Assessment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Hwang JH, Fisher DA, Ben-Menachem T, et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of acute non-variceal upper GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012 Jun;75(6):1132-8.Full text  Abstract

Barkun AN, Almadi M, Kuipers EJ, et al. Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: guideline recommendations from the International Consensus Group. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Dec 3;171(11):805-22.Full text  Abstract

Gralnek IM, Stanley AJ, Morris AJ, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (NVUGIH): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline - update 2021. Endoscopy. 2021 Mar;53(3):300-32.Full text  Abstract

Laine L, Barkun AN, Saltzman JR, et al. ACG clinical guideline: upper gastrointestinal and ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 May 1;116(5):899-917.Full text  Abstract

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria®: nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

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10. Gralnek IM, Stanley AJ, Morris AJ, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (NVUGIH): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline - update 2021. Endoscopy. 2021 Mar;53(3):300-32.Full text  Abstract

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12. Bai Y, Li ZS. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (2015, Nanchang, China). J Dig Dis. 2016 Feb;17(2):79-87. Abstract

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15. Srirajaskanthan R, Conn R, Bulwer C, et al. The Glasgow Blatchford scoring system enables accurate risk stratification of patients with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Int J Clin Pract. 2010 Jun;64(7):868-74. Abstract

16. Masaoka T, Suzuki H, Hori S, et al. Blatchford scoring system is a useful scoring system for detecting patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding who do not need endoscopic intervention. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Sep;22(9):1404-8. Abstract

17. Sung JJ, Chiu PW, Chan FKL, et al. Asia-Pacific working group consensus on non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: an update 2018. Gut. 2018 Apr 24;67(10):1757-68. [Erratum in: Gut. 2019 Feb;68(2):380.]Full text  Abstract

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19. Laursen SB, Oakland K, Laine L, et al. ABC score: a new risk score that accurately predicts mortality in acute upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: an international multicentre study. Gut. 2021 Apr;70(4):707-16. Abstract

20. Gralnek IM, Camus Duboc M, Garcia-Pagan JC, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis and management of esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy. 2022 Nov;54(11):1094-120.Full text  Abstract

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25. Razzaghi A, Barkun AN. Platelet transfusion threshold in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul;46(6):482-6. Abstract

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27. Laine L, Barkun AN, Saltzman JR, et al. ACG clinical guideline: upper gastrointestinal and ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 May 1;116(5):899-917.Full text  Abstract

28. Kanno T, Yuan Y, Tse F, et al. Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jan 7;(1):CD005415.Full text  Abstract

29. Sung JJ, Chan FK, Lau JY, et al. The effect of endoscopic therapy in patients receiving omeprazole for bleeding ulcers with nonbleeding visible vessels or adherent clots: a randomized comparison. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Aug 19;139(4):237-43. Abstract

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31. Milling TJ, Refaai MA, Sengupta N. Anticoagulant reversal in gastrointestinal bleeding: review of treatment guidelines. Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Nov;66(11):3698-714.Full text  Abstract

32. Abraham NS, Barkun AN, Sauer BG, et al. American College of Gastroenterology-Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of anticoagulants and antiplatelets during acute gastrointestinal bleeding and the periendoscopic period. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol. 2022 Apr;5(2):100-1.Full text  Abstract

33. Veitch AM, Radaelli F, Alikhan R, et al. Endoscopy in patients on antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy: British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline update. Endoscopy. 2021 Sep;53(9):947-69.Full text  Abstract

34. Lee JG, Turnipseed S, Romano PS, et al. Endoscopy-based triage significantly reduces hospitalization rates and costs of treating upper GI bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Dec;50(6):755-61. Abstract

35. Cipolletta L, Bianco MA, Rotondano G, et al. Outpatient management for low-risk nonvariceal upper GI bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002 Jan;55(1):1-5. Abstract

36. Henry Z, Patel K, Patton H, et al. AGA clinical practice update on management of bleeding gastric varices: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jun;19(6):1098-107.e1.Full text  Abstract

37. Lau JYW, Yu Y, Tang RSY, et al. Timing of endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 2;382(14):1299-308.Full text  Abstract

38. Guo CLT, Wong SH, Lau LHS, et al. Timing of endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a territory-wide cohort study. Gut. 2022 Aug;71(8):1544-50.Full text  Abstract

39. Tarasconi A, Coccolini F, Biffl WL, et al. Perforated and bleeding peptic ulcer: WSES guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Jan 7:15:3.Full text  Abstract

