References
Key articles
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG clinical practice guideline no. 4: screening and diagnosis of mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. Feb 2020 [internet publication].Full text
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG clinical practice guideline no. 5: treatment and management of mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text
Dennis CL, Dowswell T. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;(2):CD001134.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text rev (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.
2. Forty L, Jones L, Macgregor S, et al. Familiality of postpartum depression in unipolar disorder: results of a family study. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;163(9):1549-53.Full text Abstract
3. Austin MP; Marcé Society Position Statement Advisory Committee. Marcé International Society position statement on psychosocial assessment and depression screening in perinatal women. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014 Jan;28(1):179-87. Abstract
4. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG clinical practice guideline no. 4: screening and diagnosis of mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text
5. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. Feb 2020 [internet publication].Full text
6. Wisner KL, Sit DK, McShea MC, et al. Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 May;70(5):490-8. Abstract
7. Biaggi A, Conroy S, Pawlby S, et al. Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2016 Feb;191:62-77.Full text Abstract
8. Rezaie-Keikhaie K, Arbabshastan ME, Rafiemanesh H, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of the maternity blues in the postpartum period. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2020 Mar;49(2):127-36. Abstract
9. Heron J, Haque S, Oyebode F, et al. A longitudinal study of hypomania and depression symptoms in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Bipolar Disord. 2009 Jun;11(4):410-7. Abstract
10. Heron J, Craddock N, Jones I. Postnatal euphoria: are 'the highs' an indicator of bipolarity? Bipolar Disord. 2005 Apr;7(2):103-10. Abstract
11. Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, et al. Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period. Lancet. 2014 Nov 15;384(9956):1775-88. Abstract
12. Jones I, Craddock N. Bipolar disorder and childbirth: the importance of recognising risk. Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;186:453-4.Full text Abstract
13. Bergink V, Rasgon N, Wisner KL. Postpartum psychosis: madness, mania, and melancholia in motherhood. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Dec 1;173(12):1179-88.Full text Abstract
14. Di Florio A, Forty L, Gordon-Smith K, et al. Perinatal episodes across the mood disorder spectrum. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Feb;70(2):168-75. Abstract
15. Sharma V, Burt VK, Ritchie HL. Bipolar II postpartum depression: detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;166(11):1217-21.Full text Abstract
16. Wang Z, Liu J, Shuai H, et al. Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Oct 20;11(1):543.Full text Abstract
17. Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, et al. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Nov;106(5 pt 1):1071-83. Abstract
18. Shorey S, Chee CYI, Ng ED, et al. Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2018 Sep;104:235-48. Abstract
19. Roddy Mitchell A, Gordon H, Lindquist A, et al. Prevalence of perinatal depression in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023 May 1;80(5):425-31.Full text Abstract
20. Sawyer A, Ayers S, Smith H. Pre- and postnatal psychological wellbeing in Africa: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2010 Jun;123(1-3):17-29. Abstract
21. Halbreich U, Karkun S. Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2006 Apr;91(2-3):97-111. Abstract
22. Di Florio A, Putnam K, Altemus M, et al. The impact of education, country, race and ethnicity on the self-report of postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Psychol Med. 2017 Apr;47(5):787-99.Full text Abstract
23. Halbreich U. Postpartum disorders: multiple interacting underlying mechanisms and risk factors. J Affect Disord. 2005 Sep;88(1):1-7. Abstract
24. Figueira P, Fernandes Malloy-Diniz L, Aurélio Romano-Silva M, et al. Postpartum depression and comorbid disorders: frequency and relevance to clinical management. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2009 Dec;12(6):451. Abstract
25. Le Strat Y, Dubertret C, Le Foll B. Prevalence and correlates of major depressive episode in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. J Affect Disord. 2011 Dec;135(1-3):128-38. Abstract
26. Falah-Hassani K, Shiri R, Dennis CL. The prevalence of antenatal and postnatal co-morbid anxiety and depression: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2017 Sep;47(12):2041-53. Abstract
27. Khalifeh H, Hunt IM, Appleby L, et al. Suicide in perinatal and non-perinatal women in contact with psychiatric services: 15 year findings from a UK national inquiry. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Mar;3(3):233-42. Abstract
28. Knight M. MBRRACE-UK perinatal mortality surveillance report UK perinatal deaths for births from January to December 2020. 2021 [internet publication].
