Asthma in adults

References

Key articles

National Institutes of Health; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert panel report 3: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. August 2007 [internet publication].Full text

Global Initiative for Asthma. 2023 GINA report, global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication.Full text

Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC); Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, Blake KV, et al. 2020 focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: a report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Dec;146(6):1217-70.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management. March 2021 [internet publication].Full text

British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

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27. Boyce JA. Asthma 2005-2006: bench to bedside. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Sep;118(3):582-6. Abstract

28. Cockcroft DW, Davis BE. Mechanisms of airway hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Sep;118(3):551-9. Abstract

29. Kuruvilla ME, Vanijcharoenkarn K, Shih JA, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for asthma. Respir Med. 2019 Mar;149:16-22.Full text  Abstract

30. Gabryszewski SJ, Hill DA. One march, many paths: insights into allergic march trajectories. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021 Sep;127(3):293-300. Abstract

31. Polosa R, Thomson NC. Smoking and asthma: dangerous liaisons. Eur Respir J. 2013 Mar;41(3):716-26.Full text  Abstract

32. Di Cicco M, Sepich M, Beni A, et al. How E-cigarettes and vaping can affect asthma in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Apr 1;22(2):86-94. Abstract

33. Bradford LE, Rebuli ME, Ring BJ, et al. Danger in the vapor? ECMO for adolescents with status asthmaticus after vaping. J Asthma. 2020 Nov;57(11):1168-72. Abstract

34. Feddema JJ, Claassen E. Prevalence of viral respiratory infections amongst asthmatics: Results of a meta-regression analysis. Respir Med. 2020 Nov;173:106020.Full text  Abstract

35. Laidlaw TM, Mullol J, Woessner KM, et al. Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps and Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Mar;9(3):1133-1141.Full text  Abstract

36. Langdon C, Mullol J. Nasal polyps in patients with asthma: prevalence, impact, and management challenges. J Asthma Allergy. 2016;9:45-53.Full text  Abstract

37. Sharma V, Cowan DC. Obesity, inflammation, and severe asthma: an update. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2021 Dec 18;21(12):46.Full text  Abstract

38. Miethe S, Karsonova A, Karaulov A, et al. Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Oct;146(4):685-93.Full text  Abstract

39. Xu M, Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, et al. Are adults with asthma less physically active? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Asthma. 2021 Nov;58(11):1426-43. Abstract

40. Xu S, Gilliland FD, Conti DV. Elucidation of causal direction between asthma and obesity: a bi-directional Mendelian randomization study. Int J Epidemiol. 2019 Jun 1;48(3):899-907.Full text  Abstract

41. Asamoah-Boaheng M, Farrell J, Osei Bonsu K, et al. Examining risk factors accelerating time-to-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) diagnosis among asthma patients. COPD. 2022;19(1):47-56.Full text  Abstract

42. Shore SA. Obesity and asthma: possible mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 May;121(5):1087-93. Abstract

43. King GG, Brown NJ, Diba C, et al. The effects of body weight on airway calibre. Eur Respir J. 2005 May;25(5):896-901.Full text  Abstract

44. Zhu Z, Guo Y, Shi H, et al. Shared genetic and experimental links between obesity-related traits and asthma subtypes in UK Biobank. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Feb;145(2):537-49.Full text  Abstract

45. Paoletti G, Melone G, Ferri S, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma: when, how, and why. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 Feb 1;21(1):52-58. Abstract

46. Cantarutti A, Barbiellini Amidei C, Valsecchi C, et al. Association of treated and untreated gastroesophageal reflux disease in the first year of life with the subsequent development of asthma. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Sep 13;18(18):9633. Abstract

47. Rogers L. Role of sleep apnea and gastroesophageal reflux in aevere asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2016 Aug;36(3):461-71. Abstract

48. Kopsaftis Z, Yap HS, Tin KS, et al. Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux in adults and children with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 17;5:CD001496.Full text  Abstract

49. Prasad B, Nyenhuis SM, Imayama I, et al. Asthma and abstructive sleep apnea overlap: what has the evidence taught us? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Jun 1;201(11):1345-57.Full text  Abstract

50. Kong DL, Qin Z, Shen H, et al. Association of obstructive sleep apnea with asthma: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017 Jun 22;7(1):4088.Full text  Abstract

51. British Thoracic Society. BTS clinical statement: asssessment and management of respiratory problems in athletic individuals. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

52. Global Initiative for Asthma. 2023 GINA report, global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication.Full text

