References
Key articles
World Health Organization. Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. Sep 2015 [internet publication].Full text
US Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents living with HIV. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text
World Health Organization. WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2007 [internet publication].Full text
World Health Organization. Update of recommendations on first- and second-line antiretroviral regimens. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. World Health Organization. HIV/AIDS: online QA. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text
2. Worobey M. The origins and diversifications of HIV. In: Volberding P, Sande M, Lange J, et al., eds. Global HIV/AIDS medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2008.
3. Wilson D, Naidoo S, Bekker LG, et al. Handbook of HIV medicine. South Africa: Oxford University Press; 2002.
4. Robertson DL, Anderson JP, Bradac JL, et al. HIV-1 nomenclature proposal. Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):55-6. Abstract
5. Hemelaar J, Elangovan R, Yun J, et al. Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990-2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Nov 30. pii: S1473-3099(18)30647-9. Abstract
6. Yamaguchi J, McArthur C, Vallari A, et al. Complete genome sequence of CG-0018a-01 establishes HIV-1 subtype L. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020 Mar 1;83(3):319-22. Abstract
7. Wymant C, Bezemer D, Blanquart F, et al. A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands. Science. 2022 Feb 4;375(6580):540-5.Full text Abstract
8. Gottlieb GS, Raugi DN, Smith RA. 90-90-90 for HIV-2? Ending the HIV-2 epidemic by enhancing care and clinical management of patients infected with HIV-2. Lancet HIV. 2018 Jul;5(7):e390-9. Abstract
9. Fidler S, Fox J. Primary HIV infection: a medical and public health emergency requiring rapid specialist management. Clin Med (Lond). 2016 Apr;16(2):180-3.Full text Abstract
10. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. In danger: UNAIDS global AIDS update 2022. 2022 [internet publication].Full text
11. GBD 2017 HIV collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. Lancet HIV. 2019 Dec;6(12):e831-9.Full text Abstract
12. Li Z, Purcell DW, Sansom SL, et al. Vital signs: HIV transmission along the continuum of care - United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Mar 22;68(11):267-72.Full text Abstract
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated annual number of HIV infections - United States, 1981-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Jun 4:70(22);801-6.Full text
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2017–2021. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text
15. Dailey AF, Gant Z, Hu X, et al. Association between social vulnerability and rates of HIV diagnoses among black adults, by selected characteristics and region of residence - United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:167-70.Full text Abstract
16. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2021 – 2020 data. Stockholm: ECDC; 2021.Full text
17. UK Health Security Agency. HIV testing, PrEP, new HIV diagnoses, and care outcomes for people accessing HIV services: 2023 report. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text
18. Lee K, Trujillo L, Olansky E, et al. Factors associated with use of HIV prevention and health care among transgender women - seven urban areas, 2019-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 May 20;71(20):673-9.Full text Abstract
19. Nyamweya S, Hegedus A, Jaye A, et al. Comparing HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection: lessons for viral immunopathogenesis. Rev Med Virol. 2013 Jul;23(4):221-40. Abstract
20. Pope M, Hause AT. Transmission, acute HIV-1 infection and the quest to prevent infection. Nat Med. 2003 Jul;9(7):847-52. Abstract
21. Gupta R, Hill A, Sawyer AW, et al. Emergence of drug resistance in HIV type 1-infected patients after receipt of first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review of clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Sep 1;47(5):712-22.Full text Abstract
22. Morris L, Cilliers T. Viral structure, replication, tropism, pathogenesis and natural history. In: Abdool Karim SS, Abdool Karim Q, eds. HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Cambridge University Press; 2005:79-89.