29. Johannsen BM, Larsen JT, Laursen TM, et al. All-cause mortality in women with severe postpartum psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Jun 1;173(6):635-42.Full text Abstract
30. Lindahl V, Pearson JL, Colpe L. Prevalence of suicidality during pregnancy and the postpartum. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2005 Jun;8(2):77-87. Abstract
31. Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, et al. Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2015;11:99-137.Full text Abstract
32. Evans J, Heron J, Francomb H, et al. Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth. BMJ. 2001 Aug 4;323(7307):257-60. Abstract
33. Bloch M, Schmidt PJ, Danaceau M, et al. Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Jun;157(6):924-30.Full text Abstract
34. Putnam KT, Wilcox M, Robertson-Blackmore E, et al. Clinical phenotypes of perinatal depression and time of symptom onset: analysis of data from an international consortium. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Jun;4(6):477-85.Full text Abstract
35. Schiller CE, Meltzer-Brody S, Rubinow DR. The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression. CNS Spectr. 2015 Feb;20(1):48-59.Full text Abstract
36. Hendrick V, Altshuler LL, Suri R. Hormonal changes in the postpartum and implications for postpartum depression. Psychosomatics. 1998 Mar-Apr;39(2):93-101. Abstract
37. Beck CT. Predictors of postpartum depression: an update. Nurs Res. 2001 Sep-Oct;50(5):275-85. Abstract
38. Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, et al. Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004 Jul-Aug;26(4):289-95. Abstract
39. Boyce P, Hickey A. Psychosocial risk factors to major depression after childbirth. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2005 Aug;40(8):605-12. Abstract
40. Heron J, O'Connor TG, Evans J, et al; ALSPAC Study Team. The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. J Affect Disord. 2004 May;80(1):65-73. Abstract
41. Milgrom J, Gemmill AW, Bilszta JL, et al. Antenatal risk factors for postnatal depression: a large prospective study. J Affect Disord. 2008 May;108(1-2):147-57. Abstract
42. Johansen SL, Stenhaug BA, Robakis TK, et al. Past psychiatric conditions as risk factors for postpartum depression: a nationwide cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020 Jan 21;81(1).Full text Abstract
43. Viguera AC, Nonacs R, Cohen LS, et al. Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;157(2):179-84.Full text Abstract
44. Lane A, Keville R, Morris M, et al. Postnatal depression and elation among mothers and their partners: prevalence and predictors. Br J Psychiatry. 1997 Dec;171:550-5. Abstract
45. Glover V, Liddle P, Taylor A, et al. Mild hypomania (the highs) can be a feature of the first postpartum week: association with later depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1994 Apr;164(4):517-21. Abstract
46. Ding X, Liang M, Wang H, et al. Prenatal stressful life events increase the prevalence of postpartum depression: evidence from prospective cohort studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2023 Apr;160:263-71. Abstract
47. Surkan PJ, Peterson KE, Hughes MD, et al. The role of social networks and support in postpartum women's depression: a multiethnic urban sample. Matern Child Health J. 2006 Jul;10(4):375-83. Abstract
48. Logsdon MC, Birkimer JC, Usui WM. The link of social support and postpartum depressive symptoms in African-American women with low incomes. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2000 Sep-Oct;25(5):262-6. Abstract
49. Howell EA, Mora P, Leventhal H. Correlates of early postpartum depressive symptoms. Matern Child Health J. 2006 Mar;10(2):149-57. Abstract
50. Qobadi M, Collier C, Zhang L. The effect of stressful life events on postpartum depression: findings from the 2009-2011 Mississippi Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Matern Child Health J. 2016 Nov;20(suppl 1):164-72.Full text Abstract
51. Ludermir AB, Lewis G, Valongueiro SA, et al. Violence against women by their intimate partner during pregnancy and postnatal depression: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2010 Sep 11;376(9744):903-10. Abstract
52. Howard LM, Oram S, Galley H, et al. Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2013;10(5):e1001452.Full text Abstract
53. Bacchus LJ, Ranganathan M, Watts C, et al. Recent intimate partner violence against women and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ Open. 2018 Jul 28;8(7):e019995.Full text Abstract
54. Zhang S, Wang L, Yang T, et al. Maternal violence experiences and risk of postpartum depression: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur Psychiatry. 2019 Jan;55:90-101.Full text Abstract