53. Louis R, Satia I, Ojanguren I, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis of asthma in adults. Eur Respir J. 2022 Feb 15;2101585 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

54. British Thoracic Society and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text

55. Parsons JP, Hallstrand TS, Mastronarde JG, et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 May 1;187(9):1016-27.Full text  Abstract

56. Cockcroft DD. Direct and indirect challenges in the clinical assessment of asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009 Nov;103(5):363-9. Abstract

57. Menzies-Gow A, Mansur AH, Brightling CE. Clinical utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in severe asthma management. Eur Respir J. 2020 Mar;55(3):1901633.Full text  Abstract

58. Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC); Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, Blake KV, et al. 2020 focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: a report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Dec;146(6):1217-70.Full text  Abstract

59. Dweik RA, Boggs PB, Erzurum SC, et al. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Sep 1;184(5):602-15.Full text  Abstract

60. Powell H, Murphy VE, Taylor DR, et al. Management of asthma in pregnancy guided by measurement of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 Sep 10;378(9795):983-90. Abstract

61. Honkoop PJ, Loijmans RJ, Termeer EH, et al; Asthma Control Cost-Utility Randomized Trial Evaluation (ACCURATE) Study Group. Symptom-and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide-driven strategies for asthma control: a cluster-randomized trial in primary care. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015 Mar;135(3):682-8. Abstract

62. Petsky HL, Kew KM, Turner C, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide levels to guide treatment for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Sep 1;(9):CD011440.Full text  Abstract

63. Petsky HL, Li A, Chang AB. Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 24;(8):CD005603.Full text  Abstract

64. Khatri SB, Iaccarino JM, Barochia A, et al. Use of fractional exhaled nitric oxide to guide the treatment of asthma: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 15;204(10):e97-e109.Full text  Abstract

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67. Mohan A, Lugogo NL, Hanania NA, et al. Questions in mild asthma: an official American Thoracic Society research statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Jun 1;207(11):e77-96. Abstract

68. Canadian Thoracic Society. Canadian Thoracic Society 2021 guideline update: diagnosis and management of asthma in preschoolers, children and adults. August 2021 [internet publication].Full text

69. Canadian Thoracic Society. Recognition and management of severe asthma: a Canadian Thoracic Society position statement. 2017 [internet publication].Full text

70. Global Initiative for Asthma. Diagnosis and management of difficult-to-treat & severe asthma. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

71. National Asthma Council. Australian asthma handbook: the national guidelines for health professionals. April 2022 [internet publication].Full text

72. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management. March 2021 [internet publication].Full text

73. Nakamura Y, Tamaoki J, Nagase H, et al. Japanese guidelines for adult asthma 2020. Allergol Int. 2020 Oct;69(4):519-48.Full text  Abstract

74. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text

75. Hodkinson A, Bower P, Grigoroglou C, et al. Self-management interventions to reduce healthcare use and improve quality of life among patients with asthma: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020 Aug 18;370:m2521.Full text  Abstract

76. Lazarinis N, Jørgensen L, Ekström T, et al. Combination of budesonide/formoterol on demand improves asthma control by reducing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Thorax. 2014 Feb;69(2):130-6.Full text  Abstract

77. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug safety communication: FDA requires boxed warning about serious mental health side effects for asthma and allergy drug montelukast (Singulair); advises restricting use for allergic rhinitis. March 2020 [internet publication].Full text

78. Ahmad S, Kew KM, Normansell R. Stopping long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled corticosteroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 19;(6):CD011306.Full text  Abstract

79. O'Byrne PM, FitzGerald JM, Bateman ED, et al. Inhaled combined budesonide-formoterol as needed in mild asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 17;378(20):1865-76.Full text  Abstract

80. Beasley R, Holliday M, Reddel HK, et al. Controlled trial of budesonide-formoterol as needed for mild asthma. N Engl J Med. 2019 May 23;380(21):2020-30.Full text  Abstract

81. Hardy J, Baggott C, Fingleton J, et al. Budesonide-formoterol reliever therapy versus maintenance budesonide plus terbutaline reliever therapy in adults with mild to moderate asthma (PRACTICAL): a 52-week, open-label, multicentre, superiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 Sep 14;394(10202):919-28. Abstract

82. Crossingham I, Turner S, Ramakrishnan S, et al. Combination fixed-dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 4;(5):CD013518.Full text  Abstract

