Acute pharyngitis

Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (Archived). Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Nov 15;55(10):e86-102.Full text  Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pharyngitis (strep throat). Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic prescribing and use - adult outpatient treatment recommendations: pharyngitis. Oct 2017 [internet publication].Full text

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4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pharyngitis (strep throat). Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

5. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 15;62(4):e1-50.Full text  Abstract

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13. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Factsheet on tularaemia. Jul 2017[internet publication].Full text

14. Pellegrino R, Timitilli E, Verga MC, et al. Acute pharyngitis in children and adults: descriptive comparison of current recommendations from national and international guidelines and future perspectives. Eur J Pediatr. 2023 Dec;182(12):5259-73.Full text  Abstract

15. Tanz RR, Shulman ST. Chronic pharyngeal carriage of group A streptococci. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007 Feb;26(2):175-6.Full text  Abstract

16. Frenck RW Jr, Laudat F, Liang J, et al. A longitudinal study of group a streptococcal colonization and pharyngitis in US children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2023 Dec 1;42(12):1045-50.Full text  Abstract

17. JM Miller, MJ Binnicker, S Campbell, et al. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by IDSA/ASM. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2024 Mar 5.Full text

18. Frost HM, Fritsche TR, Hall MC. Beta-hemolytic nongroup A streptococcal pharyngitis in children. J Pediatr. 2018 Dec 6;206:268-73;e1. Abstract

19. Thai TN, Dale AP, Ebell MH. Signs and symptoms of Group A versus non-Group A strep throat: a meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 2018 May 23;35(3):231-8.Full text  Abstract

20. Malmberg S, Petrén S, Gunnarsson R, et al. Acute sore throat and <i>Fusobacterium necrophorum</i> in primary healthcare: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2021 Jun 4;11(6):e042816.Full text  Abstract

21. Sayad E, Zeid CA, Hajjar RE, et al. The burden of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum pharyngitis: a systematic review and management algorithm. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2021 Jul;146:110759.Full text  Abstract

22. Glavey SV, Keane N, Power M, et al. Posterior pharyngeal candidiasis in the absence of clinically overt oral involvement: a cross-sectional study. Lung. 2013 Dec;191(6):663-8. Abstract

23. Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 22;11:CD004407.Full text  Abstract

24. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic prescribing and use - adult outpatient treatment recommendations: pharyngitis. Oct 2017 [internet publication].Full text

26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic prescribing and use: outpatient clinical care for pediatric populations. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

27. Meland E, Digranes A, Skjaerven R. Assessment of clinical features predicting streptococcal pharyngitis. Scand J Infect Dis. 1993;25(2):177-83. Abstract

28. Cohen JF, Pauchard JY, Hjelm N, et al. Efficacy and safety of rapid tests to guide antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jun 4;6(6):CD012431.Full text  Abstract

29. Luo R, Sickler J, Vahidnia F, et al. Diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in the United States, 2011-2015. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Feb 26;19(1):193.Full text  Abstract

30. Cohen JF, Bertille N, Cohen R, et al. Rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococcus in children with pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 4;(7):CD010502.Full text  Abstract

31. Lean WL, Arnup S, Danchin M, et al. Rapid diagnostic tests for group A streptococcal pharyngitis: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2014 Oct;134(4):771-81. Abstract

32. Barakat AJ, Evans C, Gill M, et al. Rapid strep testing in children with recently treated streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatr Investig. 2019 Mar 22;3(1):27-30.Full text  Abstract

33. World Health Organization. The WHO aware (access, watch, reserve) antibiotic book. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

34. Rao A, Berg B, Quezada T, et al. Diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children in a primary care setting: impact of point-of-care polymerase chain reaction. BMC Pediatr. 2019 Jan 16;19(1):24.Full text  Abstract

35. Felsenstein S, Faddoul D, Sposto R, et al. Molecular and clinical diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Nov;52(11):3884-9.Full text  Abstract

36. Uhl JR, Adamson SC, Vetter EA, et al. Comparison of LightCycler PCR, rapid antigen immunoassay, and culture for detection of group A streptococci from throat swabs. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jan;41(1):242-9.Full text  Abstract

37. Public Health England. UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations B 9: investigation of throat related specimens. Apr 2015 [internet publication].Full text

38. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Epstein-Barr virus and infectious mononucleosis. Sep 2020 [internet publication].Full text

39. Centor RM, Witherspoon JM, Dalton HP, et al. The diagnosis of strep throat in adults in the emergency room. Med Decis Making. 1981;1(3):239-46.Full text  Abstract

40. McIsaac WJ, White D, Tannenbaum D, et al. A clinical score to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in patients with sore throat. CMAJ. 1998 Jan 13;158(1):75-83.Full text  Abstract