55. Ankerstjerne LBS, Laizer SN, Andreasen K, et al. Landscaping the evidence of intimate partner violence and postpartum depression: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2022 May 18;12(5):e051426.Full text Abstract
56. Anderson FM, Hatch SL, Comacchio C, et al. Prevalence and risk of mental disorders in the perinatal period among migrant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2017 Jun;20(3):449-62.Full text Abstract
57. Jesse DE, Walcott-McQuigg J, Mariella A, et al. Risks and protective factors associated with symptoms of depression in low-income African American and Caucasian women during pregnancy. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2005 Sep-Oct;50(5):405-10. Abstract
58. Jones L, Scott J, Cooper C, et al. Cognitive style, personality and vulnerability to postnatal depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;196(3):200-5. Abstract
59. O'Hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risks of postpartum depression: a meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1996;8:37-54.
60. Treloar SA, Martin NG, Bucholz KK, et al. Genetic influences on post-natal depressive symptoms: findings from an Australian twin sample. Psychol Med. 1999 May;29(3):645-54. Abstract
61. Viktorin A, Meltzer-Brody S, Kuja-Halkola R, et al. Heritability of perinatal depression and genetic overlap with nonperinatal depression. Am J Psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Feb 1;173(2):158-65. Abstract
62. Bauer AE, Maegbaek ML, Liu X, et al. Familiality of psychiatric disorders and risk of postpartum psychiatric episodes: a population-based cohort study. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Aug 1;175(8):783-91. Abstract
63. Couto TC, Brancaglion MY, Alvim-Soares A, et al. Postpartum depression: a systematic review of the genetics involved. World J Psychiatry. 2015 Mar 22;5(1):103-11.Full text Abstract
64. Figueira P, Malloy-Diniz L, Campos SB, et al. An association study between the Val66Met polymorphism of the BDNF gene and postpartum depression. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010 Jun;13(3):285-9. Abstract
65. Guintivano J, Byrne EM, Kiewa J, et al. Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies for postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2023 Dec 1;180(12):884-95. Abstract
66. Mahon PB, Payne JL, MacKinnon DF, et al; NIMH Genetics Initiative Bipolar Disorder Consortium; BiGS Consortium. Genome-wide linkage and follow-up association study of postpartum mood symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;166(11):1229-37.Full text Abstract
67. Obeysekare JL, Cohen ZL, Coles ME, et al. Delayed sleep timing and circadian rhythms in pregnancy and transdiagnostic symptoms associated with postpartum depression. Transl Psychiatry. 2020 Jan 21;10(1):14.Full text Abstract
68. Emamian F, Khazaie H, Okun ML, et al. Link between insomnia and perinatal depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis. J Sleep Res. 2019 Dec;28(6):e12858. Abstract
69. Dennis CL, Ross L. Relationships among infant sleep patterns, maternal fatigue, and development of depressive symptomatology. Birth. 2005 Sep;32(3):187-93. Abstract
70. Stremler R, Hodnett E, Kenton L, et al. Effect of behavioural-educational intervention on sleep for primiparous women and their infants in early postpartum: multisite randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2013 Mar 20;346:f1164.Full text Abstract
71. Church NF, Brechman-Toussaint ML, Hine DW. Do dysfunctional cognitions mediate the relationship between risk factors and postnatal depression symptomatology? J Affect Disord. 2005 Jul;87(1):65-72. Abstract
72. Stewart DE, Vigod SN. Postpartum depression: pathophysiology, treatment, and emerging therapeutics. Annu Rev Med. 2019 Jan 27;70:183-96. Abstract
73. Krause D, Jobst A, Kirchberg F, et al. Prenatal immunologic predictors of postpartum depressive symptoms: a prospective study for potential diagnostic markers. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014 Oct;264(7):615-24. Abstract
74. Stewart DE, Vigod S. Postpartum depression. N Engl J Med. 2016 Dec 1;375(22):2177-86. Abstract
75. Corwin EJ, Pajer K. The psychoneuroimmunology of postpartum depression. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2008 Nov;17(9):1529-34. Abstract
76. Trinh NTH, Munk-Olsen T, Wray NR, et al. Timing of antidepressant discontinuation during pregnancy and postpartum psychiatric outcomes in Denmark and Norway. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023 May 1;80(5):441-50.Full text Abstract
77. Azami M, Badfar G, Soleymani A, et al. The association between gestational diabetes and postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Mar;149:147-55. Abstract