83. O'Byrne PM, FitzGerald JM, Bateman ED, et al. Effect of a single day of increased as-needed budesonide-formoterol use on short-term risk of severe exacerbations in patients with mild asthma: a post-hoc analysis of the SYGMA 1 study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Feb;9(2):149-58. Abstract

84. Papi A, Canonica GW, Maestrelli P, et al. Rescue use of beclomethasone and albuterol in a single inhaler for mild asthma. N Engl J Med. 2007 May 17;356(20):2040-52.Full text  Abstract

85. Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 Feb 19;377(9766):650-7. Abstract

86. Calhoun WJ, Ameredes BT, King TS, et al. Comparison of physician-, biomarker-, and symptom-based strategies for adjustment of inhaled corticosteroid therapy in adults with asthma: the BASALT randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012 Sep 12;308(10):987-97.Full text  Abstract

87. Sumino K, Bacharier LB, Taylor J, et al. A pragmatic trial of symptom-based inhaled corticosteroid use in African-American children with mild asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020 Jan;8(1):176-85.Full text  Abstract

88. Nwaru BI, Ekström M, Hasvold P, et al. Overuse of short-acting β2-agonists in asthma is associated with increased risk of exacerbation and mortality: a nationwide cohort study of the global SABINA programme. Eur Respir J. 2020 Apr;55(4):1901872.Full text  Abstract

89. Stanford RH, Shah MB, D'Souza AO, et al. Short-acting β-agonist use and its ability to predict future asthma-related outcomes. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012 Dec;109(6):403-7. Abstract

90. Bloom CI, Cabrera C, Arnetorp S, et al. Asthma-related health outcomes associated with short-acting β2-agonist inhaler use: an observational UK study as part of the SABINA global program. Adv Ther. 2020 Oct;37(10):4190-208.Full text  Abstract

91. Amin S, Soliman M, McIvor A, et al. Usage patterns of short-acting β2-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids in asthma: a targeted literature review. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020 Sep;8(8):2556-64. Abstract

92. Kaplan AG, Correia-de-Sousa J, McIvor A, et al. Global quality statements on reliever use in asthma in adults and children older than 5 years of age. Adv Ther. 2021 Mar;38(3):1382-96.Full text  Abstract

93. Bateman ED, Reddel HK, O'Byrne PM, et al. As-needed budesonide-formoterol versus maintenance budesonide in mild asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 17;378(20):1877-87.Full text  Abstract

94. Janjua S, Schmidt S, Ferrer M, et al. Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 25;(9):CD006924.Full text  Abstract

95. Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;(5):CD002314.Full text  Abstract

96. Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, Lasserson TJ, et al. Addition of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids as first line therapy for persistent asthma in steroid-naive adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD005307.Full text  Abstract

97. O'Shea O, Stovold E, Cates CJ. Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 14;4:CD007694.Full text  Abstract

98. Cates CJ, Karner C. Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus current best practice (including inhaled steroid maintenance), for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;(4):CD007313.Full text  Abstract

99. Kew KM, Karner C, Mindus SM, et al. Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus combination inhaler maintenance for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 16;(12):CD009019.Full text  Abstract

100. Papi A, Corradi M, Pigeon-Francisco C, et al. Beclometasone-formoterol as maintenance and reliever treatment in patients with asthma: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2013 Mar;1(1):23-31. Abstract

101. Patel M, Pilcher J, Pritchard A, et al. Efficacy and safety of maintenance and reliever combination budesonide-formoterol inhaler in patients with asthma at risk of severe exacerbations: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2013 Mar;1(1):32-42. Abstract

102. Bateman ED, Harrison TW, Quirce S, et al. Overall asthma control achieved with budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy for patients on different treatment steps. Respir Res. 2011 Apr 4;12:38.Full text  Abstract

103. Jorup C, Lythgoe D, Bisgaard H. Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy in adolescent patients with asthma. Eur Respir J. 2018 Jan;51(1):1701688.Full text  Abstract

104. Demoly P, Louis R, Søes-Petersen U, et al. Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy versus conventional best practice. Respir Med. 2009 Nov;103(11):1623-32.Full text  Abstract

105. Rogliani P, Ritondo BL, Ora J, et al. SMART and as-needed therapies in mild-to-severe asthma: a network meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020 Sep;56(3):2000625.Full text  Abstract

106. Papi A, Chipps BE, Beasley R, et al. Albuterol-budesonide fixed-dose combination rescue inhaler for asthma. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jun 2;386(22):2071-83. Abstract