41. Little P, Hobbs FD, Moore M, et al. Clinical score and rapid antigen detection test to guide antibiotic use for sore throats: randomised controlled trial of PRISM (primary care streptococcal management). BMJ. 2013 Oct 10;347:f5806.Full text  Abstract

42. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sore throat (acute): antimicrobial prescribing. Jan 2018 [internet publication].Full text

43. Tanz RR, Ranniger EJ, Rippe JL, et al. Highly sensitive molecular assay for group A streptococci over-identifies carriers and may impact outpatient antimicrobial stewardship. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019 Aug;38(8):769-74.Full text  Abstract

44. Little P, Hobbs FD, Moore M, et al; PRISM investigators. PRImary care Streptococcal Management (PRISM) study: in vitro study, diagnostic cohorts and a pragmatic adaptive randomised controlled trial with nested qualitative study and cost-effectiveness study. Health Technol Assess. 2014 Jan;18(6):vii-xxv;1-101.Full text  Abstract

45. Shaikh N, Leonard E, Martin JM. Prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis and streptococcal carriage in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2010 Sep;126(3):e557-64.Full text  Abstract

46. Mitchell RB, Archer SM, Ishman SL, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019 Feb;160(1_suppl):S1-42.Full text  Abstract

47. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Diagnosis and treatment of respiratory illness in children and adults. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Full text

48. Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis. Circulation. 2009 Mar 24;119(11):1541-51.Full text  Abstract

49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

50. Canadian Paediatric Society. Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis: a practical guide to diagnosis and treatment. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

51. Hopper SM, McCarthy M, Tancharoen C, et al. Topical lidocaine to improve oral intake in children with painful infectious mouth ulcers: a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2014 Mar;63(3):292-9. Abstract

52. de Mey C, Koelsch S, Richter E, et al. Efficacy and safety of ambroxol lozenges in the treatment of acute uncomplicated sore throat - a pooled analysis. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2016 Jul;66(7):384-92. Abstract

53. de Mey C, Patel J, Lakha DR, et al. Efficacy and safety of an oral ambroxol spray in the treatment of acute uncomplicated sore throat. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2015 Dec;65(12):658-67. Abstract

54. Schachtel BP, Shephard A, Shea T, et al. Flurbiprofen 8.75 mg lozenges for treating sore throat symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain Manag. 2016 Nov;6(6):519-29. Abstract

55. Mukherjee PK, Esper F, Buchheit K, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the safety and effectiveness of a novel dual-action oral topical formulation against upper respiratory infections. BMC Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 14;17(1):74.Full text  Abstract

56. Palm J, Fuchs K, Stammer H, et al. Efficacy and safety of a triple active sore throat lozenge in the treatment of patients with acute pharyngitis: results of a multi-centre, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group trial (DoriPha). Int J Clin Pract. 2018 Dec;72(12):e13272.Full text  Abstract

57. Bouroubi A, Donazzolo Y, Donath F, et al. Pain relief of sore throat with a new anti-inflammatory throat lozenge, ibuprofen 25 mg: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international phase III study. Int J Clin Pract. 2017 Sep;71(9):e12961.Full text  Abstract

58. Schachtel B, Shephard A, Schachtel E, et al. Evidence of the efficacy of flurbiprofen 8.75 mg lozenges for patients receiving antibiotics for laboratory-confirmed streptococcal pharyngitis. Ear Nose Throat J. 2023 Dec;102(12):NP609-17.Full text  Abstract

59. Shephard A, Zybeshari S. Virucidal action of sore throat lozenges against respiratory viruses parainfluenza type 3 and cytomegalovirus. Antiviral Res. 2015 Nov;123:158-62. Abstract

60. Cohen JF, Cohen R, Levy C, et al. Selective testing strategies for diagnosing group A streptococcal infection in children with pharyngitis: a systematic review and prospective multicentre external validation study. CMAJ. 2015 Jan 6;187(1):23-32.Full text  Abstract

61. de Cassan S, Thompson MJ, Perera R, et al. Corticosteroids as standalone or add-on treatment for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 May 1;(5):CD008268.Full text  Abstract

62. Sadeghirad B, Siemieniuk RAC, Brignardello-Petersen R, et al. Corticosteroids for treatment of sore throat: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2017 Sep 20;358:j3887.Full text  Abstract

63. Hayward GN, Hay AD, Moore MV, et al. Effect of oral dexamethasone without immediate antibiotics vs placebo on acute sore throat in adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017 Apr 18;317(15):1535-43.Full text  Abstract

64. Lepelletier D, Pinaud V, Le Conte P, et al. Is there an association between prior anti-inflammatory drug exposure and occurrence of peritonsillar abscess (PTA)? A national multicenter prospective observational case-control study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017 Jan;36(1):57-63. Abstract

