Chronic venous insufficiency

Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 May;8(3):342-52. Abstract

De Maeseneer MG, Kakkos SK, Aherne T, et al. Editor's choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 clinical practice guidelines on the management of chronic venous disease of the lower limbs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022 Feb;63(2):184-267.Full text  Abstract

Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Smith PD, et al. Chronic venous disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 3;355(5):488-98. Abstract

American Vein and Lymphatic Society (American College of Phlebology). Treatment of superficial venous disease of the lower leg. Feb 2016 [internet publication].Full text

1. Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 May;8(3):342-52. Abstract

2. De Maeseneer MG, Kakkos SK, Aherne T, et al. Editor's choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 clinical practice guidelines on the management of chronic venous disease of the lower limbs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022 Feb;63(2):184-267.Full text  Abstract

3. Beebe-Dimmer JL, Pfeifer JR, Engle JS, et al. The epidemiology of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. Ann Epidemiol. 2005 Mar;15(3):175-84. Abstract

4. Salim S, Machin M, Patterson BO, et al. Global epidemiology of chronic venous disease: a systematic review with pooled prevalence analysis. Ann Surg. 2021 Dec 1;274(6):971-6. Abstract

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6. Homs-Romero E, Romero-Collado A, Verdú J, et al. Validity of chronic venous disease diagnoses and epidemiology using validated electronic health records from primary care: a real-world data analysis. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2021 May;53(3):296-305. Abstract

7. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, et al. 'Real' epidemiology of varicose veins and chronic venous diseases: the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project. Angiology. 2002 Mar-Apr;53(2):119-30. Abstract

8. Evans CJ, Fowkes FG, Ruckley CV, et al. Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999 Mar;53(3):149-53.Full text  Abstract

9. Schulman S, Lindmarker P, Holmström M, et al. Post-thrombotic syndrome, recurrence, and death 10 years after the first episode of venous thromboembolism treated with warfarin for 6 weeks or 6 months. J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Apr;4(4):734-42.Full text  Abstract

10. Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Smith PD, et al. Chronic venous disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 3;355(5):488-98. Abstract

11. Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, Bergan J, et al. Risk factors for chronic venous disease: the San Diego Population Study. J Vasc Surg. 2007 Aug;46(2):331-7.Full text  Abstract

12. Kahn SR, Ginsberg JS. The post-thrombotic syndrome: current knowledge, controversies, and directions for future research. Blood Rev. 2002 Sep;16(3):155-65. Abstract

13. Hull RD, Liang J, Townshend G. Long-term low-molecular-weight heparin and the post-thrombotic syndrome: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2011 Aug;124(8):756-65.Full text  Abstract

14. Duque MI, Yosipovitch G, Chan YH, et al. Itch, pain, and burning sensation are common symptoms in mild to moderate chronic venous insufficiency with an impact on quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Sep;53(3):504-8. Abstract

15. Couzan S, Leizorovicz A, Laporte S, et al. A randomized double-blind trial of upward progressive versus degressive compressive stockings in patients with moderate to severe chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg. 2012 Nov;56(5):1344-50.e1. Abstract

16. American Vein and Lymphatic Society (American College of Phlebology). Treatment of superficial venous disease of the lower leg. Feb 2016 [internet publication].Full text

17. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: lower extremity chronic venous disease. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

18. Vasquez MA, Rabe E, McLafferty RB, et al; American Venous Forum Ad Hoc Outcomes Working Group. Revision of the Venous Clinical Severity Score: venous outcomes consensus statement: special communication of the American Venous Forum Ad Hoc Outcomes Working Group. J Vasc Surg. 2010 Nov;52(5):1387-96.Full text  Abstract

19. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. AIUM practice parameter for the performance of a peripheral venous ultrasound examination. J Ultrasound Med. 2020 May;39(5):E49-56.Full text  Abstract

20. Amsler F, Blättler W. Compression therapy for occupational leg symptoms and chronic venous disorders: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008 Mar;35(3):366-72. Abstract

21. Cohen JM, Akl EA, Kahn SR. Pharmacologic and compression therapies for postthrombotic syndrome: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2):308-20. Abstract

22. Raju S, Hollis K, Neglen P. Use of compression stockings in chronic venous disease: patient compliance and efficacy. Ann Vasc Surg. 2007 Nov;21(6):790-5. Abstract

23. Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N, et al. Compression bandages or stockings versus no compression for treating venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jul 26;(7):CD013397.Full text  Abstract