78. Caropreso L, de Azevedo Cardoso T, Eltayebani M, et al. Preeclampsia as a risk factor for postpartum depression and psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2020 Aug;23(4):493-505. Abstract
79. Carter FA, Frampton CM, Mulder RT. Cesarean section and postpartum depression: a review of the evidence examining the link. Psychosom Med. 2006 Mar-Apr;68(2):321-30. Abstract
80. US Preventive Services Task Force, Curry SJ, Krist AH, et al. Interventions to prevent perinatal depression: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2019 Feb 12;321(6):580-7.Full text Abstract
81. O'Connor E, Senger CA, Henninger ML, et al. Interventions to prevent perinatal depression: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2019 Feb 12;321(6):588-601.Full text Abstract
82. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG clinical practice guideline no. 5: treatment and management of mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text
83. Johnson JE, Wiltsey-Stirman S, Sikorskii A, et al. Protocol for the ROSE sustainment (ROSES) study, a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial to determine the minimum necessary intervention to maintain a postpartum depression prevention program in prenatal clinics serving low-income women. Implement Sci. 2018 Aug 22;13(1):115.Full text Abstract
84. Dennis CL, Dowswell T. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;(2):CD001134.Full text Abstract
85. Yonemoto N, Nagai S, Mori R. Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jul 21;7(7):CD009326.Full text Abstract
86. Dipietro L, Evenson KR, Bloodgood B, et al. Benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum: an umbrella review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019 Jun;51(6):1292-302.Full text Abstract
87. Motrico E, Bina R, Kassianos AP, et al. Effectiveness of interventions to prevent perinatal depression: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2023 May-Jun;82:47-61.Full text Abstract
88. Pritchett RV, Daley AJ, Jolly K. Does aerobic exercise reduce postpartum depressive symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract. 2017 Oct;67(663):e684-e691. Abstract
89. Brugha TS, Morrell CJ, Slade P, et al. Universal prevention of depression in women postnatally: cluster randomized trial evidence in primary care. Psychol Med. 2011 Apr;41(4):739-48.Full text Abstract
90. Musters C, McDonald E, Jones I. Management of postnatal depression. BMJ. 2008 Aug 8;337:a736. Abstract
91. McAllister-Williams RH, Baldwin DS, Cantwell R, et al. British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017. J Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;31(5):519-52.Full text Abstract
92. US Preventive Services Task Force; Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. Screening for depression and suicide risk in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2023 Jun 20;329(23):2057-67.Full text Abstract
93. Slomian J, Honvo G, Emonts P, et al. Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: a systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Womens Health (Lond). 2019 Jan-Dec;15:1745506519844044.Full text Abstract
94. Ertel KA, Koenen KC, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. Antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms are differentially associated with early childhood weight and adiposity. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2010 Mar;24(2):179-89. Abstract
95. Murray L, Arteche A, Fearon P, et al. Maternal postnatal depression and the development of depression in offspring up to 16 years of age. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 May;50(5):460-70. Abstract
96. Goodman SH, Rouse MH, Connell AM, et al. Maternal depression and child psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2011 Mar;14(1):1-27. Abstract
97. O'Dea GA, Youssef GJ, Hagg LJ, et al. Associations between maternal psychological distress and mother-infant bonding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2023 Aug;26(4):441-52.Full text Abstract
98. Rogers A, Obst S, Teague SJ, et al. Association between maternal perinatal depression and anxiety and child and adolescent development: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Nov 1;174(11):1082-92.Full text Abstract
99. O'Hara MW, McCabe JE. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:379-407. Abstract
100. Wisner KL, Moses-Kolko EL, Sit DK. Postpartum depression: a disorder in search of a definition. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010 Feb;13(1):37-40.Full text Abstract
101. Elliott S. Report on the satra bruk workshop on classification of postnatal mental disorders on November 7-10, 1999, convened by Birgitta Wickberg, Philip Hwang and John Cox with the support of Allmanna Barhuset represented by Marina Gronros. Arch Wom Ment Health. 2000;3:27-33.