65. Waljee AK, Rogers MA, Lin P, et al. Short term use of oral corticosteroids and related harms among adults in the United States: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2017 Apr 12;357:j1415.Full text  Abstract

66. Wing A, Villa-Roel C, Yeh B, et al. Effectiveness of corticosteroid treatment in acute pharyngitis: a systematic review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 May;17(5):476-83. Abstract

67. Fleming-Dutra KE, Hersh AL, Shapiro DJ, et al. Prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions among US ambulatory care visits, 2010-2011. JAMA. 2016 May 3;315(17):1864-73. Abstract

68. de la Poza Abad M, Mas Dalmau G, Moreno Bakedano M, et al; Delayed Antibiotic Prescription (DAP) Group. Prescription strategies in acute uncomplicated respiratory infections: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Jan;176(1):21-9. Abstract

69. Spurling GK, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, et al. Delayed antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Oct 4;(9):CD004417.Full text  Abstract

70. Coxeter P, Del Mar CB, McGregor L, et al. Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 12;(11):CD010907.Full text  Abstract

71. Islam S, Mannix MK, Breuer RK, et al. Guideline adherence and antibiotic utilization by community pediatricians, private urgent care centers, and a pediatric emergency department. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2020 Jan;59(1):21-30.Full text  Abstract

72. Langlois DM, Andreae M. Group A streptococcal infections. Pediatr Rev. 2011 Oct;32(10):423-9; quiz 430.Full text  Abstract

73. Mustafa Z, Ghaffari M. Diagnostic methods, clinical guidelines, and antibiotic treatment for group A streptococcal pharyngitis: a narrative review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:563627.Full text  Abstract

74. World Health Organization. Rheumatic heart disease. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text

75. Spinks A, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB. Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 9;12(12):CD000023.Full text  Abstract

76. Pichichero ME. A review of evidence supporting the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for prescribing cephalosporin antibiotics for penicillin-allergic patients. Pediatrics. 2005 Apr;115(4):1048-57. Abstract

77. van Driel ML, De Sutter AI, Thorning S, et al. Different antibiotic treatments for group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Nov 15;3:CD004406.Full text  Abstract

78. Green M, Martin JM, Barbadora KA, et al. Reemergence of macrolide resistance in pharyngeal isolates of group A streptococci in southwestern Pennsylvania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Feb;48(2):473-6.Full text  Abstract

79. DeMuri GP, Sterkel AK, Kubica PA, et al. Macrolide and clindamycin resistance in group A streptococci isolated from children with pharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017 Mar;36(3):342-4.Full text  Abstract

80. Altamimi S, Khalil A, Khalaiwi KA, et al. Short-term late-generation antibiotics versus longer term penicillin for acute streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Aug 15;(8):CD004872.Full text  Abstract

81. Li P, Jiang G, Shen X. Evaluation of 3-day azithromycin or 5-day cefaclor in comparison with 10-day amoxicillin for treatment of tonsillitis in children. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2019 Oct;97(10):939-44. Abstract

82. Skoog Ståhlgren G, Tyrstrup M, Edlund C, et al. Penicillin V four times daily for five days versus three times daily for 10 days in patients with pharyngotonsillitis caused by group A streptococci: randomised controlled, open label, non-inferiority study. BMJ. 2019 Oct 4;367:l5337.Full text  Abstract

83. Lee RA, Stripling JT, Spellberg B, et al. Short-course antibiotics for common infections: what do we know and where do we go from here? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023 Feb;29(2):150-9.Full text  Abstract

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87. De Paor M, O'Brien K, Fahey T, et al. Antiviral agents for infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 8;(12):CD011487.Full text  Abstract

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91. St Cyr S, Barbee L, Workowski KA, et al. Update to CDC's treatment guidelines for gonococcal infection, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Dec 18;69(50):1911-6.Full text  Abstract

92. Koskenkorva T, Koivunen P, Koskela M, et al. Short-term outcomes of tonsillectomy in adult patients with recurrent pharyngitis: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2013 May 14;185(8):E331-6.Full text  Abstract

93. Burton MJ, Glasziou PP, Chong LY, et al. Tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 19;(11):CD001802.Full text  Abstract

94. Morad A, Sathe NA, Francis DO, et al. Tonsillectomy versus watchful waiting for recurrent throat infection: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2017 Feb;139(2):e20163490.Full text  Abstract

95. Tell D, Tyrstrup M, Edlund C, et al. Clinical course of pharyngotonsillitis with group A streptococcus treated with different penicillin V strategies, divided in groups of Centor Score 3 and 4: a prospective study in primary care. BMC Infect Dis. 2022 Nov 11;22(1):840.Full text  Abstract

96. UK Health Security Agency. Group A streptococcal infections: activity during the 2022 to 2023 season. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

97. American Academy of Pediatrics. Red book 2024-2027: ​report of the committee on infectious diseases. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text