23. Kaplan EH, Heimer R. HIV incidence among New Haven needle exchange participants: updated estimates from syringe tracking and testing data. J Acquir Immune Def Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995 Oct 1;10(2):175-6. Abstract
24. Artenie A, Stone J, Fraser H, et al. Incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs, and associations with age and sex or gender: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Mar 27;S2468-1253(23)00018-3.Full text Abstract
25. Farhadian N, Karami Matin B, Farnia V, et al. The prevalence of people who inject drugs among those with HIV late presentation: a meta-analysis. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2022 Feb 10;17(1):11.Full text Abstract
26. Arum C, Fraser H, Artenie AA, et al. Homelessness, unstable housing, and risk of HIV and hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2021 May;6(5):e309-23.Full text Abstract
27. Malekinejad M, Barker EK, Merai R, et al. Risk of HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men infected with bacterial sexually transmitted infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2021 Oct 1;48(10):e138-48.Full text Abstract
28. Varghese B, Maher JE, Peterman TA, et al. Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use. Sex Transm Dis. 2002 Jan;29(1):38-43. Abstract
29. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples. BMJ. 1992 Mar 28;304(6830):809-13.Full text Abstract
30. Bell DM. Occupational risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in health care workers: an overview. Am J Med. 1997 May 19;102(5B):9-15. Abstract
31. Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, et al; Women and Infants' Transmission Study Group. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Apr 15;29(5):484-94. Abstract
32. Polis CB, Curtis KM, Hannaford PC, et al. An updated systematic review of epidemiological evidence on hormonal contraceptive methods and HIV acquisition in women. AIDS. 2016 Nov 13;30(17):2665-83.Full text Abstract
33. Tepper NK, Curtis KM, Cox S, et al. Update to US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016: updated recommendations for the use of contraception among women at high risk for HIV infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Apr 10;69(14):405-10.Full text Abstract
34. World Health Organization. Contraceptive eligibility for women at high risk of HIV: guidance statement - recommendations on contraceptive methods used by women at high risk of HIV. 2019 [internet publication].Full text
35. Looker KJ, Elmes JAR, Gottlieb SL, et al. Effect of HSV-2 infection on subsequent HIV acquisition: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Dec;17(12):1303-16.Full text Abstract
36. Looker KJ, Welton NJ, Sabin KM, et al. Global and regional estimates of the contribution of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection to HIV incidence: a population attributable fraction analysis using published epidemiological data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Feb;20(2):240-9.Full text Abstract
37. Marfatia YS, Pandya I, Mehta K. Condoms: Past, present, and future. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2015 Jul-Dec;36(2):133-9.Full text Abstract
38. Hanum N, Cambiano V, Sewell J, et al. Use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in England: data from the AURAH2 prospective study. Lancet Public Health. 2020 Sep;5(9):e501-11.Full text Abstract
39. Finlayson T, Cha S, Xia M, et al; National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group. Changes in HIV preexposure prophylaxis awareness and use among men who have sex with men - 20 urban areas, 2014 and 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Jul 12;68(27):597-603.Full text Abstract
40. Riddell J 4th, Amico KR, Mayer KH. HIV preexposure prophylaxis: a review. JAMA. 2018 Mar 27;319(12):1261-8. Abstract
41. O Murchu E, Marshall L, Teljeur C, et al. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical effectiveness, safety, adherence and risk compensation in all populations. BMJ Open. 2022 May 11;12(5):e048478.Full text Abstract
42. Jourdain H, de Gage SB, Desplas D, et al. Real-world effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis in men at high risk of HIV infection in France: a nested case-control study. Lancet Public Health. 2022 Jun;7(6):e529-36.Full text Abstract
43. Sullivan AK, Saunders J, Desai M, et al. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and its implementation in the PrEP impact trial in England: a pragmatic health technology assessment. Lancet HIV. 2023 Dec;10(12):e790-806.Full text Abstract
44. Delaugerre C, Rodriguez C, Capitant C, et al. Drug resistance among patients who acquired HIV infection in a preexposure prophylaxis trial. AIDS. 2018;32(16):2353-61. Abstract
45. World Health Organization. Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. Sep 2015 [internet publication].Full text
46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States - 2021 update: a clinical practice guideline. Dec 2021 [internet publication].Full text
47. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice advisory to committee opinion no. 595: preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text
48. US Preventive Services Task Force. Recommendation: prevention of acquisition of HIV: preexposure prophylaxis. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text
