Syphilis infection

References

Key articles

Stoltey JE, Cohen SE. Syphilis transmission: a review of the current evidence. Sex Health. 2015 Apr;12(2):103-9.Full text  Abstract

British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH). UK national guidelines on the management of syphilis. December 2015 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis). 2016 [internet publication].Full text

Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text  Abstract

Stoltey JE, Cohen SE. Syphilis transmission: a review of the current evidence. Sex Health. 2015 Apr;12(2):103-9.Full text  Abstract

World Health Organization. WHO guideline on syphilis screening and treatment for pregnant women. 2017 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. WHO guideline on syphilis screening and treatment for pregnant women. 2017 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis). 2016 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. WHO guideline on syphilis screening and treatment for pregnant women. 2017 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Stoltey JE, Cohen SE. Syphilis transmission: a review of the current evidence. Sex Health. 2015 Apr;12(2):103-9.Full text  Abstract

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4. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH). UK national guidelines on the management of syphilis. December 2015 [internet publication].Full text

5. Goh BT. Syphilis in adults. Sex Transm Infect. 2005 Dec;81(6):448-52.Full text  Abstract

6. O'Byrne P, MacPherson P. Syphilis. BMJ. 2019 Jun 28;365:l4159. [Erratum in: Syphilis. BMJ. 2019 Jul 19;366:l4746.]Full text  Abstract

7. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis). 2016 [internet publication].Full text

8. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text  Abstract

9. Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA. The modern epidemic of syphilis. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 27;382(9):845-54. Abstract

10. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH). UK national guidelines on the management of syphilis. December 2015 [internet publication].Full text

11. World Health Organization. Report on global sexually transmitted infection surveillance, 2018. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2021. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

13. Edmondson DG, Hu B, Norris SJ. Long-term in vitro culture of the syphilis spirochete Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. mBio. 2018 Jun 26;9(3).Full text  Abstract

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16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Transmission of primary and secondary syphilis by oral sex - Chicago, Illinois, 1998-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004 Oct 22;53(41):966-8.Full text  Abstract

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18. Ropper AH. Neurosyphilis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Oct 3;381(14):1358-63. Abstract

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22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of syphilis among men who have sex with men - Southern California, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001 Feb 23;50(7):117-20. Abstract

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31. Brown DL, Frank JE. Diagnosis and management of syphilis. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Jul 15;68(2):283-90. Abstract

32. Rompalo AM, Lawlor J, Seaman P, et al. Modification of syphilitic genital ulcer manifestations by coexistent HIV infection. Sex Transm Dis. 2001 Aug;28(8):448-54.Full text  Abstract

33. Lafond RE, Lukehart SA. Biological basis for syphilis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Jan;19(1):29-49.Full text  Abstract

34. Tucker JD, Li JZ, Robbins GK, et al. Ocular syphilis among HIV-infected patients: a systematic analysis of the literature. Sex Trans Infect. 2011 Feb;87(1):4-8. Abstract

35. Rottingen JA, Cameron DW, Garnett GP. A systematic review of the epidemiologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and HIV: how much is really known? Sex Transm Dis. 2001 Oct;28(10):579-97. Abstract

36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease (STDs): syphilis & MSM fact sheet. 22 July 2021 [internet publication].Full text

37. Fojaco RM, Hensley GT, Moskowitz L. Congenital syphilis and necrotizing funisitis. JAMA. 1989 Mar 24-31;261(12):1788-90. Abstract

38. Hammerschlag MR, Guillén CD. Medical and legal implications of testing for sexually transmitted infections in children. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jul;23(3):493-506.Full text  Abstract

39. Wheeler HL, Agarwal S, Goh BT. Dark ground microscopy and treponemal serological tests in the diagnosis of early syphilis. Sex Transm Infect. 2004 Oct;80(5):411-4. Abstract

40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases: syphilis. CDC fact sheet (detailed). 10 August 2021 [internet publication].Full text

41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Discordant results from reverse sequence syphilis screening - five laboratories, United States, 2006-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Feb 11;60(5):133-7.Full text  Abstract

42. Park IU, Fakile YF, Chow JM, et al. Performance of treponemal tests for the diagnosis of syphilis. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Mar 5;68(6):913-18.Full text  Abstract