40. Zhang W, Huang Y, Xiang H, et al. Timing of endoscopy for acute variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis (CHESS1905): a nationwide cohort study. Hepatol Commun. 2023 May 4;7(5):e0152.Full text  Abstract

41. Mullady DK, Wang AY, Waschke KA. AGA clinical practice update on endoscopic therapies for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2020 Sep;159(3):1120-8.Full text  Abstract

42. Ibrahim M, El-Mikkawy A, Abdel Hamid M, et al. Early application of haemostatic powder added to standard management for oesophagogastric variceal bleeding: a randomised trial. Gut. 2018 May 5;68(5):844-53.Full text  Abstract

43. Sinha R, Lockman KA, Church NI, et al. The use of hemostatic spray as an adjunct to conventional hemostatic measures in high-risk nonvariceal upper GI bleeding (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2016 Apr 21;84(6):900-6.e3.Full text  Abstract

44. Hu ML, Wu KL, Chiu KW, et al. Predictors of rebleeding after initial hemostasis with epinephrine injection in high-risk ulcers. World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Nov 21;16(43):5490-5.Full text  Abstract

45. Chan SM, Chiu PW, Teoh AY, et al. Use of the over-the-scope clip for treatment of refractory upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a case series. Endoscopy. 2014 May;46(5):428-31. Abstract

46. Sulz MC, Frei R, Meyenberger C, et al. Routine use of hemospray for gastrointestinal bleeding: prospective two-center experience in Switzerland. Endoscopy. 2014 Jul;46(7):619-24. Abstract

47. Babiuc RD, Purcarea M, Sadagurschi R, et al. Use of Hemospray in the treatment of patients with acute UGIB - short review. J Med Life. 2013 Jun 15;6(2):117-9.Full text  Abstract

48. Hussein M, Alzoubaidi D, Lopez MF, et al. Hemostatic spray powder TC-325 in the primary endoscopic treatment of peptic ulcer-related bleeding: multicenter international registry. Endoscopy. 2021 Jan;53(1):36-43. Abstract

49. Hwang JH, Shergill AK, Acosta RD, et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of variceal hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014 Aug;80(2):221-7.Full text  Abstract

50. Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015 Nov;64(11):1680-704.Full text  Abstract

51. Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Bosch J, et al. Bleeding and new cancer diagnosis in patients with atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2019 Oct 29;140(18):1451-9.Full text  Abstract

52. Jung DH, Huh CW, Kim NJ, et al. Optimal endoscopy timing in patients with acute variceal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020 Mar 4;10(1):4046.Full text  Abstract

53. Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, et al. Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2017 Jan;65(1):310-35. [Erratum in: Hepatology. 2017 Jul;66(1):304.]Full text  Abstract

54. Kaplan DE, Ripoll C, Thiele M, et al. AASLD practice guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2024 May 1;79(5):1180-211.Full text  Abstract

55. Laine L, Jensen DM. Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Mar;107(3):345-60. Abstract

56. Adão D, Gois AF, Pacheco RL, et al. Erythromycin prior to endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Feb 1;2(2):CD013176. Abstract

57. Witting MD, Magder L, Heins AE, et al. ED predictors of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in patients without hematemesis. Am J Emerg Med. 2006 May;24(3):280-5. Abstract

58. Saers SJ, Scheltinga MR. Primary aortoenteric fistula. Br J Surg. 2005 Feb;92(2):143-52.Full text  Abstract

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63. Sverdén E, Markar SR, Agreus L, et al. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMJ. 2018 Oct 25;363:k4023. Abstract

64. Longstreth GF, Feitelberg SP. Successful outpatient management of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: use of practice guidelines in a large patient series. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998 Mar;47(3):219-22. Abstract

65. Chak A, Cooper GS, Lloyd LE, et al. Effectiveness of endoscopy in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with upper GI hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001 Jan;53(1):6-13. Abstract

66. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria®: nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

67. Sengupta N, Kastenberg DM, Bruining DH, et al. The role of imaging for GI bleeding: ACG and SAR consensus recommendations. Radiology. 2024 Mar;310(3):e232298.Full text  Abstract

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70. Savides TJ, Jensen DM, Cohen J, et al. Severe upper gastrointestinal tumor bleeding: endoscopic findings, treatment, and outcome. Endoscopy. 1996 Feb;28(2):244-8. Abstract

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