49. Holt M, Lea T, Mao L, et al. Community-level changes in condom use and uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis by gay and bisexual men in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia: results of repeated behavioural surveillance in 2013-17. Lancet HIV. 2018 Aug;5(8):e448-56. Abstract
50. Hart TA, Noor SW, Berlin GW, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis and bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among gay and bisexual men. Sex Transm Infect. 2023 May;99(3):167-72.Full text Abstract
51. Cohen SE, Sachdev D, Lee SA, et al. Acquisition of tenofovir-susceptible, emtricitabine-resistant HIV despite high adherence to daily pre-exposure prophylaxis: a case report. Lancet HIV. 2018 Nov 29 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract
52. Tumarkin E, Siedner MJ, Bogoch II. The BMJ 10-minute consultation: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). BMJ. 2019 Jan 17;364:k4681. Abstract
53. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first injectable treatment for HIV pre-exposure prevention. Dec 2021 [internet publication].Full text
54. Marshall BDL, Goedel WC, King MRF, et al. Potential effectiveness of long-acting injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men: a modelling study. Lancet HIV. 2018 Sep;5(9):e498-505.Full text Abstract
55. Landovitz RJ, Hanscom BS, Clement ME, et al. Efficacy and safety of long-acting cabotegravir compared with daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus emtricitabine to prevent HIV infection in cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men 1 year after study unblinding: a secondary analysis of the phase 2b and 3 HPTN 083 randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2023 Dec;10(12):e767-78.Full text Abstract
56. World Health Organization. Guidelines on long-acting injectable cabotegravir for HIV prevention. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text
57. Antoni G, Tremblay C, Delaugerre C, et al. On-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus emtricitabine among men who have sex with men with less frequent sexual intercourse: a post-hoc analysis of the ANRS IPERGAY trial. Lancet HIV. 2020 Feb;7(2):e113-20. Abstract
58. Obiero J, Ogongo P, Mwethera PG, et al. Topical microbicides for preventing sexually transmitted infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 13;3:CD007961.Full text Abstract
59. Musekiwa A, Fernando NB, Abariga SA. Effectiveness of vaginal microbicides in preventing HIV transmission. Trop Med Int Health. 2020 Jul;25(7):790-802.Full text Abstract
60. Nel A, van Niekerk N, Kapiga S, et al. Safety and efficacy of a dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV prevention in women. N Engl J Med. 2016 Dec 1;375(22):2133-43.Full text Abstract
61. World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text
62. Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Frohlich JA, et al. Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science. 2010 Sep 3;329(5996):1168-74.Full text Abstract
63. Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Horvath T, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;(4):CD009153.Full text Abstract
64. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 11;365(6):493-505.Full text Abstract
65. Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al; PARTNER Study Group. Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy. JAMA. 2016 Jul 12;316(2):171-81.Full text Abstract
66. Bavinton BR, Pinto AN, Phanuphak N, et al; Opposites Attract Study Group. Viral suppression and HIV transmission in serodiscordant male couples: an international, prospective, observational, cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2018 Aug;5(8):e438-47. Abstract
67. PARTNER Study Group. HIV transmission risk through condomless sex in gay couples with suppressive ART: the PARTNER2 Study extended results in gay men. 2018 [internet publication].Full text
68. Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al; PARTNER Study Group. Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Lancet. 2019 Jun 15;393(10189):2428-38.Full text Abstract
69. LeMessurier J, Traversy G, Varsaneux O, et al. Risk of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus with antiretroviral therapy, suppressed viral load and condom use: a systematic review. CMAJ. 2018 Nov 19;190(46):E1350-60.Full text Abstract
70. Broyles LN, Luo R, Boeras D, et al. The risk of sexual transmission of HIV in individuals with low-level HIV viraemia: a systematic review. Lancet. 2023 Aug 5;402(10400):464-71.Full text Abstract
71. US Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents living with HIV. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text
72. Sharma SC, Raison N, Khan S, et al. Male circumcision for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition: a meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2018 Apr;121(4):515-26.Full text Abstract
73. Yuan T, Fitzpatrick T, Ko NY, et al. Circumcision to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data. Lancet Glob Health. 2019 Apr;7(4):e436-47.Full text Abstract
74. Farley TM, Samuelson J, Grabowski MK, et al. Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context - systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020 Jun;23(6):e25490.Full text Abstract