43. Pope V. Use of treponemal tests to screen for syphilis. Infect Med. 2004;21:399-402.

44. Seña AC, Wolff M, Behets F, et al. Rate of decline in nontreponemal antibody titers and seroreversion after treatment of early syphilis. Sex Transm Dis. 2017 Jan;44(1):6-10.Full text  Abstract

45. US Food and Drug Administration. Possible false RPR reactivity with BioPlex 2200 Syphilis Total & RPR test kit following a COVID-19 vaccine - letter to clinical laboratory staff and health care providers. Dec 2021 [internet publication].Full text

46. Smith G, Holman RP. The prozone phenomenon with syphilis and HIV-1 co-infection. South Med J. 2004 Apr;97(4):379-82. Abstract

47. Kingston AA, Vujevich J, Shapiro M, et al. Seronegative secondary syphilis in 2 patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Dermatol. 2005 Apr;141(4):431-3. Abstract

48. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH). BASHH national guideline on the management of sexually transmitted infections and related conditions in children and young people 2021. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

49. Lam TK, Lau HY, Lee YP, et al. Comparative evaluation of the INNO-LIA syphilis score and the MarDx Treponema pallidum immunoglobulin G Marblot test assays for the serological diagnosis of syphilis. Int J STD AIDS. 2010 Feb;21(2):110-3. Abstract

50. Hagedorn HJ, Kraminer-Hagedorn A, de Bosschere K, et al. Evaluation of INNO-LIA syphilis assay as a confirmatory test for syphilis. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Mar;40(3):973-8.Full text  Abstract

51. Gayet-Ageron A, Lautenschlager S, Ninet B, et al. Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios of PCR in the diagnosis of syphilis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2013 May;89(3):251-6. Abstract

52. Gayet-Ageron A, Sednaoui P, Lautenschlager S, et al. Use of Treponema pallidum PCR in testing of ulcers for diagnosis of primary syphilis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Jan;21(1):127-9.Full text  Abstract

53. Shahrook S, Mori R, Ochirbat T, et al. Strategies of testing for syphilis during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 29;(10):CD010385.Full text  Abstract

54. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Guidance on syphilis testing in Latin America and the Caribbean: improving uptake, interpretation, and quality of testing in different clinical settings. 2015. 2015 [internet publication].Full text

55. Luger AF, Schmidt BL, Kaulich M. Significance of laboratory findings for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. Int J STD AIDS. 2000 Apr;11(4):224-34. Abstract

56. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4. Abstract

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58. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204. Abstract

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61. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 7;(3):CD009199.Full text  Abstract

62. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 752: prenatal and perinatal human immunodeficiency virus testing. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Sep;132(3):e138-42.Full text  Abstract

63. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Antenatal care. 19 August 2021 [internet publication].Full text

64. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

65. Hollier LM, Harstad TW, Sanchez PJ, et al. Fetal syphilis: clinical and laboratory characteristics. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Jun;97(6):947-53. Abstract

66. Ropper AH. Neurosyphilis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Oct 3;381(14):1358-63. Abstract

67. Arnesen L, Serruya S, Duran P. Gestational syphilis and stillbirth in the Americas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2015 Jun;37(6):422-9.Full text  Abstract

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69. Creegan L, Bauer HM, Samuel MC, et al. An evaluation of the relative sensitivities of the venereal disease research laboratory test and the Treponema Pallidum particle agglutination test among patients diagnosed with primary syphilis. Sex Transm Dis. 2007 Dec;34(12):1016-18. Abstract

70. Manavi K, Young H, McMillan A. The sensitivity of syphilis assays in detecting different stages of early syphilis. Int J STD AIDS. 2006 Nov;17(11):768-71. Abstract

71. Cantor A, Nelson HD, Daeges M, et al. Screening for syphilis in nonpregnant adolescents and adults: systematic review to update the 2004 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2016 Jun. Report No: 14-05213-EF-1.Full text  Abstract

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74. US Preventive Services Task Force. Syphilis infection in nonpregnant adults and adolescents: screening. Sep 2022 [internet publication]Full text

75. World Health Organization. WHO guideline on syphilis screening and treatment for pregnant women. 2017 [internet publication].Full text

76. World Health Organization. Screening donated blood for transfusion-transmissible infections: recommendations. 2009 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

