Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- burning sensation
- itching sensation
- foreign body sensation
- crusting of eyelids
- dry eye
- lid erythema, telangiectasias
- collarettes around lashes
- capped meibomian glands
- conjunctival hyperemia
- unstable tear film with rapid tear break-up time
Other diagnostic factors
- chalazion
- scalp changes
- contact lens intolerance
- photophobia
- facial telangiectasias, erythema, pustules, papules
- depigmentation of lashes
- trichiasis
- madarosis
- lid margin thickening, notching, and ulceration
- corneal changes
- decreased vision
Risk factors
- Demodex infection
- age ≥50 years
- female
- dermatologic disease
- intraocular or lid surgery/injury
Diagnostic tests
Tests to consider
- lid biopsy
- lid margin culture
- microscopic evaluation of epilated eyelashes
Treatment algorithm
no visual impairment
visual impairment secondary to corneal involvement
Contributors
Authors
Sezen Karakus, MD
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Associate Director
The Jerome L. Greene Sjögren’s Disease Center
Wilmer Eye Institute
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore
MD
Disclosures
SK declares that she has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Professor Elaine Wu would like to gratefully acknowledge Professor Esen Akpek, a previous contributor to this topic.
Disclosures
EA declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Gus Gazzard, MA, MBBChir, MD, FRCOphth
Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon
King's College Hospital
Honorary Research Fellow
Institute of Ophthalmology
London
UK
Declarações
GG declares that he has no competing interests.
Leejee H. Suh, MD
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
Miami
FL
Declarações
LS declares that she has no competing interests.
Créditos aos pareceristas
Os tópicos do BMJ Best Practice são constantemente atualizados, seguindo os desenvolvimentos das evidências e das diretrizes. Os pareceristas aqui listados revisaram o conteúdo pelo menos uma vez durante a história do tópico.
Declarações
As afiliações e declarações dos pareceristas referem--se ao momento da revisão.
Referências
Principais artigos
Lin A, Ahmad S, Amescua G, et al. Blepharitis preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2024 Apr;131(4):P50-86.Texto completo
American Academy of Ophthalmology. Cornea/external disease summary benchmarks - 2024. Dec 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo
Artigos de referência
Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.

Diagnósticos diferenciais
- Dry eye syndrome
- Chalazion
- Squamous cell carcinoma
Mais Diagnósticos diferenciaisDiretrizes
- Blepharitis preferred practice pattern
- Cornea/external disease summary benchmarks - 2024
Mais DiretrizesConectar-se ou assinar para acessar todo o BMJ Best Practice
O uso deste conteúdo está sujeito ao nosso aviso legal