75. Delany-Moretlwe S, Gray G, Kagee A, et al. AIDS prevention in South Africa. South Afr J HIV Med. 2006;23:13-7.
76. Rubens M, Ramamoorthy V, Saxena A, et al. HIV vaccine: recent advances, current roadblocks, and future directions. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:560347.Full text Abstract
77. Leal L, Lucero C, Gatell JM, et al. New challenges in therapeutic vaccines against HIV infection. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017 Jun;16(6):587-600. Abstract
78. Baden LR, Stieh DJ, Sarnecki M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of two heterologous HIV vaccine regimens in healthy, HIV-uninfected adults (TRAVERSE): a randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 1/2a study. Lancet HIV. 2020 Oct;7(10):e688-98.Full text Abstract
79. Gbadamosi SO, Trepka MJ, Dawit R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the time from HIV infection to diagnosis for people with HIV. AIDS Rev. 2022 Mar 1;24(1):32-40.Full text Abstract
80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of HIV infection: updated recommendations. Jun 2014 [internet publication].Full text
81. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection: United States, 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63(RR-03):1-10.Full text Abstract
82. World Health Organization. WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2007 [internet publication].Full text
83. World Health Organization, UNAIDS. WHO, UNAIDS statement on HIV testing services: new opportunities and ongoing challenges. Aug 2017 [internet publication].Full text
84. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract
85. World Health Organization. WHO recommends HIV self-testing – evidence update and considerations for success. Nov 2019 [internet publication].Full text
86. World Health Organization. WHO recommends optimizing HIV testing services. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text
87. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection: United States, 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63(RR-03):1-10.Full text Abstract
88. World Health Organization. Guidelines for managing advanced HIV disease and rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Jul 2017 [internet publication].Full text
89. World Health Organization. HIV drug resistance report 2021. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text
90. Shepher J, Quinn T. Laboratory testing for HIV infection. In: Volberding P, Sande M, Lange J, et al., eds. Global HIV/AIDS medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2008:101-7.
91. Deeks SG, Gange SJ, Kitahata MM, et al. Trends in multidrug treatment failure and subsequent mortality among antiretroviral therapy-experienced patients with HIV infection in North America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Nov 15;49(10):1582-90.Full text Abstract
92. Aves T, Tambe J, Siemieniuk RA, et al. Antiretroviral resistance testing in HIV-positive people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 9;(11):CD006495.Full text Abstract
93. Julian T, Rekatsina M, Shafique F, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-related peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Apr;28(4):1420-31. Abstract
94. Ochodo EA, Olwanda EE, Deeks JJ, et al. Point‐of‐care viral load tests to detect high HIV viral load in people living with HIV/AIDS attending health facilities. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Mar 10;3(3):CD013208.Full text Abstract
95. World Health Organization. WHO manual for HIV drug resistance testing using dried blood spot specimens. Oct 2020 [internet publication].Full text
96. Marchionatti A, Parisi MM. Anemia and thrombocytopenia in people living with HIV/AIDS: a narrative literature review. Int Health. 2021 Feb 24;13(2):98-109.Full text Abstract
97. Branson BM, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA, et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006 Sep 22;55(RR-14):1-17;quiz CE1-4.Full text Abstract
98. DiNenno EA, Prejean J, Irwin K, et al. Recommendations for HIV screening of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Aug 11;66(31):830-2.Full text Abstract
99. Pitasi MA, Oraka E, Clark H, et al. HIV testing among transgender women and men - 27 states and Guam, 2014-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Aug 25;66(33):883-7.Full text Abstract
100. Pitasi MA, Delaney KP, Oraka E, et al. Interval since last HIV test for men and women with recent risk for HIV infection - United States, 2006-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Jun 22;67(24):677-81.Full text Abstract
101. US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens DK, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for HIV infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2019 Jun 18;321(23):2326-36.Full text Abstract
102. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book: health information for international travel - human immunodeficiency virus/HIV. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text
103. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021: HIV infection - detection, counseling, and referral. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text
104. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018 quick reference guide: recommended laboratory HIV testing algorithm for serum or plasma specimens. Jan 2018 [internet publication].Full text
