Acute pyelonephritis

Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, et al. Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 4;142(1):20-7. Abstract

Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:e103-120.Full text  Abstract

European Association of Urology. Guidelines on urological infections. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Glaser AP, Schaeffer AJ. Urinary tract infection and bacteriuria in pregnancy. Urol Clin North Am. 2015 Nov;42(4):547-60.Full text  Abstract

1. Bergeron MG. Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults. Med Clin North Am. 1995 May;79(3):619-49. Abstract

2. Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC. Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Mar 1;71(5):933-42. Abstract

3. Hooton TM, Stamm WE. Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1997 Sep;11(3):551-81. Abstract

4. Foxman B, Klemstine KL, Brown PD. Acute pyelonephritis in US hospitals in 1997: hospitalization and in-hospital mortality. Ann Epidemiol. 2003 Feb;13(2):144-50. Abstract

5. Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE. Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 1;45(3):273-80. Abstract

6. Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, et al. Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 4;142(1):20-7. Abstract

7. Ki M, Park T, Choi B, et al. The epidemiology of acute pyelonephritis in South Korea, 1997-1999. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Nov 15;160(10):985-93.Full text  Abstract

8. Neumann I, Moore P. Pyelonephritis (acute) in non-pregnant women. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Nov 4;2014.pii: 0807.Full text  Abstract

9. Geerlings SE. Clinical presentations and epidemiology of urinary tract infections. Microbiol Spectr. 2016 Oct;4(5). Abstract

10. Urinary tract infections in pregnant individuals. Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Aug 1;142(2):435-45.Full text  Abstract

11. Valera B, Gentil MA, Cabello V, et al. Epidemiology of urinary infections in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2006 Oct;38(8):2414-5. Abstract

12. Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska J, Małyszko J, Wieliczko M. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy: old and new unresolved diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Arch Med Sci. 2015 Mar 16;11(1):67-77.Full text  Abstract

13. Manges AR, Johnson JR, Foxman B, et al. Widespread distribution of urinary tract infections caused by a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli clonal group. N Engl J Med. 2001 Oct 4;345(14):1007-13. Abstract

14. Johnson JR, Manges AR, O'Bryan TT, et al. A disseminated multidrug-resistant clonal group of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in pyelonephritis. Lancet. 2002 Jun 29;359(9325):2249-51. Abstract

15. Ramchandani M, Manges AR, DebRoy C, et al. Possible animal origin of human-associated, multidrug-resistant, uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 15;40(2):251-7. Abstract

16. Nicolle LE, AMMI Canada Guidelines Committee. Complicated urinary tract infection in adults. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2005 Nov;16(6):349-60.Full text  Abstract

17. Matthews SJ, Lancaster JW. Urinary tract infections in the elderly population. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2011 Oct;9(5):286-309. Abstract

18. Lane MC, Mobley HL. Role of P-fimbrial-mediated adherence in pyelonephritis and persistence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in the mammalian kidney. Kidney Int. 2007 Jul;72(1):19-25. Abstract

19. Johnson JR. Microbial virulence determinants and the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2003 Jun;17(2):261-78. Abstract

20. Guyer DM, Kao JS, Mobley HL. Genomic analysis of a pathogenicity island in uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073: distribution of homologous sequences among isolates from patients with pyelonephritis, cystitis, and catheter-associated bacteriuria and from fecal samples. Infect Immun. 1998 Sep;66(9):4411-7.Full text  Abstract

21. Hacker J, Blum-Oehler G, Hochhut B, et al. The molecular basis of infectious diseases: pathogenicity islands and other mobile genetic elements: a review. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2003;50(4):321-30. Abstract

22. Boyko EJ, Fihn SD, Scholes D, et al. Diabetes and the risk of acute urinary tract infections among postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care. 2002 Oct;25(10):1778-83.Full text  Abstract

23. Brown JS, Vittinghoff E, Kanaya AM, et al. Urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women: effect of hormone therapy and risk factors. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Dec;98(6):1045-52. Abstract

24. Pabich WL, Fihn SD, Stamm WE, et al. Prevalence and determinants of vaginal flora alterations in postmenopausal women. J Infect Dis. 2003 Oct 1;188(7):1054-8. Abstract

25. Geerlings SE, Meiland R, van Lith EC, et al. Adherence of type 1-fimbriated Escherichia coli to uroepithelial cells; more in diabetic women than in control subjects. Diabetes Care. 2002 Aug;25(8):1405-9.Full text  Abstract

26. Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Stamm WE. Effects of recent sexual activity and use of a diaphragm on the vaginal microflora. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Aug;19(2):274-8. Abstract

27. Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, et al. Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in young women. J Infect Dis. 2000 Oct;182(4):1177-82.Full text  Abstract

28. Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Hooton TM, et al. Inverse association of H2O2-producing lactobacilli and vaginal Escherichia coli colonization in women with recurrent urinary tract infections. J Infect Dis. 1998 Aug;178(2):446-50. Abstract

29. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. September 2017 [internet publication].Full text

30. Fairley KF, Carson NE, Gutch RC, et al. Site of infection in acute urinary-tract infection in general practice. Lancet. 1971 Sep 18;2(7725):615-8. Abstract

31. Pinson AG, Philbrick JT, Lindbeck GH, et al. Fever in the clinical diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis. Am J Emerg Med. 1997 Mar;15(2):148-51. Abstract

32. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:e103-120.Full text  Abstract

33. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on urological infections. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

34. American Urological Association. Fifteen things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation​. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

35. Barocas DA, Boorjian SA, Alvarez RD, et al: Microhematuria: AUA/SUFU guideline. J Urol. 2020 Oct;204(4):778-86.Full text  Abstract

36. Garin EH, Olavarria F, Araya C, et al. Diagnostic significance of clinical and laboratory findings to localize site of urinary infection. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Jul;22(7):1002-6. Abstract

37. Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 5:ciae104.Full text  Abstract

38. Masajtis-Zagajewska A, Kurnatowska I, Wajdlich M, et al. Utility of copeptin and standard inflammatory markers in the diagnostics of upper and lower urinary tract infections. BMC Urol. 2015 Jul 8;15:67.Full text  Abstract

39. Xu RY, Liu HW, Liu JL, et al. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in urinary tract infection diagnosis. BMC Urol. 2014 May 30;14:45.Full text  Abstract

40. Simon L, Gauvin F, Amre DK, et al. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jul 15;39(2):206-17. Abstract

41. American Society for Clinical Pathology. Thirty five things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

42. Azab S, Zakaria M, Raafat M, et al. The combination of urinary IL-6 and renal biometry as useful diagnostic tools to differentiate acute pyelonephritis from lower urinary tract infection. Int Braz J Urol. 2016 Jul-Aug;42(4):810-6.Full text  Abstract

43. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®. Acute pyelonephritis. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

44. Stunell H, Buckley O, Feeney J, et al. Imaging of acute pyelonephritis in the adult. Eur Radiol. 2007 Jul;17(7):1820-8. Abstract

45. Garcia-Ferrer L, Primo J, Juan Escudero JU, et al. The use of renal ultrasound for adult acute pyelonephritis. Arch Esp Urol. 2007 Jun;60(5):519-24. Abstract

46. Smaill FM, Vazquez JC. Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 25;2019(11):.Full text  Abstract

47. US Preventive Services Task Force., Owens DK, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2019 Sep 24;322(12):1188-94.Full text  Abstract

48. Schneeberger C, Geerlings SE, Middleton P, et al. Interventions for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 26;(7):CD009279.Full text  Abstract

49. Farkash E, Weintraub AY, Sergienko R, et al. Acute antepartum pyelonephritis in pregnancy: a critical analysis of risk factors and outcomes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012 May;162(1):24-7. Abstract

50. Bosch-Nicolau P, Falcó V, Viñado B, et al. A Cohort Study of Risk Factors That Influence Empirical Treatment of Patients with Acute Pyelonephritis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Dec;61(12):.Full text  Abstract

51. Tamma PD, Aitken SL, Bonomo RA, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidance on the treatment of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing enterobacterales (ESBL-E), carbapenem-resistant enterobacterales (CRE), and pseudomonas aeruginosa with difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR-P. aeruginosa). Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 8;72(7):e169-e83.Full text  Abstract

52. Cattrall JWS, Robinson AV, Kirby A. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials for oral antibiotic treatment of acute pyelonephritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018 Dec;37(12):2285-2291.Full text  Abstract

53. Bergeron MG, Marois Y. Benefit from high intrarenal levels of gentamicin in the treatment of E. coli pyelonephritis. Kidney Int. 1986 Oct;30(4):481-7. Abstract

54. Rusu A, Munteanu AC, Arbănași EM, et al. Overview of side-effects of antibacterial fluoroquinolones: new drugs versus old drugs, a step forward in the safety profile? Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 1;15(3).Full text  Abstract

55. Piccoli GB, Consiglio V, Colla L, et al. Antibiotic treatment for acute 'uncomplicated' or 'primary' pyelonephritis: a systematic, 'semantic revision'. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006 Aug;28(suppl 1):S49-63. Abstract

56. Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: Best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr 6;:.Full text  Abstract

57. Eliakim-Raz N, Yahav D, Paul M, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment for acute pyelonephritis and septic urinary tract infection - 7 days or less versus longer treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013 Oct;68(10):2183-91. Abstract

58. Sandberg T, Skoog G, Hermansson AB, et al. Ciprofloxacin for 7 days versus 14 days in women with acute pyelonephritis: a randomised, open-label and double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2012 Aug 4;380(9840):484-90. Abstract

