Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- burning sensation
- itching sensation
- foreign body sensation
- crusting of eyelids
- dry eye
- lid erythema, telangiectasias
- collarettes around lashes
- capped meibomian glands
- conjunctival hyperaemia
- unstable tear film with rapid tear break-up time
Other diagnostic factors
- chalazion
- scalp changes
- photophobia
- facial telangiectasias, erythema, pustules, papules
- depigmentation of lashes
- trichiasis
- madarosis
- lid margin thickening, notching, and ulceration
- corneal changes
- decreased vision
Risk factors
- age ≥50 years
- female
- dermatological disease
- intraocular or lid surgery/injury
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- lid biopsy
- lid margin culture
- microscopic evaluation of epilated eyelashes
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors VIEW ALL
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary
New York
NY
Disclosures
EW declares that she has no competing interests.
Professor Elaine Wu would like to gratefully acknowledge Professor Esen Akpek, a previous contributor to this topic. EA declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers VIEW ALL
Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon
King's College Hospital
Honorary Research Fellow
Institute of Ophthalmology
London
UK
Disclosures
GG declares that he has no competing interests.
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
Miami
FL
Disclosures
LS declares that she has no competing interests.
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