105. The Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group. Efficacy of voluntary HIV-1 counselling and testing in individuals and couples in Kenya, Tanzania and Trinidad: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2000 Jul 8;356(9224):103-12. Abstract
106. Smith R, Villanueva G, Probyn K, et al. Accuracy of measures for antiretroviral adherence in people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jul 25;7(7):CD013080.Full text Abstract
107. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text
108. Grobler L, Siegfried N, Visser ME, et al. Nutritional interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in people with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;(2):CD004536.Full text Abstract
109. Olsen MF, Abdissa A, Kaestel P, et al. Effects of nutritional supplementation for HIV patients starting antiretroviral treatment: randomised controlled trial in Ethiopia. BMJ. 2014 May 15;348:g3187.Full text Abstract
110. Visser ME, Durao S, Sinclair D, et al. Micronutrient supplementation in adults with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 18;(5):CD003650.Full text Abstract
111. Teixeira NDSCCA, Pereira BM, Oliveira IKF, et al. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on HIV-infected adults: a systematic review. Nutr Hosp. 2019 Oct 17;36(5):1205-12.Full text Abstract
112. Muzembo BA, Ngatu NR, Januka K, et al. Selenium supplementation in HIV-infected individuals: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2019 Dec;34:1-7.Full text Abstract
113. Morvaridzadeh M, Sepidarkish M, Yavari M, et al. The effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory factors in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Cytokine. 2020 Dec;136:155298.Full text Abstract
114. US Department of Health and Human Services. HIV and immunizations. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Full text
115. Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, et al. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 27;373(9):795-807.Full text Abstract
116. Mateo-Urdiales A, Johnson S, Smith R, et al. Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jun 17;(6):CD012962.Full text Abstract
117. Feng Q, Zhou A, Zou H, et al. Quadruple versus triple combination antiretroviral therapies for treatment naive people with HIV: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2019 Jul 8;366:l4179.Full text Abstract
118. National Institute for Health Research. NIHR Signal: four-drug treatment for HIV offers no benefit over standard three-drug treatment. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Full text
119. Cahn P, Madero JS, Arribas J, et al. Non-inferior efficacy of dolutegravir (DTG) plus lamivudine (3TC) versus DTG plus tenofovir/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) fixed-dose combination in antiretroviral treatment-naive adults with HIV-1 infection - 48-week results from the GEMINI studies. Paper presented at: 22nd International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2018). 2018. Amsterdam, Netherlands.Full text
120. Cento V, Perno CF. Two-drug regimens with dolutegravir plus rilpivirine or lamivudine in HIV-1 treatment-naïve, virologically-suppressed patients: latest evidence from the literature on their efficacy and safety. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020 Mar;20:228-37.Full text Abstract
121. World Health Organization. Updated recommendations on first-line and second-line antiretroviral regimens and post-exposure prophylaxis and recommendations on early infant diagnosis of HIV. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text
122. Wang H, Lu X, Yang X, et al. The efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in antiretroviral regimens for HIV-1 therapy: meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Oct;95(41):e5146.Full text Abstract
123. Tao X, Lu Y, Zhou Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of the regimens containing tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in fixed-dose single-tablet regimens for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Apr;93:108-17.Full text Abstract
124. World Health Organization. Guidelines on the public health response to pretreatment HIV drug resistance. Jul 2017 [internet publication].Full text
125. Lederman MM, Calabrese L, Funderburg NT, et al. Immunologic failure despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy is related to activation and turnover of memory CD4 cells. J Infect Dis. 2011 Oct 15;204(8):1217-26.Full text Abstract
126. El Bouzidi K, Jose S, Phillips AN, et al. First-line HIV treatment outcomes following the introduction of integrase inhibitors in UK guidelines. AIDS. 2020 Oct 1;34(12):1823-31.Full text Abstract
127. Lindegren ML, Kennedy CE, Bain-Brickley D, et al. Integration of HIV/AIDS services with maternal, neonatal and child health, nutrition, and family planning services. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD010119.Full text Abstract
128. Islam FM, Wu J, Jansson J, et al. Relative risk of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV Med. 2012 Sep;13(8):453-68. Abstract
129. Segarra-Newnham M. Osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency in HIV-positive patients. J Pharm Technol. 2011;27:251-7.
130. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cabotegravir with rilpivirine for treating HIV-1. Jan 2022 [internet publication].Full text
131. Rizzardini G, Overton ET, Orkin C, et al. Long-acting injectable cabotegravir + rilpivirine for HIV maintenance therapy: week 48 pooled analysis of phase 3 ATLAS and FLAIR trials. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020 Dec 1;85(4):498-506.Full text Abstract
132. Chahine EB, Durham SH. Ibalizumab: the first monoclonal antibody for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Ann Pharmacother. 2021 Feb;55(2):230-9. Abstract
133. Emu B, Fessel J, Schrader S, et al. Phase 3 study of ibalizumab for multidrug-resistant HIV-1. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 16;379(7):645-54.Full text Abstract
134. Gilead Sciences. Study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lenacapavir in combination with an optimized background regimen in heavily treatment experienced participants living with HIV-1 infection with multidrug resistance (CAPELLA). Feb 2021 [internet publication].Full text
135. Gupta SK, Berhe M, Crofoot G, et al. Lenacapavir administered every 26 weeks or daily in combination with oral daily antiretroviral therapy for initial treatment of HIV: a randomised, open-label, active-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet HIV. 2023 Jan;10(1):e15-23. Abstract
136. Ogbuagu O, Segal-Maurer S, Ratanasuwan W, et al. Efficacy and safety of the novel capsid inhibitor lenacapavir to treat multidrug-resistant HIV: week 52 results of a phase 2/3 trial. Lancet HIV. 2023 Aug;10(8):e497-e505. Abstract
137. Lataillade M, Lalezari JP, Kozal M, et al. Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug fostemsavir in heavily treatment-experienced individuals: week 96 results of the phase 3 BRIGHTE study. Lancet HIV. 2020 Nov;7(11):e740-51.Full text Abstract
138. Li L, Tian JH, Yang K, et al. Humanized PA14 (a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) for treatment of people with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 26;(7):CD008439.Full text Abstract
139. Lalezari JP, Latiff GH, Brinson C, et al. Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug BMS-663068 in treatment-experienced individuals: 24 week results of AI438011, a phase 2b, randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2015 Oct;2(10):e427-37. Abstract
140. Murgatroyd C, Pirrie L, Tran F, et al. Structure-activity relationships of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 maturation inhibitor PF-46396. J Virol. 2016 Aug 26;90(18):8181-97.Full text Abstract
141. US National Library of Medicine. Study to evaluate the safety of a gene and cell therapy product in participants with HIV that is well-controlled on antiretroviral therapy. Sep 2020 [internet publication].Full text
142. Perera Molligoda Arachchige AS. NK cell-based therapies for HIV infection: investigating current advances and future possibilities. J Leukoc Biol. 2022 Apr;111(4):921-31. Abstract
143. Gandhi RT, Bedimo R, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2022 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2023 Jan 3;329(1):63-84.Full text Abstract
144. Thompson MA, Horberg MA, Agwu AL, et al. Primary care guidance for persons with human immunodeficiency virus: 2020 update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Dec 6;73(11):e3572-605.Full text Abstract
145. Feinstein MJ, Hsue PY, Benjamin LA, et al. Characteristics, prevention, and management of cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019 Jul 9;140(2):e98.Full text Abstract
146. US Department of Health and Human Services. Guidance for non-HIV-specialized providers caring for persons with HIV who have been displaced by disasters (such as hurricane). Sep 2018 [internet publication].Full text
147. Bruce RD, Merlin J, Lum PJ, et al. 2017 HIVMA of IDSA clinical practice guideline for the management of chronic pain in patients living with HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Oct 30;65(10):e1-37.Full text Abstract
148. Tan DHS, Hull MW, Yoong D, et al; Biomedical HIV Prevention Working Group of the CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network. Canadian guideline on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis. CMAJ. 2017 Nov 27;189(47):E1448-58.Full text Abstract
149. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for HIV prevention with adults and adolescents with HIV in the United States, 2014. Dec 2014 (amended Dec 2016) [internet publication].Full text
150. World Health Organization. Guidelines for long-acting injectable cabotegravir for HIV prevention. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text
151. World Health Organization. Updated recommendations on service delivery for the treatment and care of people living with HIV. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Full text
152. World Health Organization. Update of recommendations on first- and second-line antiretroviral regimens. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
153. World Health Organization. Integrating collaborative TB and HIV services within a comprehensive package of care for people who inject drugs. 2016 [internet publication].Full text
154. Nel J, Dlamini S, Meintjes G, et al. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guidelines for antiretroviral therapy in adults: 2020 update. South Afr J HIV Med. 2020;21(1):1115.Full text Abstract