59. Glaser AP, Schaeffer AJ. Urinary tract infection and bacteriuria in pregnancy. Urol Clin North Am. 2015 Nov;42(4):547-60.Full text  Abstract

60. Widmer M, Gülmezoglu AM, Mignini L, et al. Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 11;(11):CD000491.Full text  Abstract

61. Vouloumanou EK, Rafailidis PI, Kazantzi MS, et al. Early switch to oral versus intravenous antimicrobial treatment for hospitalized patients with acute pyelonephritis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Cur Med Res Opin. 2008 Dec;24(12):3423-34. Abstract

62. Safrin S, Siegel D, Black D. Pyelonephritis in adult women: inpatient versus outpatient therapy. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):793-8. Abstract

63. Pinson AG, Philbrick JT, Lindbeck GH, et al. ED management of acute pyelonephritis in women: a cohort study. Am J Emerg Med. 1994 May;12(3):271-8. Abstract

64. Rudrabhatla P, Deepanjali S, Mandal J, et al. Stopping the effective non-fluoroquinolone antibiotics at day 7 vs continuing until day 14 in adults with acute pyelonephritis requiring hospitalization: A randomized non-inferiority trial. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197302.Full text  Abstract

65. Hanretty AM, Gallagher JC. Shortened Courses of Antibiotics for Bacterial Infections: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pharmacotherapy. 2018 Jun;38(6):674-687.Full text  Abstract

66. Vazquez JC, Abalos E. Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD002256.Full text  Abstract

67. Popović J, Grujić Z, Sabo A. Influence of pregnancy on ceftriaxone, cefazolin and gentamicin pharmacokinetics in caesarean vs. non-pregnant sectioned women. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2007 Dec;32(6):595-602. Abstract

68. Nahum GG, Uhl K, Kennedy DL. Antibiotic use in pregnancy and lactation: what is and is not known about teratogenic and toxic risks. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 May;107(5):1120-38. Abstract

69. Gupta R, Verma I, Sharma S, et al. Prevention of tissue injury in an ascending mouse model of chronic pyelonephritis--role of free radical scavengers. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 Jul;27(4):225-34. Abstract

70. Kucuk HF, Bigul SM, Kurt N, et al. Effect of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on renal scarring. Eur Surg Res. 2006;38(5):451-7. Abstract

71. O'Brien VP, Hannan TJ, Nielsen HV, et al. Drug and vaccine development for the treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections. Microbiol Spectr. 2016 Feb;4(1).Full text  Abstract

72. Kumar V, Ganguly N, Joshi K, et al. Protective efficacy and immunogenicity of escheria coli K13 diphtheria toxoid conjugate against experimental ascending pyelonephritis. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2005 Aug;194(4):211-7. Abstract

73. Castanheira M, Huband MD, Mendes RE, et al. Meropenem-vaborbactam tested against contemporary Gram-negative isolates collected worldwide during 2014, including carbapenem-resistant, KPC-producing, multidrug-resistant, and extensively drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Aug 24;61(9):e00567-17. Abstract

74. Kaye KS, Bhowmick T, Metallidis S, et al. Effect of meropenem-vaborbactam vs piperacillin-tazobactam on clinical cure or improvement and microbial eradication in complicated urinary tract infection: the TANGO I randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Feb 27;319(8):788-99.Full text  Abstract

75. Cox G, Ejim L, Stogios PJ, et al. Plazomicin retains antibiotic activity against most aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. ACS Infect Dis. 2018 Jun 8;4(6):980-7. Abstract

76. Wagenlehner FME, Cloutier DJ, Komirenko AS, et al. Once-Daily Plazomicin for Complicated Urinary Tract Infections. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 21;380(8):729-740.Full text  Abstract

77. Portsmouth S, van Veenhuyzen D, Echols R, et al. Cefiderocol versus imipenem-cilastatin for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections caused by Gram-negative uropathogens: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Dec;18(12):1319-1328.Full text  Abstract

78. Sims M, Mariyanovski V, McLeroth P, et al. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, Phase 2 dose-ranging study comparing efficacy and safety of imipenem/cilastatin plus relebactam with imipenem/cilastatin alone in patients with complicated urinary tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Sep 1;72(9):2616-2626.Full text  Abstract

79. Tamma PD, Aitken SL, Bonomo RA, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023 Guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial resistant gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Jul 18.Full text  Abstract

80. Wagenlehner FM, Lichtenstern C, Rolfes C, et al. Diagnosis and management for urosepsis. Int J Urol. 2013 Oct;20(10):963-70.Full text  Abstract

81. Bonkat G, Cai T, Veeratterapillay R, et al. Management of Urosepsis in 2018. Eur Urol Focus. 2019 Jan;5(1):5-9.Full text  Abstract

82. Wagenlehner FM, Vahlensieck W, Bauer HW, et al. Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections. Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2013 Mar;65(1):9-20. Abstract