24. O'Meara S, Cullum NA, Nelson EA. Compression for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Nov 14;(11):CD000265.Full text  Abstract

25. Franks PJ, Oldroyd MI, Dickson D, et al. Risk factors for leg ulcer recurrence: a randomized trial of two types of compression stocking. Age Ageing. 1995 Nov;24(6):490-4. Abstract

26. Meissner MH, Eklof B, Smith PC, et al. Secondary chronic venous disorders. J Vasc Surg. 2007 Dec;46(suppl S):68S-83S. Abstract

27. Jull A, Waters J, Arroll B. Pentoxifylline for treatment of venous leg ulcers: a systematic review. Lancet. 2002 May 4;359(9317):1550-4. Abstract

28. Coleridge-Smith P, Lok C, Ramelet AA. Venous leg ulcer: a meta-analysis of adjunctive therapy with micronized purified flavonoid fraction. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005 Aug;30(2):198-208. Abstract

29. Gohel MS, Davies AH. Pharmacological treatment in patients with C4, C5 and C6 venous disease. Phlebology. 2010 Oct;25(suppl 1):35-41. Abstract

30. Barwell JR, Davies CE, Deacon J, et al. Comparison of surgery and compression with compression alone in chronic venous ulceration (ESCHAR study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Jun 5;363(9424):1854-9. Abstract

31. Nandhra S, El-sheikha J, Carradice D, et al. A randomized clinical trial of endovenous laser ablation versus conventional surgery for small saphenous varicose veins. J Vasc Surg. 2015 Mar;61(3):741-6.Full text  Abstract

32. Gohel MS, Heatley F, Liu X, et al; EVRA Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of early endovenous ablation in venous ulceration. N Engl J Med. 2018 Apr 24;378(22):2105-14.Full text  Abstract

33. Rathbun S, Norris A, Stoner J. Efficacy and safety of endovenous foam sclerotherapy: meta-analysis for treatment of venous disorders. Phlebology. 2012 Apr;27(3):105-17. Abstract

34. van den Bos R, Arends L, Kockaert M, et al. Endovenous therapies of lower extremity varicosities: a meta analysis. J Vasc Surg. 2009 Jan;49(1):230-9. Abstract

35. Raju S. Endovenous treatment of patients with iliac-caval venous obstruction. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2008 Feb;49(1):27-33. Abstract

36. Masuda EM, Kistner RL. Long-term results of venous valve reconstruction: a four- to-twenty-one-year follow-up. J Vasc Surg. 1994 Mar;19(3):391-403. Abstract

37. de Moraes Silva MA, Nakano LC, Cisneros LL, et al. Balneotherapy for chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 9;(1):CD013085.Full text  Abstract

38. Serena TE, Orgill DP, Armstrong DG, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled, clinical trial evaluating dehydrated human amniotic membrane in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022 Nov 1;150(5):1128-36.Full text  Abstract

39. Kirsner RS, Marston WA, Snyder RJ, et al. Spray-applied cell therapy with human allogeneic fibroblasts and keratinocytes for the treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers: a phase 2, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 Sep 15;380(9846):977-85. Abstract

40. Perrin M, Ramelet AA. Pharmacological treatment of primary chronic venous disease: rationale, results and unanswered questions. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011 Jan;41(1):117-25.Full text  Abstract

41. Rabe E, Jaeger KA, Bulitta M, et al. Calcium dobesilate in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phlebology. 2011 Jun;26(4):162-8. Abstract

42. Rabe E, Stücker M, Esperester A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a red-vine-leaf extract in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency - results of a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011 Apr;41(4):540-7.Full text  Abstract

43. Jull A, Slark J, Parsons J. Prescribed exercise with compression vs compression alone in treating patients with venous leg ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Nov 1;154(11):1304-11.Full text  Abstract

44. Araujo DN, Ribeiro CT, Maciel AC, et al. Physical exercise for the treatment of non-ulcerated chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 14;(6):CD010637.Full text  Abstract

45. Masuda E, Ozsvath K, Vossler J, et al. The 2020 appropriate use criteria for chronic lower extremity venous disease of the American Venous Forum, the Society for Vascular Surgery, the American Vein and Lymphatic Society, and the Society of Interventional Radiology. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 Jul;8(4):505-25.e4.Full text  Abstract

46. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Leg ulcer infection: antimicrobial prescribing. Feb 2020 [internet publication].Full text