155. European AIDS Clinical Society. European AIDS Clinical Society guidelines: version 11.1. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text
156. Trickey A, Sabin CA, Burkholder G, et al. Life expectancy after 2015 of adults with HIV on long-term antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies. Lancet HIV. 2023 Mar 20;S2352-3018(23)00028-0.Full text Abstract
157. Corbett EL, Watt CJ, Walker N, et al. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med. 2003 May 12;163(9):1009-21.Full text Abstract
158. O'Connor J, Smith C, Lampe FC, et al. Durability of viral suppression with first-line antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV in the UK: an observational cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2017 Jul;4(7):e295-302.Full text Abstract
159. Nance RM, Delaney JAC, Simoni JM, et al. HIV viral suppression trends over time among HIV-infected patients receiving care in the United States, 1997 to 2015: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(6):376-84.Full text Abstract
160. Trickey A, McGinnis K, Gill MJ, et al. Longitudinal trends in causes of death among adults with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America from 1996 to 2020: a collaboration of cohort studies. Lancet HIV. 2024 Mar;11(3):e176-85.Full text Abstract
161. Bosh KA, Johnson AS, Hernandez AL, et al. Vital signs: deaths among persons with diagnosed HIV infection, United States, 2010-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Nov 20;69(46):1717-24.Full text Abstract
162. Teeraananchai S, Kerr SJ, Amin J, et al. Life expectancy of HIV-positive people after starting combination antiretroviral therapy: a meta-analysis. HIV Med. 2017 Apr;18(4):256-66. Abstract
163. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies. Lancet HIV. 2017 Aug;4(8):e349-56.Full text Abstract
164. Engels EA, Yanik EL, Wheeler W, et al. Cancer-attributable mortality among people with treated human immunodeficiency virus infection in North America. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Aug 15;65(4):636-43.Full text
165. Ghislain MR, Mushebenge GA, Magula N. Cause of hospitalization and death in the antiretroviral era in Sub-Saharan Africa published 2008-2018: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Oct 29;100(43):e27342.Full text Abstract
166. Gupta RK, Peppa D, Hill AL, et al. Evidence for HIV-1 cure after CCR5Δ32/Δ32 allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation 30 months post analytical treatment interruption: a case report. Lancet HIV. 2020 May;7(5):e340-7.Full text Abstract
167. World Health Organization. First case of HIV cure in a woman after stem cell transplantation reported at CROI-2022. 2022 Mar 24 [internet publication].Full text
168. Mandalia S, Westrop SJ, Beck EJ, et al. Are long-term non-progressors very slow progressors? Insights from the Chelsea and Westminster HIV Cohort, 1988-2010. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e29844.Full text Abstract
169. Lawn SD, Wilkinson RJ, Lipman MC, et al. Immune reconstitution and "unmasking" of tuberculosis during antiretroviral therapy. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2008 Apr 1;177(7):680-5. Abstract
170. Shah ASV, Stelzle D, Lee KK, et al. Global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV. Circulation. 2018;138(11):1100-12.Full text Abstract
171. Losina E, Hyle EP, Borre ED, et al. Projecting 10-yr, 20-yr and lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease in persons living with HIV in the US. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Oct 15;65(8):1266-71. Abstract
172. Beckman JA, Duncan MS, Alcorn CW, et al. Association of human immunodeficiency virus infection and risk of peripheral artery disease. Circulation. 2018 Jul 17;138(3):255-65.Full text Abstract
173. Ryom L, Lundgren JD, El-Sadr W, et al. Cardiovascular disease and use of contemporary protease inhibitors: the D:A:D international prospective multicohort study. Lancet HIV. 2018 Jun;5(6):e291-300. Abstract
174. Neesgaard B, Greenberg L, Miró JM, et al. Associations between integrase strand-transfer inhibitors and cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV: a multicentre prospective study from the RESPOND cohort consortium. Lancet HIV. 2022 Jul;9(7):e474-85. Abstract
175. Osibogun O, Ogunmoroti O, Michos ED, et al. HIV/HCV coinfection and the risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2017 Nov;24(11):998-1004. Abstract
176. Rao SG, Galaviz KI, Gay HC, et al. Factors associated with excess myocardial infarction risk in HIV-Infected adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019 Jun 1;81(2):224-30.Full text Abstract
177. Howard JFB, Rokx C, Smit C, et al. Incidence of a first venous thrombotic event in people with HIV in the Netherlands: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2019 Mar;6(3):e173-81. Abstract
178. Abraham AG, Althoff KN, Jing Y, et al. End-stage renal disease among HIV-infected adults in North America. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Mar 15;60(6):941-9.Full text Abstract
179. Adnani H, Agrawal N, Khatri A, et al. Impact of antiretroviral therapy on kidney fisease in HIV infected individuals - a qualitative systematic review. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2022 Jan-Dec;21:23259582221089194.Full text Abstract
180. Hileman CO, Eckard AR, McComsey GA. Bone loss in HIV: a contemporary review. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015 Dec;22(6):446-51. Abstract