103. Vesga-Lopez O, Blanco C, Keyes K, et al. Psychiatric disorders in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Jul;65(7):805-15.Full text Abstract
104. Khan L. Falling through the gaps: perinatal mental health and general practice. 2015 [internet publication].Full text
105. Postpartum Depression: Action Towards Causes and Treatment (PACT) Consortium. Heterogeneity of postpartum depression: a latent class analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;2(1):59-67.Full text Abstract
106. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Healthcare. Depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period. 2022 [internet publication].Full text
107. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987 Jun;150:782-6. Abstract
108. Stein G, Van Den Akker O. The retrospective diagnosis of postnatal depression by questionnaire. J Psychosom Res. 1992 Jan;36(1):67-75. Abstract
109. Beck CT, Gable RK. Postpartum Depression Screening Scale: development and psychometric testing. Nurs Res. 2000 Sep-Oct;49(5):272-82. Abstract
110. Gibson J, McKenzie-McHarg K, Shakespeare J, et al. A systematic review of studies validating the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in antepartum and postpartum women. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009 May;119(5):350-64.Full text Abstract
111. Wang L, Kroenke K, Stump TE, et al. Screening for perinatal depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-9): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 Jan-Feb;68:74-82.Full text Abstract
112. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961 Jun;4:561-71. Abstract
113. Boyd RC, Le HN, Somberg R. Review of screening instruments for postpartum depression. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2005 Sep;8(3):141-53. Abstract
114. Zubaran C, Schumacher M, Roxo MR, et al. Screening tools for postpartum depression: validity and cultural dimensions. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg). 2010 Nov;13(5):357-65. Abstract
115. Thombs BD, Arthurs E, Coronado-Montoya S, et al. Depression screening and patient outcomes in pregnancy or postpartum: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2014 Jun;76(6):433-46. Abstract
117. Khalifeh H, Hunt IM, Appleby L, et al. Suicide in perinatal and non-perinatal women in contact with psychiatric services: 15 year findings from a UK national inquiry. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Mar;3(3):233-42.Full text Abstract
118. Nock MK, Borges G, Bromet EJ, et al. Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. Br J Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;192(2):98-105.Full text Abstract
119. Collardeau F, Corbyn B, Abramowitz J, et al. Maternal unwanted and intrusive thoughts of infant-related harm, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression in the perinatal period: study protocol. BMC Psychiatry. 2019 Mar 21;19(1):94.Full text Abstract
120. Abramowitz JS, Schwartz SA, Moore KM, et al. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in pregnancy and the puerperium: a review of the literature. J Anxiety Disord. 2003;17(4):461-78. Abstract
121. Wisner KL, Peindl KS, Gigliotti T, et al. Obsessions and compulsions in women with postpartum depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Mar;60(3):176-80. Abstract
122. Jennings KD, Ross S, Popper S, et al. Thoughts of harming infants in depressed and nondepressed mothers. J Affect Disord. 1999 Jul;54(1-2):21-8. Abstract
123. Cooper C, Jones L, Dunn E, et al. Clinical presentation of postnatal and non-postnatal depressive episodes. Psychol Med. 2007 Sep;37(9):1273-80. Abstract
124. Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Meltzer-Brody S, et al. Psychiatric disorders with postpartum onset: possible early manifestations of bipolar affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;69(4):428-34. Abstract
125. Liu X, Agerbo E, Li J, et al. Depression and anxiety in the postpartum period and risk of bipolar disorder: a Danish nationwide register-based cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 May;78(5):e469-76.Full text Abstract
126. Chessick CA, Dimidjian S. Screening for bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010 Jun;13(3):233-48. Abstract