107. O'Byrne PM, Naya IP, Kallen A, et al. Increasing doses of inhaled corticosteroids compared to adding long-acting inhaled beta2-agonists in achieving asthma control. Chest. 2008 Dec;134(6):1192-9.Full text  Abstract

108. Sobieraj DM, Baker WL, Nguyen E, et al. Association of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting muscarinic antagonists with asthma control in patients with uncontrolled, persistent asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2018 Apr 10;319(14):1473-84.Full text  Abstract

109. Kew KM, Dahri K. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to combination long-acting beta2-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) versus LABA/ICS for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jan 21;(1):CD011721.Full text  Abstract

110. Kerstjens HAM, Maspero J, Chapman KR, et al. Once-daily, single-inhaler mometasone-indacaterol-glycopyrronium versus mometasone-indacaterol or twice-daily fluticasone-salmeterol in patients with inadequately controlled asthma (IRIDIUM): a randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Oct;8(10):1000-12. Abstract

111. Kim LHY, Saleh C, Whalen-Browne A, et al. Triple vs dual inhaler therapy and asthma outcomes in moderate to severe asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2021 Jun 22;325(24):2466-79. Abstract

112. Lee LA, Bailes Z, Barnes N, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily single-inhaler triple therapy (FF/UMEC/VI) versus FF/VI in patients with inadequately controlled asthma (CAPTAIN): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3A trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Jan;9(1):69-84. Abstract

113. Virchow JC, Kuna P, Paggiaro P, et al. Single inhaler extrafine triple therapy in uncontrolled asthma (TRIMARAN and TRIGGER): two double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, controlled phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2019 Nov 9;394(10210):1737-49. Abstract

114. Hiles SA, McDonald VM, Guilhermino M, et al. Does maintenance azithromycin reduce asthma exacerbations? An individual participant data meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2019 Nov;54(5):1901381.Full text  Abstract

115. Undela K, Goldsmith L, Kew KM, et al. Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 22;11:CD002997.Full text  Abstract

116. Gibson PG, Yang IA, Upham JW, et al. Effect of azithromycin on asthma exacerbations and quality of life in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma (AMAZES): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017 Aug 12;390(10095):659-68. Abstract

117. Zaroff JG, Cheetham TC, Palmetto N, et al. Association of azithromycin use with cardiovascular mortality. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e208199.Full text  Abstract

118. Busby J, Khoo E, Pfeffer PE, et al. The effects of oral corticosteroids on lung function, type-2 biomarkers and patient-reported outcomes in stable asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2020 Nov;173:106156. Abstract

119. Volmer T, Effenberger T, Trautner C, et al. Consequences of long-term oral corticosteroid therapy and its side-effects in severe asthma in adults: a focused review of the impact data in the literature. Eur Respir J. 2018 Oct;52(4):1800703.Full text  Abstract

120. Cataldo D, Louis R, Michils A, et al. Severe asthma: oral corticosteroid alternatives and the need for optimal referral pathways. J Asthma. 2021 Apr;58(4):448-58.Full text  Abstract

121. Bardelas J, Figliomeni M, Kianifard F, et al. A 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study to evaluate the effect of omalizumab on asthma control in patients with persistent allergic asthma. J Asthma. 2012 Mar;49(2):144-52. Abstract

122. Hanania NA, Alpan O, Hamilos DL, et al. Omalizumab in severe allergic asthma inadequately controlled with standard therapy: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011 May 3;154(9):573-82.Full text  Abstract

123. Norman G, Faria R, Paton F, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of severe persistent allergic asthma: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2013 Nov;17(52):1-342.Full text  Abstract

124. Hambly N, Nair P. Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of refractory asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2014 Jan;20(1):87-94. Abstract

125. Laviolette M, Gossage DL, Gauvreau G, et al. Effects of benralizumab on airway eosinophils in asthmatic patients with sputum eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Nov;132(5):1086-96. Abstract

126. Wenzel S, Ford L, Pearlman D, et al. Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jun 27;368(26):2455-66.Full text  Abstract

127. Menzies-Gow A, Corren J, Bourdin A, et al. Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med. 2021 May 13;384(19):1800-9. Abstract

128. Wang M, Liu M, Wang C, et al. Association between vitamin D status and asthma control: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Respir Med. 2019 Apr;150:85-94.Full text  Abstract

129. Busse W, Corren J, Lanier BQ, et al. Omalizumab, anti-IgE recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of severe allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Aug;108(2):184-90.Full text  Abstract

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