181. Goh SSL, Lai PSM, Tan ATB, et al. Reduced bone mineral density in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals: a meta-analysis of its prevalence and risk factors. Osteoporos Int. 2018 Mar;29(3):595-613.Full text Abstract
182. Pramukti I, Lindayani L, Chen YC, et al. Bone fracture among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-regression of prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. PLoS One. 2020;15(6):e0233501.Full text Abstract
183. Chang CJ, Chan YL, Pramukti I, et al. People with HIV infection had lower bone mineral density and increased fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Arch Osteoporos. 2021 Feb 27;16(1):47. Abstract
184. Crum-Cianflone N, Hullsiek KH, Marconi V, et al. Trends in the incidence of cancers among HIV-infected persons and the impact of antiretroviral therapy: a 20-year cohort study. AIDS. 2009 Jan 2;23(1):41-50.Full text Abstract
185. Yanik EL, Napravnik S, Cole SR, et al. Incidence and timing of cancer in HIV-infected individuals following initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Sep;57(5):756-64.Full text Abstract
186. Silverberg MJ, Chao C, Leyden WA, et al. HIV infection, immunodeficiency, viral replication, and the risk of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011 Dec;20(12):2551-9.Full text Abstract
187. Silverberg MJ, Lau B, Achenbach CJ, et al. Cumulative incidence of cancer among persons with HIV in North America: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Oct 6;163(7):507-18.Full text Abstract
188. Morlat P, Roussillon C, Henard S, et al. Causes of death among HIV-infected patients in France in 2010 (national survey): trends since 2000. AIDS. 2014 May 15;28(8):1181-91. Abstract
189. Hessol NA, Whittemore H, Vittinghoff E, et al. Incidence of first and second primary cancers diagnosed among people with HIV, 1985-2013: a population-based, registry linkage study. Lancet HIV. 2018 Nov;5(11):e647-55. Abstract
190. Park LS, Tate JP, Sigel K, et al. Association of viral suppression with lower AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining cancer incidence in HIV-infected veterans: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Jul 17;169(2):87-96. Abstract
191. Klein MB, Althoff KN, Jing Y, et al. Risk of end-stage liver disease in HIV-viral hepatitis coinfected persons in North America from the early to modern antiretroviral therapy eras. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Nov 1;63(9):1160-7.Full text Abstract
192. Chan P, Brew BJ. HIV associated neurocognitive disorders in the modern antiviral treatment era: prevalence, characteristics, biomarkers, and effects of treatment. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2014 Sep;11(3):317-24. Abstract
193. Wang Y, Liu M, Lu Q, et al. Global prevalence and burden of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 2020 Nov 10;95(19):e2610-21. Abstract
194. Eshun-Wilson I, Siegfried N, Akena DH, et al. Antidepressants for depression in adults with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 22;(1):CD008525.Full text Abstract
195. Monroe AK, Glesby MJ, Brown TT, et al. Diagnosing and managing diabetes in HIV-infected patients: current concepts. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Feb 1;60(3):453-62.Full text Abstract
196. Nansseu JR, Bigna JJ, Kaze AD, et al. Incidence and risk factors for prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology. 2018 May;29(3):431-41.Full text Abstract
197. Nduka CU, Stranges S, Kimani PK, et al. Is there sufficient evidence for a causal association between antiretroviral therapy and diabetes in HIV-infected patients? A meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2017 Sep;33(6). Abstract
198. Bhatia R, Murphy AB, Raper JL, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy among HIV-infected men in the CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems. AIDS. 2015 Jan 2;29(1):77-81.Full text Abstract
199. Crothers K, Morris A. HIV infection and lung function decline: challenges, clinical implications, and new questions. AIDS. 2013 May 15;27(8):1345-7. Abstract
200. Ensink RJH, Kuper H. Is hearing impairment associated with HIV? A systematic review of data from low- and middle-income countries. Trop Med Int Health. 2017 Dec;22(12):1493-504. Abstract
201. Chokuda E, Reynolds C, Das S. Association of low vitamin D with complications of HIV and AIDS: a literature review. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(2):122-42. Abstract
202. Brooks JT, Kawwass JF, Smith DK, et al. Effects of antiretroviral therapy to prevent HIV transmission to women in couples attempting conception when the man has HIV infection - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Aug 18;66(32):859-60.Full text Abstract
203. Kawwass JF, Smith DK, Kissin DM, et al. Strategies for preventing HIV infection among HIV-uninfected women attempting conception with HIV-infected men - United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Jun 2;66(21):554-7.Full text Abstract
204. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. HIV testing: increasing uptake among people who may have undiagnosed HIV. Dec 2016 [internet publication].Full text
205. Fowler MG, Newell ML. Breast-feeding and HIV-1 transmission in resource-limited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Jun 1;30(2):230-9. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer