cutaneous pharmacology of the tetracyclines. J Invest Derm. 1965 Oct;45(4):263-8. Abstract

53. Zengin N, Tol H, Gunduz K, et al. Meibomian gland dysfunction and tear film abnormalities in rosacea. Cornea. 1995 Mar;14(2):144-6. Abstract

54. Ta CN, Shine WE, McCulley JP, et al. Effects of minocycline on the ocular flora of patients with acne rosacea or seborrheic blepharitis. Cornea. 2003 Aug;22(6):545-8. Abstract

55. Shine WE, McCulley JP, Pandya AG. Minocycline effect on meibomian gland lipids in meibomianitis patients. Exp Eye Res. 2003;76;417-420. Abstract

56. Onghanseng N, Ng SM, Halim MS, et al. Oral antibiotics for chronic blepharitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jun 9;6(6):CD013697.Full text  Abstract

57. Gruber GC, Callen JP. Systemic complications of commonly used dermatologic drugs. Cutis. 1978 Jun;21(6):825-9. Abstract

58. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Referral of persons with possible eye diseases or injury - 2014​. 2014 [internet publication].Full text