77. Tucker JD, Bu J, Brown LB, et al. Accelerating worldwide syphilis screening through rapid testing: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Jun;10(6):381-6. Abstract

78. World Health Organization. The use of rapid syphilis tests. 2006 [internet publication].Full text

79. Young H. Guidelines for serological testing for syphilis. Sex Transm Infect. 2000 Oct;76(5):403-5. Abstract

80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for partner services programs for HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydial infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008 Nov 7;57(RR-9):1-83;quiz CE1-4.Full text  Abstract

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82. Lin JS, Eder ML, Bean SI. Screening for syphilis infection in pregnant women: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018 Sep 4;320(9):918-25.Full text  Abstract

83. World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research. The global elimination of congenital syphilis: rationale and strategy for action. 2007 [internet publication].Full text

84. Menezes EV, Yakoob MY, Soomro T, et al. Reducing stillbirths: prevention and management of medical disorders and infections during pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009 May 7;9(suppl 1):S4.Full text  Abstract

85. Hawkes SJ, Gomez GB, Broutet N. Early antenatal care: does it make a difference to outcomes of pregnancy associated with syphilis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56713.Full text  Abstract

86. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Kamb M, et al. Lives Saved Tool supplement detection and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy to reduce syphilis related stillbirths and neonatal mortality. BMC Public Health. 2011 Apr 13;11(suppl 3):S9.Full text  Abstract

87. Chen XS, Peeling RW, Yin YP, Mabey D. Improving antenatal care to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by syphilis. Future Microbiol. 2011 Oct;6(10):1131-4. Abstract

88. Hawkes S, Matin N, Broutet N, et al. Effectiveness of interventions to improve screening for syphilis in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011 Sep;11(9):684-91. Abstract

89. Munkhuu B, Liabsuetrakul T, Chongsuvivatwong V, et al. One-stop service for antenatal syphilis screening and prevention of congenital syphilis in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: a cluster randomized trial. Sex Transm Dis. 2009 Nov;36(11):714-20. Abstract

90. World Health Organization. WHO guideline on syphilis screening and treatment for pregnant women. 2017 [internet publication].Full text

91. Stoner BP. Current controversies in the management of adult syphilis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 1;44(suppl 3):S130-46.Full text  Abstract

92. Parkes R, Renton A, Meheus A, et al. Review of current evidence and comparison for effective syphilis treatment in Europe. Int J STD AIDS. 2004 Feb;15(2):73-88. Abstract

93. Hook EW 3rd, Martin DH, Stephens J, et al. A randomized, comparative pilot study of azithromycin versus benzathine penicillin G for treatment of early syphilis. Sex Transm Dis. 2002 Aug;29(8):486-90. Abstract

94. Riedner G, Rusizoka M, Todd J, et al. Single-dose azithromycin versus penicillin G benzathine for the treatment of early syphilis. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 22;353(12):1236-44.Full text  Abstract

95. Lukehart SA, Godornes C, Molini BJ, et al. Macrolide resistance in Treponema pallidum in the United States and Ireland. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 8;351(2):154-8.Full text  Abstract

96. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis). 2016 [internet publication].Full text

97. Ansotegui IJ, Melioli G, Canonica GW, et al. IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, a World Allergy Organization position paper. World Allergy Organ J. 2020 Feb;13(2):100080.Full text  Abstract

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99. World Health Organization. WHO guideline on syphilis screening and treatment for pregnant women. 2017 [internet publication].Full text

100. Walker GJ, Walker D, Molano Franco D, et al. Antibiotic treatment for newborns with congenital syphilis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Feb 15;(2):CD012071.Full text  Abstract

101. Liang Z, Chen YP, Yang CS, et al. Meta-analysis of ceftriaxone compared with penicillin for the treatment of syphilis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016 Jan;47(1):6-11. Abstract

102. Liu HY, Han Y, Chen XS, et al. Comparison of efficacy of treatments for early syphilis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. PLoS One. 2017 Jun 28;12(6):e0180001.Full text  Abstract

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105. de Walque D, Dow WH, Nathan R, et al. Incentivising safe sex: a randomised trial of conditional cash transfers for HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention in rural Tanzania. BMJ Open. 2012 Feb 8;2(1):e000747.Full text  Abstract

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