127. Altman EG, Hedeker D, Peterson JL, et al. The Altman self-rating mania scale. Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Nov 15;42(10):948-55. Abstract
128. Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, et al. Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Nov;157(11):1873-5.Full text Abstract
129. Solomon DA, Leon AC, Maser JD, et al. Distinguishing bipolar major depression from unipolar major depression with the screening assessment of depression-polarity (SAD-P). J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;67(3):434-42. Abstract
130. Gerace C, Corsi FM, Comanducci G. Apathetic syndrome from carotid dissection: a dangerous condition. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Sep 2;2013:bcr2013009686.Full text Abstract
131. Zhao XH, Zhang ZH. Risk factors for postpartum depression: an evidence-based systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020 Oct;53:102353. Abstract
132. Guintivano J, Manuck T, Meltzer-Brody S. Predictors of postpartum depression: a comprehensive review of the last decade of evidence. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Sep;61(3):591-603.Full text Abstract
133. World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text
134. Sultan P, Ando K, Elkhateb R, et al. Assessment of patient-reported outcome measures for maternal postpartum depression using the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments guideline: a systematic review. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jun 1;5(6):e2214885.Full text Abstract
135. Stagnaro-Green A. Postpartum thyroiditis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;18(2):303-16. Abstract
136. Blackmore ER, Rubinow DR, O'Connor TG, et al. Reproductive outcomes and risk of subsequent illness in women diagnosed with postpartum psychosis. Bipolar Disord. 2013 Jun;15(4):394-404.Full text Abstract
137. Di Florio A, Gordon-Smith K, Forty L, et al. Stratification of the risk of bipolar disorder recurrences in pregnancy and postpartum. Br J Psychiatry. 2018 Sep;213(3):542-7.Full text Abstract
138. Wesseloo R, Kamperman AM, Munk-Olsen T, et al. Risk of postpartum relapse in bipolar disorder and postpartum psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Feb 1;173(2):117-27.Full text Abstract
139. Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, et al. Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period. Lancet. 2014 Nov 15;384(9956):1789-99. Abstract
140. Heron J, McGuinness M, Blackmore ER, et al. Early postpartum symptoms in puerperal psychosis. BJOG. 2008 Feb;115(3):348-53. Abstract
141. Sharma V, Sommerdyk C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the postpartum period: diagnosis, differential diagnosis and management. Womens Health (Lond). 2015 Jul;11(4):543-52.Full text Abstract
142. The Lancet. Screening for perinatal depression: a missed opportunity. Lancet. 2016 Feb 6;387(10018):505.Full text Abstract
143. O'Connor E, Rossom RC, Henninger M, et al. Primary care screening for and treatment of depression in pregnant and postpartum women: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2016 Jan 26;315(4):388-406.Full text Abstract
144. Leung SS, Leung C, Lam TH, et al. Outcome of a postnatal depression screening programme using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: a randomized controlled trial. J Public Health (Oxf). 2010 Sep 29;33(2):292-301.Full text Abstract
145. Rafferty J, Mattson G, Earls MF, et al. Incorporating recognition and management of perinatal depression into pediatric practice. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1):e20183260.Full text Abstract
146. van den Heuvel JF, Groenhof TK, Veerbeek JH, et al. eHealth as the next-generation perinatal care: an overview of the literature. J Med Internet Res. 2018 Jun 5;20(6):e202.Full text Abstract
147. Melville JL, Reed SD, Russo J, et al. Improving care for depression in obstetrics and gynecology: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jun;123(6):1237-46.Full text Abstract
148. Grote NK, Katon WJ, Russo JE, et al. Collaborative care for perinatal depression in socio-economically disadvantaged women: a randomized trial. Depress Anxiety. 2015 Nov;32(11):821-34.Full text Abstract
149. Johansen SL, Robakis TK, Williams KE, et al. Management of perinatal depression with non-drug interventions. BMJ. 2019 Feb 25;364:l322.Full text Abstract
150. Molenaar NM, Kamperman AM, Boyce P, et al. Guidelines on treatment of perinatal depression with antidepressants: an international review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018 Apr;52(4):320-7.Full text Abstract
151. Li C, Sun X, Li Q, et al. Role of psychotherapy on antenatal depression, anxiety, and maternal quality of life: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Jul 2;99(27):e20947.Full text Abstract
152. Lin PZ, Xue JM, Yang B, et al. Effectiveness of self-help psychological interventions for treating and preventing postpartum depression: a meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2018 Oct;21(5):491-503. Abstract
153. Pentland V, Spilsbury S, Biswas A, et al. Does walking reduce postpartum depressive symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2022 Apr;31(4):555-63. Abstract
154. Singh B, Olds T, Curtis R, et al. Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews. Br J Sports Med. 2023 Sep;57(18):1203-9.Full text Abstract
155. Royal College of Psychiatrists. Position statement on antidepressants and depression (PS04/19). May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
156. Naber D, Bullinger M. Should antidepressants be used in minor depression? Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2018 Sep;20(3):223-8.Full text Abstract
157. Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, et al. Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010 Jan 6;303(1):47-53.Full text Abstract
158. Huang L, Zhao Y, Qiang C, et al. Is cognitive behavioral therapy a better choice for women with postnatal depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0205243.Full text Abstract
159. Nillni YI, Mehralizade A, Mayer L, et al. Treatment of depression, anxiety, and trauma-related disorders during the perinatal period: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018 Dec;66:136-48.Full text Abstract
160. Stephens S, Ford E, Paudyal P, et al. Effectiveness of psychological interventions for postnatal depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2016 Sep;14(5):463-72.Full text Abstract
161. Huang R, Yan C, Tian Y, et al. Effectiveness of peer support intervention on perinatal depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2020 Nov 1;276:788-96. Abstract
162. Leger J, Letourneau N. New mothers and postpartum depression: a narrative review of peer support intervention studies. Health Soc Care Community. 2015 Jul;23(4):337-48.Full text Abstract
163. Cuijpers P, Franco P, Ciharova M, et al. Psychological treatment of perinatal depression: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2023 Apr;53(6):2596-608.Full text Abstract
164. Chen C, Wang X, Xu H, et al. Effectiveness of digital psychological interventions in reducing perinatal depression: a systematic review of meta-analyses. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2023 Aug;26(4):423-39.Full text Abstract
165. Sugarman DE, Busch AB. Telemental health for clinical assessment and treatment. BMJ. 2023 Jan 16;380:e072398.Full text Abstract
166. Merza D, Amani B, Savoy C, et al. Online peer-delivered group cognitive-behavioral therapy for postpartum depression: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2023 Aug 31 [epub ahead of print]. Abstract
167. Brown JVE, Wilson CA, Ayre K, et al. Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Feb 13;2(2):CD013560.Full text Abstract
168. O'Hara MW, Pearlstein T, Stuart S, et al. A placebo controlled treatment trial of sertraline and interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression. J Affect Disord. 2019 Feb 15;245:524-32. Abstract
169. Hantsoo L, Ward-O'Brien D, Czarkowski KA, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of sertraline for postpartum depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014 Mar;231(5):939-48.Full text Abstract
170. Pinheiro E, Bogen DL, Hoxha D, et al. Sertraline and breastfeeding: review and meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015 Apr;18(2):139-46.Full text Abstract
171. Uguz F. A new safety scoring system for the use of psychotropic drugs during lactation. Am J Ther. 2021 Jan-Feb 01;28(1):e118-26. Abstract
172. BC Reproductive Mental Health Program. Best practice guidelines for mental health disorders in the perinatal period. Mar 2014 [internet publication].
173. US National Library of Medicine. Drugs and lactation database (LactMed®). St. John's wort. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Full text
174. Yuen M, Hall OJ, Masters GA, et al. The effects of breastfeeding on maternal mental health: a systematic review. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2022 Jun;31(6):787-807.Full text Abstract
175. Deligiannidis KM, Meltzer-Brody S, Gunduz-Bruce H, et al. Effect of zuranolone vs placebo in postpartum depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021 Sep 1;78(9):951-9.Full text Abstract
176. Deligiannidis KM, Meltzer-Brody S, Maximos B, et al. Zuranolone for the treatment of postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2023 Sep 1;180(9):668-75. Abstract
177. Rubin R. A Fast-acting pill received approval for postpartum depression - is it a game changer? JAMA. 2023 Sep 12;330(10):902-4. Abstract
178. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Zuranolone for the treatment of postpartum depression: ACOG practice advisory. August 2023 [internet publication].Full text
179. Kanes S, Colquhoun H, Gunduz-Bruce H, et al. Brexanolone (SAGE-547 injection) in post-partum depression: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017 Jul 29;390(10093):480-9. Abstract
180. Meltzer-Brody S, Colquhoun H, Riesenberg R, et al. Brexanolone injection in post-partum depression: two multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2018 Aug 31;392(10152):1058-70. Abstract
181. Dennis CL, Ross LE, Herxheimer A. Oestrogens and progestins for preventing and treating postpartum depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8;(4):CD001690.Full text Abstract
182. Miller BJ, Murray L, Beckmann MM, et al. Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 24;(10):CD009104.Full text Abstract
183. Ng RC, Hirata CK, Yeung W, et al. Pharmacologic treatment for postpartum depression: a systematic review. Pharmacotherapy. 2010 Sep;30(9):928-41. Abstract
184. Jans LA, Giltay EJ, Van der Does AJ, et al. The efficacy of n-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA (fish oil) for perinatal depression. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec;104(11):1577-85. Abstract
185. Campbell SB, Cohn JF. The timing and chronicity of postpartum depression: implications for infant development. In: Murray L, Cooper PJ, eds. Postpartum depression and child development. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1997:165-97.
186. Goodman JH. Postpartum depression beyond the early postpartum period. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2004 Jul-Aug;33(4):410-20. Abstract
187. Cooper P, Murray L. Course and recurrence of postnatal depression: evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic concept. Br J Psychiatry. 1995 Feb;166(2):191-5. Abstract
188. Meaney MJ. Perinatal maternal depressive symptoms as an issue for population health. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Nov 1;175(11):1084-93..Full text Abstract
189. Galéra C, Côté SM, Bouvard MP, et al. Early risk factors for hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention trajectories from age 17 months to 8 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Dec;68(12):1267-75.Full text Abstract
190. Netsi E, Pearson RM, Murray L, et al. Association of persistent and severe postnatal depression with child outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Mar 1;75(3):247-53.Full text Abstract
191. Weissman MM. Postpartum depression and its long-term impact on children: many new questions. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Mar 1;75(3):227-8. Abstract
192. Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE. The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behaviour: a review and critical analysis of the literature. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2003 Nov;6(4):263-74. Abstract
193. Lundy B, Field T, Pickens J. Newborns of mothers with depressive symptoms are less expressive. Infant Behav Dev. 1996 Oct-Dec;19(4):419-24.
194. Weissman MM, Pilowsky DJ, Wickramaratne PJ, et al. Remissions in maternal depression and child psychopathology: a STAR*D-child report. JAMA 2006 Mar 22;295(12):1389-98. Abstract
195. Lusskin SI, Pundiak TM, Habib SM. Perinatal depression: hiding in plain sight. Can J Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;52(8):479-88. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer